This study aimed to evaluate the rapidly growing therapeutic applications of yoga, and to examine yoga as a mind-body integrative technique. Yoga has long been regarded as important spiritual practices for moksha in India. It is now recognized as one of the mind-body interventions in complementary and alternative medicine(CAM) that is gaining much attention from western medical personnel and various health care professionals, which has resulted in a new field of ‘yoga therapy’. Yoga therapy owes its growth to some underlying factors including the establishment of specialized yoga clinics in India, the collaborative efforts of therapy-oriented Indian gurus and western health professionals, popularization of yoga therapy in the west, and increasing number of yoga therapists. Yoga therapy is now divided into three fields i.e., physical alignment-centered therapy, psychological health-centered therapy, and therapy-oriented yoga in various clinical settings. Systematic and scientific research has confirmed the therapeutic effects of yoga for physical problems such as pain, cardiovascular diseases, immunological dysfunction, and for mental problems such as depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep disorders. The mind-body integrating approach of yoga places much emphasis on self-awareness and self-regulation for improving physical and mental health. Yoga therapy involves specific techniques such as mindful yoga, relaxing restorative yoga, breathing-focused yoga, and yogic meditation for attention regulation. Yoga therapy, which attempts to integrate mind and body with the help of physical movement, proper breathing, relaxation, and meditation, has potential in the development of the field of mental health in Korea.
This study aimed to examine the effects of keeping an appreciation journal on depression, subjective well-being, optimism, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in women with depression tendencies. Study participants were 28 female students in a women’s university in Seoul, Korea who reported mild to moderate depression. Participants were divided into the Appreciation Journal (experimental) group and a wait-list (control) group. The experimental group met once per week over 4 weeks to complete the appreciation journal program where they were instructed to write five things they appreciate once a week, and then share their journal contents with their group. Both groups completed the Beck Depression Inventory, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Life Satisfaction Expectancy Scale, Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule, Life Orientation Test-Revised, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Gratitude Questionnaire at pre-test, post-test and at three-weeks follow-up. The scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, Negative Affect, and Non-adaptive Cognitive Regulation Strategies in the Appreciation Journal group were significantly reduced compared to the control group. In addition, the scores on the Satisfaction With Life Scale, Life Satisfaction Expectancy Scale, Positive Affect, Life Orientation Test-Revised, and Adaptive Cognitive Regulation Strategies in the Appreciation Journal group significantly increased compared to the control group. These results suggest that keeping appreciation journals can be an effective technique in improving subjective well-being and reducing depression among female university students with depression tendencies.
The current study aimed to identify the relationship between covert narcissism, career indecision, fear of negative evaluation, and self-concept clarity. Based on previous findings, this study tested the dual mediation role of the fear of negative evaluation and self-concept clarity between the level of covert narcissism and the level of career indecision among college students. Three hundred and eighty-nine college students (male 138, female 251) completed a questionnaire, which consisted of items from the Korean Career Indecision Inventory (K-CII), Covert Narcissism Scale (CNS), Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), and Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCCS). The results were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. The results of the current study were as follows. First, covert narcissism showed significant direct effects on career indecision. Second, covert narcissism showed significant direct effects on fear of negative evaluation; and fear of negative evaluation on self-concept clarity and self-concept clarity on career indecision showed significant direct effects, respectively. Third, fear of negative evaluation and self-concept clarity partially mediated the relationship between covert narcissism and career indecision. Finally, implications and limitations of this study and suggestions for future research were discussed.
In the present study, we confirmed caregiver burden, depressive symptoms, and physical symptoms among family caregivers of dementia patients ; in addition, we determined dementia patient`s behavior problems that affect caregiver’s psychological and physical health by type. A total of 101 dementia family caregivers were asked to complete questionnaires assessing caregiver burden(Burden Interview; BI), depressive symptoms(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CES-D), physical symptoms (Physical Health Questionnaire; PHQ), and dementia patient`s behavior problems using Older Adult Behavior Checklists(OABCL). In hierarchical regression analysis, the presence of internalizing behavior problems in addition to externalizing behavior problems were significantly higher predictors of caregiver burden, depressive symptoms, and physical symptoms. Thus, family caregivers experienced deteriorated psychological and physical health as a result of externalizing behavior problems accompanied by internalizing behavior problems. The study results suggested the necessity for concern and intervention targeting internalizing behavior problems. Implications for improving psychological and physical health of dementia patient`s family caregivers and suggestions for future research are discussed.
It has been found that envy is factors cause depression, yet researches exploring the mechanism is insufficient. The present study investigated (1) the mediation effect of regret in the relationship between envy and depression and (2) whether a degree of optimism moderates this relationship. Participants were University students and the data of envy, regret, depression, and optimism were obtained through self reports. The results of the statistical analysis were as follows: (1) the partial mediating effect of regret on the relationship between envy and depression was found significantly in whole participants, and (2) optimism moderated the relationship between regret and depression. These results suggest that envy affects depression by increasing regret and the effect occurs when the level of optimism is low. People who suffer from envy and regret can improve through optimism enhancement programs and strategies for dealing with regret experience. Implications and limitations of this study were discussed along with suggestions for future research.
The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of Obsessive-Compulsive(OC) tendencies’ automatic inhibitory dysfunction to personal threats stimuli, and to confirm whether any differences of the inhibitory dysfunction exists according to the different range of stimuli with classifying OC tendencies into its subgroups which are autogenous obsession and reactive obsession. In Study 1, OC tendencies group and OC lower tendencies group performed a stroop test under three conditions: (1) Individual threat, (2) Neutral, (3) General threat. In Study 2, the OC group was divided into two different subtypes: autogenous obsession group and reactive obsession group. Subjects which fell into the autogenous obsession group(AOs), control group(Cs) and reactive obsession(ROs) performed directed forgetting tasks using obsession threat stimuli of OC subtypes. The result of study 1, the OC tendencies group, showed reduced inhibition of individual threat material in the stroop test. The result of study 2, In spite of directed forgetting, showed the ROs impaired forgetting for contamination/unpleasant word related own obsession compared to the Cs and AOs, The results of this study suggest that individuals with obsessive-compulsive traits have attentional inhibition dysfunction in obsession-congruent individual threatening words. Also the results of this study reflect the ROs impaired rehearsal inhibition for contamination/unpleasant word. In conclusion, OC tendencies group’s failure to inhibitory control ability undesirable stimuli results in the person being bombed with recurrent unwanted and disturbing thoughts and images. Furthermore, classifying OC tendencies into its subgroups which are ROs and AOs demonstrate the ROs showed impaired forgetting for contamination/unpleasant word. On the other hand, the performance patterns indirected forgetting task using contamination/unpleasant word of the AOs were similar to those of the Cs. These findings support a partial heterogeneity in the OC group and the usefulness of classifying stimuli in an intentionally inhibited study.
The purpose of this study was to examine moderating effects of mindfulness on the effect of different trait anger levels in state anger inducing situations for recovering alcoholics on perception of emotional facial expressions. Additionally, this study examined the power of mindfulness subtypes affecting trait anger. 44 male recovering alcoholic participants, over 3 months, were classified into 18 high trait anger-level people and 26 low trait anger-level people through snowball sampling. Then 25 people were selected for the control group to be compared with the recovering alcoholics group. All of the participants completed STAXI-K, K-FFMZ, BDI, AUDIT-K, and a validated anger-inducing videoclip and picture stimuli from KUFEC, then they were offered an experimental stimuli in this study. The results of this study were as follows. There was no significant difference in perception of emotional facial expressions between the groups when state anger was induced. However, the groups presented a significant difference in the tendency of mindfulness; the low trait anger and the control showed a higher tendency of mindfulness than the high trait anger group. Also, there was a significant moderating effect of mindfulness in terms of the effect of trait anger in state anger inducing situations on the perception of emotional facial expressions with controlled depression. In addiction, the recovering group presented 'nonreactivity' and the control group showed a significant influence of 'acting with awareness' as results of examining relative power of the subtypes of mindfulness on trait anger for each group. Finally, implications and limitations of this study were discussed with suggestions for future studies.
Previously, mild sexual violence such as vulgar jokes was more common than acts of severe sexual violence, including sexual coercion, attempted rape and rape. However, recent studies show that narcissism and sociosexuality are risk factors of sexual aggression; whereas, state empathy is a protective factor. This study aimed to identify the relationship between narcissistic personality traits and mild sexual violence, in order to prevent sexually violent crimes and develop detailed intervention strategies for sex offenders. We accordingly examined the moderated-mediating effects of state empathy among narcissistic exhibitionism, sociosexuality and mild sexual violence in a non-clinical group. Data were obtained from male students in Kangwon National University. Two-hundred and ten students completed self-report questionnaires, such as K-NPI and K-CMEM. The results were as follows: first, hierarchical regression analysis suggested that narcissistic exhibitionism of 7 K-NPI subscales was identified by the only predictor of mild sexual violence. Second, each sociosexuality subscales (impulsive sexual behavior or open minded perspective in sex) completely mediated a relationship between exhibitionism and mild sexual violence. Finally, higher state empathy significantly decreased mediating effects of sociosexuality subscales, indicative that the mediating effects were instead moderated by state empathy. The moderated-mediation indicates that the effect of narcissistic exhibitionism on mild sexual violence via a mediator (impulsive sexual behavior or open minded perspective in sex) differs depending on the levels of moderator (state empathy) in males. The limitations and implications were discussed.
The initial purpose of this study was to examine if the distinction between positive self-complexity and negative self-complexity better explained depression, perceived stress, and satisfaction with life than simple self-complexity. The second purpose of this study was to examine if harmony and importance of self-aspects moderated the relationship among positive or negative self-complexity, depression, perceived stress, and satisfaction with life. Participants were 313 undergraduate students. They completed the Self-complexity task, Harmony of self-aspects scale, Importance of self-aspects scale, The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The data were analyzed with Pearson's correlation and hierarchical regression analysis by the SPSS 19.0 program. The results indicated that distinction between positive self-complexity and negative self-complexity better explained depression, perceived stress, and satisfaction with life than simple self-complexity. Also the results of the analyses showed that there was an interaction effect of harmony of self-aspects between positive self-complexity, depression, perceived stress, and satisfaction with life. Finally, the implications and limitations of the findings were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of the Psychological Well-Being-Post-Traumatic Changes Questionnaire( PWB-PTCQ) with a Korean adult sample. This study also examined the relative influence of variables of changes in psychological well-being following a traumatic event. To achieve this purpose, this study conducts a research through the following procedures. First, eighteen items originally developed by Regal and Joseph and validated by Joseph et al(2012a), went through a translation and back-translation procedure to be adapted prior to data collection. Second, in the preliminary study, item analysis, reliability analysis, and exploratory factor analysis(EFA) were conducted in a 125 adult sample who had experienced traumatic events. Third, in the confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) an adult sample of 306 who had experienced traumatic events different from subjects were recruited for EFA. The result of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that PWB-PTCQ consisted of 2 factors and sixteen. Fourth, Statistical analyses through the concurrent, convergent and discriminant validity test revealed that the PWB-PTCQ was a reliable and valid measure for changes in psychological well-being following a traumatic event of Korean adults. Concurrent validity was good with PTGI. Convergent validity with optimism, gratitude, cognitive reappraisal were verified respectively showing significantly positive correlation. Also, discriminant validity with distress after experiencing trauma showed a significantly negative correlation. In the next study of analysis on PWB-PTCQ related variables, the study examined the relative influence of variables of changes in psychological well-being following a traumatic event in a 222 adult sample who had experienced traumatic events. At first, changes in psychological well-being following a traumatic event showed a positive correlation with self-resilience and positive reaction to trauma disclosures, and showed a negative correlation with a negative reaction to trauma disclosures. Next, analysis of the variable affection the changes in psychological well-being following a traumatic event, the variable that exerted the most effect on changes in psychological well-being following a traumatic event was self-resilience followed by a positive reaction to trauma disclosures.
This study was performed in order to help develop the online version of the Sex-Addiction Scale and to confirm its reliability and validity. Participants were 264 adults for the first survey, 986 adults for the second survey and were from all over the nation; each participant was, assessed online. 122 preliminary items were collected and 30 final items were selected in 4 factors (sexual fantasy and copycat, difficulties in daily life, tolerance, deviant sexual behavior). Psychometric properties such as test-retest reliability, split-half reliability, internal consistency, and factor structures were appropriate and the conversion-discrimination validity was adequate. Implications, limitations and ideas for practice and further research were suggested.
The current study aims to investigate the reliability and validity of the Emotional Labor Scale, originally developed by Brotheridge and Lee (2003). The number of participants included 313 workers in an emotional labor field. The inter-item reliability was high (Cronbach α=.83). In addition, five factors (frequency, intensity, variety, surface acting, and deep acting) were identified by confirmatory factor analysis. The correlation analysis between K-ELS and Korean PANAS, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Korean Occupational Stress Scale, Korean Occupational Satisfaction Scale appeared to be appropriate, which support criterion-related validity. Thus, the reliability and validity of K-ELS to measure emotional labor for service workers is validated. Additionally, the limitations and suggestions for further studies were provided.
The purpose of this study is to find a possible to explanation of the effects of drug attitude with recovery attitude among schizophrenic inpatients in a meaningful way. The study is especially aimed to analyze the moderating effects of cognitive insight on the recovery attitude with drug attitude. The subjects of this study were 55 schizophrenic inpatients of C hospital in the Chungcheong area. The questionnaires composed of a recovery attitude scale, Beck cognitive insight scale, and the Korean version of the drug attitude inventory. 42 copies of surveys in total were analyzed with the following methods: correlation analysis, simple regression, and multiple regressions. As a result, both recovery attitude and cognitive insight showed as significant correlation to drug attitude positively. The degree of cognitive insight of low recovery attitude group had influences on drug attitude, but those of higher recovery attitude group did not show the significant effect to drug attitude. It suggested that current medication methods, which try to improve medication compliance through enhancing insight may not be effective on schizophrenic patients who show a high degree of psychological adjustment to illness. It raised needs to be recommended such as a patient's level of psychological adjustment to illness should be considered when practicing medication methods, which could help to improve medication compliance through enhancing insight where applied.
Mental health problems including addiction present a high heterogeneity of major symptoms or characteristics of targets. Hence, refinement of the targets is important for effective intervention. 'Severity' of the game addiction is widely regarded as a criterion for target classification. Previously, research related to the path of triggering game addiction problems, the sub-classification by characteristics of each triggering factor, or relevant intervention strategies has not been conducted. Research on the subtypes is required to increase the efficiency of customized strategic intervention according to the characteristics of game addicts. In this study, we established three hypothetical subtypes including conditioned behavior, emotionally vulnerable type, and impulsive type based on previous research on gambling addiction, and determined whether adolescents addicted to games exhibit the subtypes stably. Short-term prospective data were collected twice at 10-month intervals. The study was designed to explore three hypothetical subtypes during the first and second observations, and evaluate the stability level of subtypes for juvenile participants in each class by calculating the degree of consistency between two observations. In addition, the validity of classification of three hypothetical subtypes was verified by examining whether the major values measured at the first observation showed an effect consistent with the characteristics of three subtypes when determining the type of groups at the second observation. For example, depression at the first observation should appear as a significant predictive factor for classifying participants into 'Type I' and 'Type II' at the second observation. The analysis results confirmed the three hypothetical types at the first and second observations. Major characteristics of types at the first observation were valid in discriminating types at the second observation.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the traits of depressive patients with Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Specifically, based on the two concepts of vulnerable temperament and immature character proposed by Cloninger, 175 heterogeneous depressive patients were divided into four groups i.e., adaptive, vulnerable temperament, immature character, and complex vulnerability group. Following four factors were measured as the indices of level of adaptation-rates of comorbid personality or anxiety disorders, and symptom severity of depression (HAM-D) and anxiety (HAM-A). Chi-square test was performed to compare the group differences in rates of comorbid disorders; and multivariate ANOVA was performed to compare the symptom severity of depression, anxiety and the scores of reward dependence, persistence, and self-transcendence among the four groups. The findings were as follows: Firstly, the rate of comorbid personality disorder showed no significant differences among groups, but the immature character group showed the highest rate of comorbid anxiety disorder. Secondly, depression severity was not significantly different among groups, but anxiety severity had the lowest score in the adaptive group. Thirdly, vulnerable temperament group showed significantly higher scores on temperament scales of reward dependence and persistence; and on character scale of self-transcendence, as compared to the complex vulnerability group. The results need further confirmation in more controlled samples. However, they emphasize the importance of adaptive character on psychological adaptation regardless of vulnerable temperaments, and its consequent role in the management of character factors in interventions for depressive disorders.