완벽주의, 반추, 우울의 관계: 적응적 완벽주의와 부적응적 완벽주의
A Relationship of Perfectionism, Rumination and Depression : Adaptive Perfectionism and Maladaptive Perfectionism
이인혜 (강원대학교)
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
초록
본 연구는 완벽주의가 적응적 요소와 부적응적 요소로 구분되어 있고, 이 두 요소는 우울에 상반된 영향을 미치며, 적응 및 부적응적 완벽주의와 우울의 관계에서 반추의 매개효과가 차별적인지를 확인하기 위해 시도되었다. 아울러 부적응적 완벽주의 중에서도 우울에 대한 설명력이 큰 하위 요인이 무엇인지 알아보고자 하였다. 남녀 대학생 735명에게 다차원 완벽주의 척도(MPS), 반추 반응양식 척도(RDQ), 우울 척도(CES-D)를 실시하였고, 이중 705명의 자료를 요인분석 및 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 확인적 요인분석 결과, 완벽주의는 적응적 요소와 부적응적 요소로 구분됨이 확인되었다. 그리고 적응적 완벽주의는 우울과 상관이 없었고 반추의 매개효과도 없는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 부적응적 완벽주의의 경우 우울과 유의한 정적 상관을 보였으며, 우울과의 관계에서 반추의 부분 매개효과가 확인되었다. 부적응적 완벽주의 하위 요인들 중에서 ‘부모의 기대’를 제외한 나머지 세 요인에서 매개효과가 나타났다. 또한 매개효과에서 성차가 있었는데, 남성의 경우 부적응적 완벽주의와 우울 간에 반추의 완전 매개효과가 나타났고, 여성에서는 부분 매개효과가 나타났다. 부적응적 완벽주의 하위 요인 중 특히 ‘부모의 비난’과 우울의 관계에서 남자는 반추의 완전 매개효과가 여자는 부분 매개효과가 나타났다. 결론적으로, 완벽주의는 적응적 및 부적응인 요소로 구분되며, 부적응적 완벽주의만이 우울과 관련이 있고, 반추는 부적응적 완벽주의자들이 우울감정을 경험하는데 관여하는 인지적 매개변인임이 확인되었다.
- keywords
- 적응적 완벽주의, 부적응적 완벽주의, 반추, 우울, Adaptive perfectionism, Maladaptive perfectionism, Rumination, Depression
Abstract
This study aims to confirm whether perfectionism comprises of two different factors, adaptive or maladaptive, and to investigate whether these factors cause opposite effects on depression, and also to explore whether mediation of rumination acts differently in relation to perfectionism and depression. Three questionnaires were put forward for a sample of 735 (705 samples used) university students, by using MPS, RDQ and CES-D, and the resulting data were analyzed by using the Factor Analysis and Regression Analysis. Results of the analysis showed that perfectionism was comprised of adaptive and maladaptive factors. While adaptive perfectionism does not correlate with depression, the maladaptive factors appear to have meaningful correlations with depression and the rumination partially mediated the relationship between perfectionism and depression. The study also showed that sexual differences exist, as in males, the rumination fully mediated the relationship between perfectionism and depression while only showing partial mediation effects in females. It was especially noted that under the sub-criterion of “parental criticism and depression”, males have shown to have full mediation effects from rumination as opposed to females only showing a partial effect. Furthermore, results of this study showed that from the two factors of perfectionism, adaptive and maladaptive, only the maladaptive perfectionism was correlated with depression. Rumination is identified as a cognitive factor which mediates the effects of depression from maladaptive perfectionisms.
- keywords
- 적응적 완벽주의, 부적응적 완벽주의, 반추, 우울, Adaptive perfectionism, Maladaptive perfectionism, Rumination, Depression
참고문헌
김현정 (2006). 적응적 완벽주의, 부적응적 완벽주의와자아존중감, 일상적 스트레스, 반추 및 우울의관계. 대한스트레스학회지, 14, 23-31.
김현정, 손정락 (2007). 인지행동치료가 평가염려 완벽주의적인 대학생의 불안과 우울에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지, 26, 4, 805-826.
박현주, 정대용 (2010). 불안정 애착과 심리적 고통의관계에서 완벽주의와 자존감의 매개효과: 성차검증, 한국심리학회지 여성, 15, 3, 381-401
박현주, 이동귀, 신지은, 차영은, 서해나 공역 (2013). 완벽주의: 이론, 연구 및 치료. 학지사.
송민정, 이민규 (2011). 책임감과 기억 확신이 강박 증상에 미치는 영향: 부저응적 완벽주의의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지 임상, 30, 629-645
이인혜 (2008). 자기초점주의가 자전기억의 과일반화와우울에 미치는 효과: 자기초점주의의 적응성과부적응성. 한국심리학회지, 27, 633-651.
정현강 (2007). 다차원적 완벽주의 성향과 정서조절 양식이 이상 섭식 행동에 미치는 영향. 연세대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
홍석인 (2006). 완벽주의와 우울과의 관계에서 우울반응양식의 효과검증. 중앙대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
Adkins, K. K., & Parker, W. (1996). Perfectionism and suicidal preoccupation. Journal of Personality, 64, 529-543.
Bergman, A. J., Nyland, J. E.. & Burns. L. R. (2007). Correlates with perfectionism and the utility of dual process model. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 389-39
Bieling, P. J., Israeli, A., Smith, J., & Antony, M. M. (2003). Making the grade: the behavioural consequences of perfectionism in the classroom. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 163-178.
Bieling, P. J., Israeli, A., Smith, J., & Antony, M. M. (2004). Is perfectionism good, bad, or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1373-1385
Blatt, S. J., Brenneis, C. B., Schimek, J. G., & Glick, M. (1976). Normal development and psychopathological impairment of the concept of the object on the Rorschach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 35, 364-373
Brosschot, J. F., van Dijk, E., & Thayer, J. F. (2002). Prolonged autonomic activation, perseveration negative cognition and daily streesor. International Congress Series, 1241, 329-336.
Blatt, S. J. (1995). The destructiveness of perfectionism: Implications for the treatment of depression. American Psychologist, 50, 1003-1020.
Chang, E. C., Watkins, A. F., & Banks, K. H. (2004). How adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism relate to positive and negative psychological functioning: Testing a stress-mediation model in black and white female college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 93-102.
Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Clara. I. D. (2002). The multidimensional structure of perfectionism in clinically distressed and college student samples. Psychological Assessmetn, 14, 365-373
Davis, C. (1997). Normal and neurotic perfectionism in eating disorder: An interactive model. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 421-426.
DiBartolo, P. M., Dixon, A., Almodovar, S., & Frost, R. O (2001). Can cognitive restructuring reduce the disruption associated with perfectionistic concerns? Behavior Therapy, 32, 167-184.
Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Halsall. J., Williams, M., & Winkworth. G. (2000). The relation between perfectionism and distress:Hassles, Coping, and Perceived Social Support as Mediators and Moderators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 437-453.
Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J. (1999). Perfectionism and depressive symptom severity in major depressive disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 783-794
Frost, R. O., Marte, P. A, Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of Perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449-468.
Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparision of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Difference, 13, 119-126.
Flett, G. L., Madorsky, D., Hewitt, P. L., & Heisel, M. J. (2002). Perfectionism cognitions, rumination, and psychological distress. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 20, 33-47.
Flett, G. L, Coulter, L-M, Hewitt, P. L & Nepon, T. (2011). Perfectionism, Rumination, Worry and Depressive Symptom in Early Adolescents. Journal of School Psychology, 26(3), 159-176.
Hamacheck, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology, 15, 27-33.
Harrington, J. A., & Blankenship, V. (2002). Ruminative thoughts and their relation to depression and anxiety. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 465-485.
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social context: Conceptualization, assessment and association with Psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456-470.
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1993). dimensions of Perfectionism, daily stress, and depression: A test of the specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 58-65.
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2002). Perfectionism:Theory, research, and treatment. Washington, DC: American psychological Association.
Hollender, M. H. (1965). Perfectionism. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6, 94-103.
Kilbert, J. J., Langhinrichsen-Rohling., & Saito, M. (2005). Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of self-oriented versus socially prescribed perfectionism. Journal of College Student Development, 46, 141-156
Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Clarifying our Thoughts. In R. S. Wyer, (Ed.). Ruminative thoughts. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associations.
Nolen-Hoeksema. S. (1991). Response to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.
Nolen-Hoeksema. S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424-443
Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39, 386-390.
Patrick W. H, Carolyn M. P, Danielle J. M. (2007). The relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination. Personality and Individual Differnces, 44, 150-160.
Vincent, N. K., & Walker, J. R. (2000). Perfectionism and chronic insomnia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49, 349-354.
Ito, T., Takenaka, K., & Agari, I. (2005). Psychological vulnerability to depression:Negative rumination, perfectionism, Immodithymic personality, Dysfucntional attitudes, and Depressive state. Japanese journal of educational Psychology. 53, 162-171.
Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Slaney, R. B. (1998). Self-esteem as a Mediator between perfectionism and depression: a structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 304-314.
Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive Conceptions of Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 295-319.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수