The present paper examined internet game addiction from the perspective of self-regulatory failure. In so doing, we offered an analysis of the ecological nature of cyber-space and internet games in the current Koran society. We then proposed a comprehensive structural model of internet game addiction based on the public health approach. The proposed model put emphasis on the dynamic interplay between three major factors: user characteristics, game characteristics and environmental characteristics. The model proposed that game users differ in their genetic dispositions and personality traits. In addition, the model proposed that game characteristics can be analyzed based on positive as well as negative functional properties inherent to internet games. The model also identified availability, accessability and acceptability as key environmental factors of internet games. It was assumed that the joint impact of the three factors upon the game user can be positive as well as negative. The present paper also made an attempt to clarify the process of internet game addiction by taking a developmental perspective. Specifically, it was proposed that individuals pass through three distinct stages of addiction (i.e., experimental-impulsive-compulsive) and the three stages differ qualitatively from one another in their neuro-plasticity and behavioral characteristics. Finally, the present paper proposed a process approach to addictive behavior which views addictive behavior as self-regulatory failure of higher level goals. Relationships between structural, developmental, and process model of internet game addiction, and the issues of generality versus specificity of addiction models were also discussed.
This study attempted to investigate the effects of emotional awareness deficit, emotional expressivity, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness on somatization, stress experience frequency and depression of college students. In order to verify, 145 college students completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Emotional Expressiveness Scale, the Ambivalence over emotional expressiveness questionnaire, the Symptom Checklist-90-R- Revised-SOM Scale, the Life stress Scale for College Students-Revised, Beck's Depression Inventory. Participants who did not report any questionnaire excluded from the analyses. The final sample size was 134. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analyses. The results indicated that emotional awareness deficit, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness were positively related to somatization, stress experience frequency, depression. Also stepwise multiple regression result indicates emotional awareness deficit predict somatization and stress experience frequency, interaction of emotional awareness deficit and ambivalence over emotional expressiveness predict depression. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed and directions for future research were suggested.
This study hypothesized and examined that experiential self-focused attention, which is an adaptive type of self-focused attention would be superior to analytical self-focused attention and distraction on reduction of over-general autobiographical memory and depressive mood. Among 613 undergraduates 106 depressed subjects were selected based on their scores of the CES-D. The subjects were assigned randomly to one of experiential and analytical self-focused attention, distraction, and non-treatment conditions. All subjects completed the Autobiographical Memory Test and depression test(BRUMS) twice. The findings of this study were as follows; There were no significant differences on over-general autobiographical memory between 4 conditions. But in post treatment there were significant differences on depression, that is the subjects under the distractive condition reported less depressive mood than subjects under the other conditions. In conclusion, this study did not confirm the hypothesis, suggesting distraction, not experiential self-focused attention, was associated with a reduction in depressive mood. Therefore, limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
This study examined whether the three aspects of problem-solving appraisal mediate the link from optimism to both positive and negative affects as well as the link from pessimism to both positive and negative affects, respectively. A total of 152(127 women) adults completed the research packet including measures of the Life Orientation Test-Revised, Problem-Solving Inventory, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. The study results from structural equation modeling suggested that (a) as for optimism, problem-solving confidence(PSC) and personal control(PC) significantly mediated some of the link between optimism and either positive or negative affect, but no mediation effect was found for approach-avoidance style(AAS), and (b) as for pessimism, the mediating effect was significant for all of the three dimensions of problem-solving appraisal(PSC, AAS, and PC). Discussion focused on a potentially differential mechanism by which optimism and pessimism lead to positive and negative affects.
This study examines the effect of family function on the spinal cord injuries' social participation and the mediating effect of self-efficacy and perceived social support. The data were collected using mail and telephone survey nationally. Data from 427 spinal cord injuries was analyzed through descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling, and sobel test. The results of this study are as follows: First, This study model fitness shows reasonable fit(TLI: .839, CFI: .943, RMSEA: .066). Second, Family function of the spinal cord injuries statistically significant affects self-efficacy and perceived social support. Third, Perceived social support have a mediating effect between family function and social participation. Fourth, Perceived social support have an positive effect on self-efficacy. This findings suggest that social work service should give micro and macro intervention all at once. As it is, in order to increase the spinal cord injuries' social participation should support psycho-social intervention, and should develop substantial support system. Through further researches, we should verify interrelated relevance among various factors for the discussion in the context of implications and recommendations.
The purpose of this study is to verify whether there is social and evolutionary utility in perceived social reputation. The result shows that in both men and women, those who have higher altruism, reciprocity and responsibility reputation one's physical attractiveness positive and had more confidence in mating and reproduction, and preferred long-term mating strategy. On the contrary, the appearance and ability reputation were making different impacts on sexual strategy or preference according to sex. Men who have great reputations on appearance and ability was seeking after the long-term strategy with one female, but simultaneously also had a high tendency of seeking after the short-term strategy with the frequency of past heterosexual relationships and sexual contacts, the number of sexual partners high. However, for women, regardless of the reputation of appearance or ability, the long-term strategy had been sought, and women who are in these higher repute were seeking after the long-term strategy. In that context, it was dealt with that the short-term and the long-term sexual strategy, preference difference of men and women and influence of reputation on these differences.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the intervening variables for adult attachment and marital satisfaction by using caregiving and sexual intimacy variables as mediators based on adult pair bonding relationship model of Shaver & Hazan. The Subjects for the this study were 469 married people(242 men and 227 women) in mariage who are living in Seoul metropolitan area and its vicinity. Each participant completed a package of measures; Experiences in Close Relationships Scales(ECRS), Marital Satisfaction Scale(GDS), Caregiving Questionnaire, and Sexual Intimacy Scale. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and structural equation model by using SPSS 11.5 program and AMOS 5.0. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows; First, there were significant correlations among adult attachment, caregiving, sexual intimacy and marital satisfaction. Second, the higher attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance level caused the lower marital satisfaction. Third, the structural equation model result indicated that the attachment avoidance in individuals is negatively related to caregiving, sexual intimacy and marital satisfaction. The attachment anxiety in individuals is positively related to sexual intimacy but there was no significant correlation in caregiving variable. Fourth, the caregiving variable was significantly related to the sexual intimacy variable. Fifth, the indirect effect on marital satisfaction of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance showed relatively lower than the direct effect on marital satisfaction. In conclusion, attachment avoidance was the strong variable which predicts marital satisfaction negatively. Lastly, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed and the suggestions for further studies were recommended.
This study examined the separation-individuation's mediated effect in the relationship between parental relationship and adjustment, depression and positive emotion. And also examined the mediated effect of shame and guilty in the relationship between separation-individuation and depression. As a way of addressing these topic, survey questionnaire was conducted with 812 female university students from first and second year students. Separation-Individuation Scale(SIS), Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire(SACQ), Positive and negative emotion scale, SCL-90-R depression scale, PAFS-Q were used. As a result, separation-individuation does not mediated the effects of parental relationship on depression, college adjustment and positive emotion. And guilty and shame are partially mediated the link between separation-individuation and depression. Finally, among the separation-individuation subscales, separation anxiety, reject expectancy, and health independency effect on depression, and denial of dependency, separation anxiety, merge anxiety, rejection expectancy, self-indulgence, and health independency effect on adjustment. This effect suggested that separation-individuation had somewhat important effect on female college students and so counselling intervention would be effective if it is focused on separation-individuation. Finally the suggestions and the limitation of this study and the direction of future study were discussed.
This study aims to compare the effect of CBT (cognitive behavior therapy) and NRT (nicotine replacement therapy) centered intervention for smoking cessation, and investigate the abstention factors. Participants were 123 male smokers, employees of Deawoo Electronics and Iljin Electric whose mean age was 35.15 (SD=6.62), who participated in smoking cessation program brought by Mapo-Gu community health center. Both CBT and NRT centered smoking interventions performed for 3 months and followed them for 6 months to identify participants' abstention. To analyse the abstention factors, smoking behavior, nicotine dependence, smoking types, motivation to quit smoking, efficacy for quitting smoking, general self-efficacy, stress, physical symptoms experienced first 5 weeks after quitting, drinking habits, perceived health, self-esteem, and subjective well-being were measured. Fifty six (45.5%) out of a hundred twenty three had successfully abstained for 6 months. While 53.0% of smokers who received CBT centered smoking intervention abstained for 6 months, 36.8% of smokers who received NRT centered intervention abstained. Results revealed that people who abstained for 6 months had smoked little amount of cigarettes and showed lower level of nicotine dependence than those who failed to abstain. People who failed to abstain were less likely to control their impulse to smoke in daily life before trying to quit smoke, while people who abstained for 6 months showed dynamic motivation and efficacy to quit smoking and experienced more physical symptoms at first 5 weeks after quitting. These findings might contribute to establish the policy for the health promotion through smoking cessation.
There has been generalized expectations and beliefs that the forest(nature) has an recovering effect on body-mind health. But, the research related to exploring variables and mechanisms of therapeutic effects of the forest has been insufficient. The Korean Alcohol Research Foundation & Korea Forest Foundation examined the Therapeutic effects of the forest on alcohol dependence patients and their families. Especially, considered that the 2006 research carried out pre-post test only for experimental group, the comparison group was comprised of other alcohol dependence patients and their families receiving similar therapeutic interventions at outpatient centers(called 'Alcohol Counselling Center' in Korea) for alcohol problems and therapeutic communities. Dependant variables were emotional stability, acceptance behavior, level of stress perception, and self-esteem. Considered that alcohol problems are characterized as family disease, patient's families also received the same intervention and assessment. The results were that emotional stabilities were generally improved in both patients and their families, acceptance behavior obviously improved in family group than patient group and self-esteem has been elevated in patients group than family group. In conclusion, Forest-healing(experience) program was proved to have similar and better effects on patients and families than the various programs of the outpatient centers and therapeutic community. It suggest that this program has mutual synergistic effect with the other general alcohol programs. And limitations and propositions were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to discover the effects of the Psychomotology Group Counseling Program on the social skills and stress coping scale of university students. The assumption of this research was that Psychomotology Group Counseling Program will enhance the social skills and stress coping ability. For this study, two groups- a experimental group and a control group - 19 students in total, were organized and the treatment was conducted a experimental group. The experimental group, composed of 10 college students, attended group counseling based on Psychomotology. The control group, composed of 9 college students, had a class. The treatment lasted for an six-week period. In each week, a two-hour-long session was conducted. For the data processing, The analysis of t-test and ANCOVA was used. Two groups turned out to be all homogeneous by t-test pretesting. the Social Skills and Stress Coping Scale was the instruments used to measure the effects of the treatment. The test was employed to find differences between groups after treatments. The experimental group showed significant differences statistically compared with the control groups in the Social Skills and Stress Coping Scale. These results imply that Psychomotology Group Counseling Program enhances the social skills and stress coping ability.
This study was to apply augmented model of Ajzen's(1991) theory of planned behavior and Prototype/Willingness model to healthy and unhealthy eating behaviors and test the validities. For this purpose, the predictive powers of the precedents of each models were investigated at the sample of 183 females of University in Seoul using Structural Equation Modeling. The main results were as follows. First, the fitness of each theoretical models were moderately satisfactory, however those of P/W model were slightly better. Path coefficients showed that the predictive power of intention was stronger than willingness and two theoretical models were supported more in eating monitoring behavior than eating disorder behavior. In the case of eating monitoring behavior, attitude and perceived behavioral control predicted intention which was the only predictor influencing behavior. Also, prototype and prevalence predicted willingness which had direct and indirect effect on behavior through the effect of intention. In the case of eating disorder behavior, only attitude predicted intention and perceived behavioral control and intention predicted behavior. Also, prototype predicted willingness and intention. In addition, willingness had only indirect effect on behavior through the effect of intention. Finally, the limitations of this study and the implications for future studies were discussed.
This study examined posttraumatic growth(PTG) of breast cancer(BC) survivors. The purposes of this study are as follows. First, we compared BC survivors'(n = 99) self-reports of PTG with those of age-matched healthy comparison(HC) women(n = 95). Second, we identified correlates of sociodemographics, cancer-related, psychological factors and PTG among BC survivors. Lastly, we explored predictors of PTG among BC survivors. Results indicated that the BC group showed a pattern of greater PTG than HC group. Among the sociodemographic factors, the number of children and the religion were associated PTG significantly. Disease stage at diagnosis, receipt of chemotherapy were associated with greater PTG in cancer-related factors. Psychological factors such as extraversion, openness, self-esteem, coping and perceived social support were related to greater PTG. The best predictor of PTG was positive reframing coping. In addition, perceived social support to family and disease stage at diagnosis were good predictors of PTG.
The purpose of this study was to validate the lifestyle scale for college students. It was found stability and reliability of factors through confirmatory factor analysis. Three factors, that is, the career, the dating, and the interpersonal relationship was composed of the lifestyle scale. Alpha-coefficient and test-retest reliability were high. The criterion-related validity of the scale was supported by correlation analysis between the lifestyle scale and BASIS-A. The construct validity of the scale was supported by correlation analysis between the lifestyle scale and other scales, that is, SCL-90-R and the self esteem scale. The discriminant validity of scale was supported by the significantly different results at lifestyle scores between depressed students and compared students. The results of this study indicated that the lifestyle scale have validity as a lifestyle test. The implication and limitations of this study were discussed finally.
In this study, we designed to develop the Korean version of Bond`'s AAQ-16 questionnaire which is frequently used to measure the effects of ACT and the state of mental healths of normal workers in organization. In preliminary study, exploratory factor analyses of the samples of 390 workers showed the grouping with positive versus negative response items. So in study 1, 12 items were added and with all the 28 items, exploratory factor analyses of the samples of 635 workers who were exposured to the customer or job-related stressors, were again calculated and revealed 3-factor structure with 12 items. In study 2, confirmatory factor analyses of the samples of 217 call center employees of a shopping mall company showed good fits. And the convergent, discriminant, criterion validities of the Korean version of AAQ-12 Questionnaire were demonstrated significantly.