The purpose of this study is to analyze the moderating effects of smartphone addiction on the relation between cognitive & affective empathy and interpersonal relationship. In the study, subjects were university students whose interpersonal relationships plays a critical role in terms of development and who are considered to have the highest rate of smartphone addiction risk. The adult Smartphone Addiction Scale(SAC), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and Korea Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (KIIP-SC) were applied to 463 university students (male: 248, female: 215). Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted. Given the report that each variable showed different results according to gender, the analysis was conducted by gender. As a result, regarding most variables, female students had higher points than male ones, and male and female students showed a similar correlation pattern between variables. In the case of male students, smartphone addiction had interaction effects on perspective taking and interpersonal problems. More specifically, while having higher perspective taking ability lowers the amount of interpersonal problem, when high levels of smartphone addiction also exist perspective taking ability is reduced. In the case of female students, there was no significant moderating effect. In conclusion, for male students, their perspective taking ability can alleviate interpersonal problems. However, when they have high smartphone addiction, it is difficult for their empathy ability to bring about any effects. Therefore, for the university students who have interpersonal problems, it is more effective to intervene in smartphone addiction, than empathy ability.
The purpose of this study is to verify the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for college students with ADHD tendencies. A total of 11 male and 9 female college students were selected, and randomly divided into an experimental group with cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT) and a control group with no treatment. The CBT program consisted of ADHD psycho-education, self-monitoring, cognitive reconstruction, social skills training, and executive functioning training. The results were as follows. First, while the levels of negative automatic thoughts and ADHD-related thoughts were markedly lower for the experimental group than the control group, the level of overall ADHD knowledge was higher for the experimental group than the control group. Second, the levels of depression and secondary anger were markedly lower for the experimental group than the control group, but no significant difference was found in the initial levels of anger. Third, while the levels of goal setting, goal implementation and strategies for success were markedly higher for the experimental group, the stress levels were lower, as compared to the control group.
This study investigated whether the relationship between negative affect intensity and emotion regulation strategies was moderated by distress tolerance. Affect Intensity Measure (AIM), Distress Tolerance Scale(DTS), and Emotion Regulation Strategy Questionnaire (ERSQ) were implemented to 546 adults. Correlational analysis indicated that negative affect intensity correlated positively with maladaptive regulation strategy and negatively with distress tolerance and adaptive regulation strategy. Distress tolerance correlated positively with adaptive regulation strategy and negatively with maladaptive regulation strategy. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the moderating effect of distress tolerance on the relationship between negative affect intensity and adaptive strategies was significant. However, the moderating effect of distress tolerance on the relationship between negative affect intensity and maladaptive strategies was not significant. Simple slope analysis supported the moderating role of distress tolerance between negative affect intensity and adaptive strategies. Low levels of distress tolerance, in the context of elevated levels of negative affect intensity, were associated with the low levels of adaptive strategies. These results suggest that the intervention best suited for growing distress tolerance would be to increase the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed along with suggestions for future research.
According to evolutionary perspective theory, this research aimed at investigating how the sex and opposite sex stimuli influence on chasing behavior in gambling game. For this, the researcher planned a design between subjects 2(male, female) x 2(opposite sex, neutral stimulation) A total of 60 people consisted of each 30 of male and female university students in their twenties were collected as research targets, and 15 of them were randomly categorized into neutral stimulation group or opposite-sex stimulation group. A slot machine was used to measure chasing behavior. While Korean UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale was used as a tool to evaluate impulsivity, which is known to have an effect on chasing behavior. As an analysis result, male showed more chasing behavior when opposite-sex stimulation is presented than when neutral stimulation is presented. But there was not significant difference in chasing behavior when opposite-sex stimulation is presented or neutral stimulation is presented in female. Also, male showed more chasing behavior in comparison with female. And more chasing behavior was manifested when opposite-sex stimulation is presented than when neutral stimulation is presented. In addition, the meanings and application of this study in therapy and prevention for gambling addicts were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the DSM-Ⅳ-Multiple Response-Juvenile(Fisher, 2000) in youth. The DSM-IV-MR-J was developed for use with adolescents of Non-Clinical Populations who have gambled in the past year. The measure consisted of 12 items designed to assess the level of gambling addiction. It has been reported to be reliable and valid measure to determine levels of gambling addiction. The factor structure, item property, reliability, and criterion-related validity were estimated using responses of 350 youth. The Korean version of the DSM-IV-MRJ( K-DSM-IV-MR-J) showed one factor structure and high reliability(internal consistency reliability=.727∼.791, test-retest reliability=.604), with adequate criterion-reliability validity (frequency of gambling behaviors(Offline) r=.461, frequency of gambling behaviors(Online) r=.298, frequency of gambling behaviors(All) r=.423, irrational gambling belief r=.397, impulsiveness r=.379, all p<.01). Findings demonstrated that the K-DSM-IV-MR-J is reliable and valid in assessing the level of gambling addition and gambling-related problems/ symptoms in youth. The main findings and the study and discussions of the results are explained in detail.
The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of ‘Bergan Facebook Addiction Scale’. The aim of validating the scale was to measure Korean college students’ levels of Facebook addiction. After item analysis, all 18 items of the Bergan Facebook Addiction Scale were kept for the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.In addition, the results of the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the six-factor model (i.e., salience, tolerance, mood, relapse, withdraw, and conflict) was the best structure. These results supported the goodness-of-fit of the model. The criterion validity was verified by making significant relationshipswith an Internet Addiction scale, Smart phone Addiction scale, and Big Five Personality Test. The reliability of the model was also supported, thus we found that a six-factor model of the scale was an acceptable measuring tool to assess Korean college students’ levels of Facebook addiction. At the end, we offered implications and limitations of the present study as well as recommendations for future research.
This research aims to see if the UPPS-P five factors(negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, positive urgency) are differentially related to various risky behaviors such as binge eating, drinking problems, gambling, risky sexual behavior, or non-suicidal self-harm behavior for college students. To do this, a stepwise multiple regression analysis is used to check whether the UPPS-P five factors are differentially related to various risky behaviors among 641 college students. The result reveals that negative urgency significantly predicts binge eating, borderline personality feature and self-harm behaviors. Positive urgency significantly predicts drinking and gambling problems and psychopathy personality feature. The relative contribution of positive urgency to these behaviors is so small that it is hard to confirm which risky behaviors are specifically or mainly influenced by positive urgency. Lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance was found to explain gambling frequency, gambling problems, psychopathy personality feature, deliberate self-harm behaviors, and school habits. As a result, it was confirmed that the UPPS-P five factors are differentially related to various risky behaviors.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mental health and general physical health. According to the mental health model of Keyes (2002), based on positive psychology, we classified the study’s participants into mental health groups using the K-MHC-SF (Korean Mental Health Continuum-Short Form) and the K-MDI (Korean Mental Disorder Inventory). We then investigated whether the mental health groups differ in general physical health variables such as common cold susceptibility or stress level. The participants of the present study were 3,478 Korean college students. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in various general physical health related variables based on the relationship to various mental health groups. Post-hoc analysis indicated that the mentally flourishing group was superior compared to the middle level or the languishing group, as well as the mental disorder group, regarding general physical health variables. An example of this is that the mentally flourishing group gets less colds. These findings suggested the significant relationship between mental health and general physical health, and the importance of psychological flourishing. Last, the implications and limitations of the study and suggestions for future research were discussed.
This study investigated the effect of mindfulness on reducing negative affect (NA) in relation to the emotion regulation strategies of cognitive reappraisal and distraction. First, we aimed to compare the degree to which cognitive reappraisal, distraction, and mindfulness explained current NA and NA after two months. We expected that mindfulness would explain NA more than cognitive reappraisal and distraction would. Second, we examined whether mindfulness would mediate the relationships of cognitive reappraisal and distraction with NA. Based on self-report assessments collected from Korean workers, we found that both mindfulness and distraction were significantly correlated with current positive affect (PA) and NA and with NA after two months. However, cognitive reappraisal was correlated only with current PA. We also found that mindfulness fully mediated the relationship between distraction and NA after two months. These findings provide theoretical implications for the emotional process of mindfulness and practical implications for mindfulness-based interventions at work.
This study compared the profiles of character strengths of elementary, middle, and high school students, and examined the relationship between their character strengths and happiness. 1522 students from schools in Seoul completed their Character Strengths Tests for Adolescents(CST-A) and Subjective Happiness Scales for Adolescents. It was revealed that elementary school students showed significantly high scores of vitality and low scores of wisdom. Middle school students showed significantly low scores of optimism. High school students showed significantly low scores of bravery, persistence, vitality, citizenship, and religiousness. Happiness of elementary school students were significantly high compared to middle and high school students. Correlations between the 24 character strengths and happiness were all significantly positive. In regression analysis, optimism and forgiveness of elementary school students, optimism and self-regulation of middle school students, and optimism and gratitude of high school students significantly contributed to the explanation of happiness. The implications and limitations of this study as well as suggestions for further research are discussed.
This study was conducted, aiming to explore the multi-dimensional variables affecting university students' depression and to prepare basic data that could be helpful in counseling and therapeutic interventions to lower their depression levels. For this purpose, this study assumed that the intolerance of uncertainty is a personality trait affecting the students' depression and verified its mediating effect with self-compassion. Recently attention has paid to self-compassion being a factor related to psychological health, as a mediating variable. For this purpose, we collected data from 236 students in a university in South Korea and conducted a correlation analysis and a hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS 22.0. To measure intolerance of uncertainty, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) developed by Freeston et al.(1994) was used. To measure self-compassion, a Korean version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), developed by Kim(2008) was used, and depression was measured using a Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) developed by Chun(2001). The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, as a result of the correlation analysis, there was a positive correlation between intolerance of uncertainty and depression while there were negative correlations of self-compassion with intolerance of uncertainty and depression. Second, as a result of a hierarchical regression analysis, there was a partial mediating effect of self-compassion in the influence of intolerance of uncertainty on depression. These results suggest that the higher the level of intolerance of uncertainty, the more negatively people react to an ambiguous situation, which directly increases depression. A higer level of intolerance of uncertainty also lowers the level of self-compassion, so people are more inclined to identify themselves with a negative situation or emotion; blame themselves; and treat themselves in an evaluative way, which has an indirect negative influence on their depression. Last, this study discussed its significance, limitations and suggestions for further research based on the above results.
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of thwarted interpersonal needs - perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness -on psychological and physical responses. Therefore, we developed a paradigm to induce perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, and tested its validity. We postulated current perceived sense of no meaning and purpose about life as a psychological dimension and pain tolerance as a physical dimension. Data was collected from 71 male and female undergraduate students who did not meet exclusion criteria. Current perceived sense of no meaning and purpose about life and pain tolerance were assessed by inducing immediate frustration with a goal of creating perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. The results indicate that the manipulation to induce thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness had validity. The present study shows that the group with perceived burdensomeness had significantly more of an increase in their current perceived sense of no meaning about life and significantly more of a decrease in sense of purpose about life. An effect of interaction was found between perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness on physical pain tolerance. The limitations and implications of this study were discussed considering the many self-defeating behaviors that individual's experiencing thwarted interpersonal needs deal with.
The present study was conducted to examine the effects of the nostalgia on the meaning in life, positive affect, and gratitude of college students in an existential vacuum state. Participants were assigned to three groups: nostalgia group (N=13), daily events reminiscence group (N=13), and waiting-list control group (N=12). Both nostalgia and daily events reminiscence groups went through activities for an average of 20 days. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire on the meaning in life, the positive affect and gratitude before and after activities, whereas the waiting-list control group filled out a questionnaire pretest (prior to the activity) and posttest (at the completion of activity) without any special treatment. Repeated measure ANOVA was conducted to examine the effects of nostalgia. As a result, the nostalgia group showed significant increase in the meaning in life and gratitude, as compared to the daily events reminiscence group and the control group without any activities. However, nostalgia did not have a significant effect on increasing the positive effects. This study was able to assess that nostalgia can be an effective intervention for finding meaning in life and increasing the gratitude for college students in the state of existential vacuum. Finally, we discuss the limitations of this study and suggestions for further studies.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Acceptance Commitment Therapy(ACT) on symptoms of worry, anxiety, tolerance of uncertainty, emotional regulation and experiential avoidance in university students with excessive worry. Four hundred university students completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaire(PSWQ), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale(IUS), Korean Version of Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale(K-DERS) and Acceptance & Action Questionnaire(AAQ-16). Students were screened by cut-off point of PSWQ and STAI and randomized Some of them had an interview by researcher. Finally Sixteen participants were divided into an ACT group and waiting-list control group(eight each). The ACT program was administered for ten sessions. All participants completed the above scales as pre¬test, post¬test, and after 6 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: Symptoms of worry, anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, emotional dysregulation level and experiential avoidance of the treatment group decreased more than in the waiting-list control group. The waiting-list control group remained unchanged statistically at the pretest, post¬test, and after 6 weeks. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study, along with suggestions for future studies were discussed.
This study was conducted to find out the effect of intimate relationships on the depression of the elderly through an analysis of social networking. In order to examine the effects of the quantitative aspects of reciprocal intimacy networks on the depression of the elderly, we calculated the variable ‘intimate relationships’ through an analysis of an egocentric network of individuals living in a village and a global network showing relationships of individuals in a whole village while controlling demographic variables and health condition variables which appear to affect the depression of the elderly. In order to examine the effect of egocentric network size and reciprocal intimacy network size, which has received considerable attention from previous studies, we performed a four step hierarchical regression analysis using first year data from the Korean Social Health and Aging Project (KSHAP). While controlling demographic variables and health condition variables, egocentric network size appeared to be statistically significant. However, when the reciprocal intimacy network variable was added, egocentric network size appeared to not be statistically significant while reciprocal intimacy network size was. The study has significance as it analyzed intimate relationships from a new perspective. It suggests that staying close with people who are nearby, such as family, friends or neighbors, is proven to be a protective factor of depression in the elderly.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form. The participants were 34 TBI patients and 53 PTSD patients. The results showed that scores on Thought Dysfunction (THD), Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction (BXD), Ideas of Persecution (RC6), Aberrant Experiences (RC8), Neurological Complaints (NUC), Inefficacy (NFC), Substance Abuse (SUB), and Psychoticism-Revised (PSYC-r) scales were significantly higher in the TBI group compared to the PTSD group. However, the PTSD group scored significantly higher than the TBI group on the Multiple Specific Fears (MSF) scale. Moreover, in a logistic regression analysis, Thought Dysfunction (THD), Inefficacy (NFC), Activation (ACT), and Psychoticism-Revised (PSYC-r) scales were identified to be significant predictors distinguishing the PTSD group from the TBI group, after controlling for demographic variables and depression levels. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.