The Perceived Restorativeness Scale(PRS)(Hartig, Kaiser, & Bowler, 1997) is the scale to measure the restorative qualities of an environment. The purpose of this study was to translate the original version of PRS into Korean version and explore its reliability and validity. Korean undergraduates(n = 222) completed the Korean version of PRS while imagining themselves to be in the landscape projected into a screen. Principal component analysis with oblimin rotation revealed the 4-factor structure that was different from Attention Restoration Theory. Extracted factors were as follows: Repose(Factor 1), Fascination(Factor 2), Coherence(Factor 3), and Legibility(Factor 4). The limitations of this study and the usefulness of PRS are discussed.
This study aims to investigate predictors of successful smoking cessation with demographic profiles, physical and physiological variables, smoking behaviors, and psychological variables. Participants were 73 smokers (65 males, 8 females) participated in an hospitalized smoking cessation program whose mean age was 44.89 (SD=9.61). Participants completed questionnaires and psychological tests including: Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Multidimensional Coping Scale, and Jerusalem and Schwarzer's Self-Efficacy Scale. And data from variety of clinical measurements were included for analysis. Data Mining Answer Tree was performed with 43 variables. Results revealed that active coping, renunciation, obstinacy, psychoticism, neuroticism, body weight, and sleep disorder were significant predictors for successful smoking cessation till 1-year after hospitalized smoking cessation program. Active coping were most determinant variable for long-term successful smoking cessation. These results suggest roles of psychological variables for long-term successful smoking cessation.
This study was to investigate the influence of situational factor and individual factor on a burnout among counselors through a relation between perfectionism tendency, social support and burnout among counselors. A subjects of this study were counseling center counselors(N=237) in Korea. As the result, A factor which had effect on a burnout significantly in subject was a support of family and companion, and was an emotional support and a estimative support in type. A perfectionism tendency was not different from an experience of a burnout, but dysfunctional perfectionism counselors among perfectionism counselors was more experienced a burnout than functional perfectionism counselors. After controlling the demographic characteristics, years of counseling experience and social support, independently perfectionism tendency had effect on the burnout. Finally this study showed a significance and suggested a limit of study and the further study.
This study is aimed at reviewing previous empirical research on the relation between forgiveness and health, and exploring physiological mechanisms and psycho-social factors, influencing the relation. Correlational analyses have proved that a variety of forgiving and unforgiving responses are associated with health indices, either mental or physical. Studies of forgiveness interventions have validated the effects on health with a wide range of groups, including clinical populations. In this study, physiological mechanisms and psycho-social factors were explored as mediators or moderators for the relation between forgiveness and health. Unforgiving responses result in allostasis load, influencing sympathetic nervous system (SNS), cardiovascular, immune and endocrine systems. Conversely, empathy, a key component of forgiveness, increases positive affect and creates relaxed conditions within physiological systems. Future research on the relation between forgiveness and health should consider issues, such as an accurate definition of forgiveness, a comprehensive explanatory frame for the relation, focus on specific aspects of forgiveness, and applicability to previously excluded populations and health indices.
This study examined the relationships among adolescents' dominance, superiority, self-admiration, lack of faith in human nature, bullying, and victimization in a sample of 370 junior high school students. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the measurement model used in this study. Structural equation modeling results indicated that significant paths between dominance and bulling behavior, superiority and bullying behaviors, self-admiration and victimization, lack of faith in human nature and victimization, and bullying behaviors and victimization. In addition, 3 alternative models were estimated. The results of the tests of the 3 alternative models were not supported by the data, further sustaining the validity of the hypothesized model. Finally, practical implications for school violence prevention strategies and future research directions are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self-discrepancies about body image on emotions, physical symptoms, and eating behaviors. 453 university students were administered 4 questionnaires(body image, emotions, physical symptoms, eating behaviors). The main findings of this study are as follows. (1) In the analysis of relationship between self-discrepancies and emotions, results have not led to support of the basic hypothesis of self-discrepancy theory. (2) The correlation patterns between self-discrepancies and physical symptoms in female students were different from male students. (3) For both of male and female students, the correlations between actual:ideal(-) and diet, actual:ought(-) and diet were significant, respectively. (4) In the regression analysis for the effects of self-discrepancies on emotions, physical symptoms, and eating behaviors, for female students, depression, heart symptom, and diet were affected by actual:ideal(-) and actual:ought(-). Anxiety and digestive symptoms were affected by actual:ought(-). For male students, diet was affected by actual:ideal(-) and actual:ought(-), digestive symptom was affected by actual:ideal(+) and actual:ought(+), and heart symptom was affected by actual:ought(+) discrepancy. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
The present research examined the relation between symptoms (especially constipation and diarrhea) related with bowel movement and psychological factors (depression, anxiety, anger, and three mode of anger expression). Two hundred and sixty four college women were asked to fill out a questionnaire on the symptoms related with bowel movement, CES-D, STAI-Y, and STAXI-K. The results showed that overall, among the symptoms related with bowel movement constipation, abdominal pain, feeling of abdominal distension, abdominal tenderness, frequent gas, smell of gas, and belching were positively correlated with depression, anxiety, anger, and anger-in. However, diarrhea did not show any significant correlation with the above psychological factors. These results suggest that psychological factors are important in understanding and treating the symptoms related with bowel movement. It was also found that the shy attitudes about bowel movement were positively correlated with diarrhea and especially constipation. These results suggest that psychological and behavioral interventions would be helpful for the relief of diarrhea and constipation. Lastly, a few limitations of the present research and suggestions for the future research are discussed.
This study was performed to estimate prevalence and to explore psychosocial characteristics of pathological gamblers in two communities. Participants were 449 in Gyeongnam and 474 in Daejon(total cases:923). DSM-IV and GA diagnostic criterion was used to estimate pathological gamblers. We measured psychosocial characteristics such as self esteem, initiative life attitude, gambling activities, attitude toward gambling, gambling habit, gambling intent, gambling accessibility (availability), motives to gamble, depression, smoking and alcohol consumption. The results were as followed; There was no a significant difference between two communities in pathological gambling prevalence(DSM-IV lifetime prevalence, Gyeongnam-3.34%, Daijon-2.53%). As compared with non gamblers and non addictive gamblers, addictive gamblers had positive attitudes toward gambling and high level of gambling habit and intent. And they gambled to earn money, release tension, make friends and enjoy excitement and had high level of gambling accessibility. They were more depressed and had smoke and drink more heavily. However they were low in self esteem and initiative life attitude. Finally there were suggestions to development of pathological gambling prevention and treatment program.
This study was conducted to explore the perceptions of Korean adults about what is a happy life and what can make them happy. 61 Korean adults participated in FGI (Focused Group Interview), and content analysis of their responses yielded 18 categories with 148 characteristics of a happy life. The list of 153 items was administered to 517 Korean adults to assess the importance of each item through the 6-point Likert scale. Principal axis factor analysis showed that most factors were unidimensional with moderate reliability. A systematic effort was made to improve the relevance of the list to happy life by removing or adding some items and introducing a new category of religion, which resulted in 156 items with 18 categories. The 156 happy life characteristics were administered to a nationwide sample of 1503 Korean adults in order to assess their happiness through 6-point Likert scale. Responses from 877 participants were submitted to exploratory factor analysis and 58 items with low factor coefficient were deleted. The Happy Life Inventory consisted of 97 items and 16 factors. Confirmatory factor analysis of the responses from the 611 adults showed that the 16 factor structure derived from the exploratory factor analysis was appropriate. Correlation between the factors of happy life and psychological well-being supported the construct validity of the Happy Life Inventory. Finally the implications and limitations of the present study as well as the future directions of this area were discussed.