The present study, we reviewed the transition history and periodic meanings of DSM. DSM(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder) is published by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) with the purpose of more efficiently applying the diagnosis and classification system of mental patients with various mental disorders, and facilitating research and communication between researchers, treatment, lapse process and prognosis. DSM-Ⅰ was initially published in 1952 and the currently available DSM-5 in 2013. Such DSM to reflect the periodic conditions of humans' mental disorder, as well as develop a scientific classification system. Changes in the periodic conditions have led to identification of new abnormal behaviors such as attenuated psychosis syndrome, persistent complex bereavement disorder, suicidal behavior disorder, non-suicidal self-injury, neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure, caffeine use disorder, and internet gaming disorder. As a result of further study, DSM-5 has included these disorders as official mental disorders to its revised edition. DSM-5 includes disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, hoarding disorder, excoriation or skin-picking disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, and restless legs syndrome as official diagnoses previously absent in DSM-IV, it also attempted significant changes in the classification range of mental disorder. Although DSM, the US classification of abnormal behaviors, faces various criticisms, it is still used as the authoritative guide for mental health professionals in the psychiatric field and various other areas. This study aimed to examine the transition process, main contents, implications of further study, the change aspect of DSM, the relationship between DSM and ICD(International Classification of Diseases and Health Problem), and the characteristics and meanings of the critical contents of DSM.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of anticipatory rumination on social anxiety according to the level of expectancy of discrepancy reduction. The main hypothesis of this study was as follows: The effect of anticipatory rumination on social anxiety would be significant with low level of expectancy of discrepancy reduction. Such effect would be in, significant with high level of expectancy of discrepancy reduction. This study had a 2 (expectancy of discrepancy reduction: high/low) × 2 (anticipatory rumination: yes/no) completely randomized design. A total of, 68 undergraduates participated in the experiment. Results of the study revealed that the effect of the interaction between anticipatory rumination and expectancy of discrepancy reduction on social anxiety was significant. Therefore, the main hypothesis was supported. Specifically, significantly higher social anxiety was found in the group with low level of expectancy of discrepancy reduction when, anticipatory rumination was carried out. On the other hands, in the group with high level of expectancy of discrepancy reduction, no significant difference in social anxiety was found between the group with anticipatory rumination and the group without. Our results also verified that fear of negative evaluation played a mediating role in social anxiety. The implications and limitations of the present study and future research directions are also discussed.
The present study examined the effects of regulatory fit between a goal-inhibiting behavior (playing a game) and a facilitating behavior (practicing the experimental task) in a situation where individuals manage the two behaviors in a sequential manner. Building on the regulatory fit hypothesis (Higgins, 2000), it was predicted that, compared to a non-fit between the two behaviors, a fit between the two would have a positive impact on individuals' ability to self-regulate. We analyzed data from a total of 63 Korean college students who were randomly assigned to conditions in a 2(goal-inhibiting behavior: promotion focus vs. prevention focus) x 2(goal-facilitating behavior: promotion focus vs. prevention focus) between participants design. Success of self-regulation was examined using two indices: The amount of time used on playing the game and the time spent to practice the experimental task. Results indicated, as expected, that on both indices self-regulation was more successful when the two behaviors were matched in terms of the regulatory focus than when the two mismatched. Questionnaire data revealed that the overall level of goal activation was higher in the fit condition than in the non-fit condition. Implications of these findings for research in health psychology and future directions are discussed.
Emotion dysregulation is known vulnerability factor for anxiety disorders. However, few empirical studies have focused on this concept. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that trait anxiety is related to difficulties with emotion regulation by comparing anxiety-prone participants (n=40) and low anxiety participants (n=40). In the first phase, participants completed questionnaires to assess standard use of emotion regulation strategies. In the second phase, fear mood was induced using a film clip, and the participants were assessed for employing spontaneous suppression versus reappraisal to regulate their emotion. In the third phase, participants received suppression or reappraisal instructions prior to watching a second fear-inducing film. As predicted, suppression was ineffective for down-regulating negative emotions, and high-anxiety participants reported spontaneous used this strategy during the first fear-inducing film more often than low anxiety participants. The results of the provoked suppression versus reappraisal on negative mood indicated that the high-anxiety participants reported significantly higher emotional response during the film as compared to low-anxiety participants. These results provided evidence for a role for spontaneous suppression and indicated a reduced effectiveness of instructed reappraisal as a functional strategy in anxiety-prone individuals.
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Forgiveness-Seeking Scale (FSS). We included 972 adults who had reported hurting others (age range: 20-60 years old). The measures included the FSS, Life Satisfaction Scale, Spielberger Anxiety and Anger Scale, and the CES-D. The FSS included the Forgiveness-Seeking Strategy Scale (FSSS) and the Forgiveness-Seeking Result Scale (FSRS). Results showed that both the FSSS and the FSRS were associated with relatively good internal consistency and test-retest reliability estimates. Exploratory factor analyses suggested that the FSSS had two factors and the FSRS had one factor. Both the FSSS and the FSRS total scores significantly correlated with a one-item forgiveness-seeking question. Finally, the FSSS and the FSRS total scores were also significantly correlated with external criterion variables (including life satisfaction, state anxiety, state anger, and depression). These results suggested that the FSS scores are associated with good reliability and validity.
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the 'Perceived Opportunity in Adversity Scale', which is used to determine whether people who experience adversity recognize the situation as an opportunity or not. The items were developed after conducting an interview on 17 adults in their 20s to 50s, and a pilot survey was conducted among 440 people. After composing 17 items in 4 factors through item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, the study was conducted on 230 people. A total of 13 items grouped in 5 factors including insight, active coping, thought switching, cognitive support, and emotional support were deduced through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity was verified by correlation analyses of the POAS with opportunity recognition ability and stress coping method; in addition, concurrent and discriminant validity verified by regression analysis and t-test. The results indicated a significant difference in post-adversity growth between people who recognize opportunity in situations of adversity versus people who do not. Thus, people who recognize opportunity have a tendency to experience more growth. Based on these findings, research limitation, implication, and suggestion for future research were suggested.
The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of shortened Committed Action Questionnaire(CAQ-8) for measuring the committed action of patients with chronic pain in Korea. The data were collected from 99 chronic pain patients who visited the pain center of University Hospital in a metropolitan area, Korea. Results of exploratory factor analysis for a Korean version of CAQ(KCAQ-8) showed that an 8-item and 2-factor structure(“positive” and “negative“) were appropriate to describe the inventory. The KCAQ-8 showed that the 2 factor and the total scores had good internal consistency. Also, the KCAQ-8 showed significant correlation with anxiety, depression, acceptance of pain, physical function, and mental function. These results suggested that the KCAQ-8 is a reliable and valid questionnaire for measurement of committed action in a Korea patient sample with chronic pain. Finally, clinical and research implications as well as limitations of this study were discussed.
The current study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, originally developed by Thompson et al.(2005). The participants included 326 college students. The inter-item reliability was high(Cronbach α=.80). The correlation analyses between K-HFS and Forgiveness Trait Scale, State Self-Forgiveness Scale-Korea, Social Desirability Scale, Korean Forgiveness Scale, Trait Anger Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory supported criterion-related validity. Thus, the reliability and validity of K-HFS to measure trait forgiveness was validated. Additionally, the limitations and suggestions for further studies were provided.
This study aimed to examine the effect of Ego-Resiliency on Posttraumatic Growth based on considering Stress Coping Strategy, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation as a mediating variable. For this purpose, a sample of 411 adults were asked to complete the Ego Resilience scale, The Brief COPE, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(CERQ), Korea Posttraumatic Growth Inventory(K-PTGI), and Traumatic Experience Schedule. Data analysis included reliability analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis, measurement model analysis, and structural model analysis SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. were used for all statistical analyses. Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) was used to verify the research model. In addition, Bootstrapping method was used to examine the mediating effect. The results of the study were as follows. First, Posttraumatic Growth was positively correlated with Ego Resilience, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Stress Coping Strategy. Second, Adaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation partially mediated between Ego Resilience and Posttraumatic Growth. However, the partial mediating effect of Stress Coping Strategy was not significant. Third, sequential mediating effect of Stress Coping Strategy and Adaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation between Ego Resilience and Posttraumatic Growth was significant. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study were discussed.
Rejection sensitivity is related with a variety of psychological issues. This study aimed to determine the mediating effects of attentional focusing and moderating effects of attentional shifting on the relationship between rejection sensitivity and social anxiety among college students. For these purposes, 489 college students (261 males and 228 females) completed the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire(RSQ), Attentional Control Questionnaire(ACQ), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale(SIAS), Social Phobia Scale(SPS). Study results indicated that rejection sensitivity and performance anxiety which is a subtype of social anxiety were higher in females than males. However, relation direction and coefficient were not significantly different between. Both genders showed a higher social anxiety scores of if they had a higher rejection sensitivity score. The subtypes of attentional control - attentional focusing and attentional shifting - showed significant negative correlation with rejection sensitivity and social anxiety. The mediating factors of attentional focusing in the relationship between rejection sensitivity and social anxiety in college students of both genders were investigated. As a result, attentional focusing was shown to have significant, partial mediating effects in social anxiety in both genders. The moderating factors of attentional shifting in the relationship between rejection sensitivity and social anxiety in college students of both genders were investigated; however the moderating effects of attentional shifting between the two variables was not confirmed in this study. Rather, mediating effects of attentional shifting were seen in college students of both genders. These findings highlight attention processes that causes social anxiety. This study aimed to identify variables that mediate or moderate the relationship between rejection sensitivity and social anxiety. The findings increase the current understanding of attention processes that causes social anxiety. This study also provides various ways for decreasing the social anxiety. Lastly, the limitations of this study and further planned studies are discussed.
It has been found that memory confidence and responsibility are the cause of checking behavior, one of the representative symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on previous research studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of memory confidence on the checking behavior according to the level of responsibility. The main hypothesis of present study was as follows: The effect of memory confidence on the checking behavior would be significant under the condition of high level of responsibility. Such effect would be in, significant under the condition of low level of responsibility. To test the hypotheses, a 2×2 analysis of variance(ANOVA) with memory confidence(high/low) and responsibility(high/low) as between-participants factors was performed on the checking behavior. Sixty nine undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental conditions. The results of the analysis supported the main hypothesis. The interaction between factors was significant. Under condition of higher responsibility, the checking behavior was higher with lower memory confidence. However, under the condition with lower responsibility, the checking behavior was not different between lower and higher memory confidence. These results suggest that the effect of memory confidence on checking behavior is moderated by the level of responsibility only when the level of responsibility is high. The implication and limitation of this study and direction for future studies are also disussed.