In this study, the Korean-Parenting Stress Index 4th Edition Short Form (K-PSI-4-SF) was developed by translating and standardizing the Parenting Stress Index Fourth Edition Short Form (PSI-4-SF). To revise the translational issues of the previous version (K-PSI-SF) and clearly convey the meaning of each item, all the items of PSI-4 were re-translated according to the three-step translation procedure. The final items were completed by excerpting the statements corresponding to the short form. The subjects of this study were 1,333 parents of children age 1-12 recruited from 20 different cities across South Korea. The participants responded to the K-PSI-4-SF, Parental Confidence Questionnaire for Preschoolers or Children, SF-36, and Health-related Questionnaire. Approximately two weeks later, some of the participants who had previously agreed responded to the K-PSI-4-SF a retest or the K-PSI-SF, K-CBCL 1.5-5 or K-CBCL 6-18, PHQ-9, and GAD-7. To validate the factor structure of the K-PSI-4-SF, confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The internal consistency and test-retest correlation were examined to verify reliability. Convergence validity was verified by correlation analysis among subscales. The correlation between the K-PSI-4-SF and K-PSI-SF, Parental Confidence Questionnaire, K-CBCL, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 was examined to verify concurrent validity. The difference of parenting stress level was examined between parents of children diagnosed with mental illness and of those not diagnosed to verify discrimination validity. The results confirm that the K-PSI-4 Short Form is a valid and reliable measurement in measuring the stress of parents. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate that the social exclusion situation influence interpersonal emotion regulation induced by instrumental motivation in undergraduate students with borderline personality trait, and to confirm their characteristics. The borderline personality trait group(n=50) and the control group(n=50) were selected among 520 students based on scores on the PAI-BOR scale. Two groups played the game called Cyberball(Virtual Ball Tossing Game), a game in which a ball is passed between four people in the experiment. The game is designed so that participants cannot receive a ball, so as to arouse their sense of isolation. We asked them to evaluate their emotions by using the Emotional Experience Scale before and after the game and measured their emotional changes. Then, when people were teamed with two individuals each and given the opportunity to receive a monetary benefit in accordance with the number of times their partner received the ball, the participant evaluated interpersonal instrumental emotion regulation by selecting the intensity of each emotion(negative, neutral) and value of the emotion they wanted to induce to their partner. In comparison with the other groups, the borderline personality trait group in the exclusion situation experienced more of a sense of isolation, and selected significantly higher intensity of the negative emotion presented to their partner. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (borderline personality trait, control) in the inclusion situation. In terms of value of the emotions, the borderline personality trait group in the exclusion situation evaluated significantly lower than control group. As a result, these findings suggest interpersonal instrumental emotion dysregulation of the borderline personality trait group in a social exclusion situation, which can lead to interpersonal dysfunctions by using inappropriate emotion.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mindfulness and self-absorption through emotional contagion on compassion, to explore the psychological mechanisms of compassion that cares, empathizes, and provides support for other’s joy and distress. The level of emotional contagion, self-absorption, compassion, and mindfulness was measured in 300 adults, and correlation and mediating effect analyses were conducted. The main findings are as follows. First, the results showed that there were significant positive correlations among emotional contagion, mindfulness, and compassion. There were negative correlations between self-absorption and the others. Conversely, there were significant positive correlations between self-absorption and negative emotional contagion, and negative correlations between compassion and mindfulness. Second, mindfulness was found to mediate partially the relationship between emotional contagion and compassion. Additionally, self-absorption suppressed the relationship between emotional contagion and compassion. The results of dividing emotional contagion into positive and negative emotional contagion showed that the relationship between positive emotional contagion and compassion was mediated by mindfulness, and the relationship between negative emotional contagion and compassion was mediated by self-absorption. This study is meaningful in that self-absorption is a factor that suppresses compassion amid the phenomenon of emotional contagion. It also revealed that intervention in self-absorption needs to precede to facilitate compassion, otherwise it is not easy to lead to mindfulness and compassion in a state of negative emotional contagion. Based on this, implications for clinical intervention reducing self-absorption through the experiential selfless process are discussed and future research is suggested.
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of childhood trauma on the Relationship Addiction tendency and to investigate the role of rejection sensitivity in the relationship between childhood trauma and Relationship Addiction tendency. To this end, 465 adults older than age 18 living in G city and J area were administered the childhood trauma, Relationship Addiction, and rejection sensitivity scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 for correlational analysis to examine the relationships between variables, and the structural equation for the mediating effect validation was performed using AMOS 22.0. As a result, there were positive correlations among childhood trauma, rejection sensitivity, and Relationship Addiction tendency. Also, the effects of rejection sensitivity on the relationship showed full mediating effect. This suggests that childhood traumatic experiences may lead to Relationship Addiction tendency through rejection sensitivity. Through this study, a counseling intervention method valuable to clients with addictive relationship problems is presented. Based on this study, findings and implications are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy and entrapment in the relationship between evaluative concerns perfectionism and trait anxiety. Also, this study focused on identifying the mediating effects of evaluative concerns perfectionism and trait anxiety with non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy and entrapment categorized into internal and external entrapment. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(HMPS), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(FMPS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(CERQ), Entrapement Scale(ES), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) were used as measurements. The data from 324 new employees were used for analysis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, evaluative concerns perfectionism showed a significant positive correlation with maladaptive cognitive and emotion regulation strategy and entrapment. Also maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy showed a significant positive correlation with entrapment and trait anxiety. Additionally, evaluative concerns perfectionism showed a significant positive correlation with trait anxiety. Second, evaluative concerns perfectionism had a direct effect on trait anxiety as well as an indirect effect on trait anxiety via maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy, and internal, external entrapment. So, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy, and internal, external entrapment had a dual mediating effect between evaluative concerns perfectionism and trait anxiety. Based on the results of this study, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed with suggestions for the further study.
The purpose of this study was to investigate if weight-related stimuli had a negative effect on body dissatisfaction levels, and if attentional modification to non-weight-related stimuli could attenuate body dissatisfaction levels. Sixty-one female college students were randomly assigned to a fat word attention-inducing group, a thin word attention-inducing group, and a non-weight word attention-inducing group. We provided a modified visual search task (ie., attention bias modification [ABM] programs) for two sessions at one-week intervals. We also assessed body dissatisfaction levels, affective states, and dietary patterns at pre- and post- session times during the ABM procedure. Only the non-weight word attention-inducing group showed significant reductions in body dissatisfaction but they did not show any changes in affective states and dietary patterns. Participants in the other groups did not show any changes. Results suggest that the non-weight word stimuli could be a non-threatening factor and that inducing attention toward the non-weight words could reduce body dissatisfaction. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to identify the number of latent classes based on emotional processing, emotional expression, and ambivalence over emotional expressiveness. We also defined the characteristics of each latent class and examined the differences in psychological adaptation according to latent classes. A total of 223 university and graduate students participated in this study. Firstly, the study participants were classified by four latent classes: “average emotional approach coping group”, “active emotional approach coping group”, “passive emotional expression coping group”, and “avoidant emotional approach coping group”. Second, psychological adaptation was the best in the “active emotional approach coping group” with low level of depression and anxiety and high level of life satisfaction and psychological acceptance. The “avoidant emotional approach coping group” which had the lowest level of emotional processing and emotional expression level and the highest level of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness showed the most psychologically maladaptive condition. Conversely, in the case of the “passive emotional expressive coping group”, emotional processing was similar to the average level, but the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness was high and the level of emotional expression was low so that the degree of psychological maladjustment was at the level of the “avoidant emotional approach coping group”. The results of this study suggest that encouraging emotional approach coping in psychotherapeutic practices can contribute to improvement of the psychological adaptation level. Limitations, implications, and future directions of this study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sociotropy and binge eating, mediated by the thin-ideal internalization, body shame, and dieting among young females. For this purpose, a total of 406 female college students participated in this study. They were instructed to complete the self-report questionnaires: Revised Personal Style Inventory (PSI-II), Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnarie (SATAQ), The Korean Version of Objectified Body Consciousness (K-OBCS), The Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) and Korean version of Eating Attitude Test-26 (KEAT-26). The results showed significant positive correlations among sociotropy, binge eating, thin-ideal internalization, body shame, and dieting. The results using the structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that sociotropy had significant influence on binge eating through three different pathways. In the first pathway, sociotropy influenced binge eating by mediating thin-ideal internalization and dieting sequentially. In the second pathway, sociotropy influenced binge eating by mediating body shame and dieting sequentially. In the third pathway, sociotropy influenced binge eating by mediating thin-ideal internalization, body shame, and dieting sequentially. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effects of rejection sensitivity and self-silencing between relationship addiction and depression. To achieve this goal, the survey was conducted with 700 adults as subjects(330 males and 370 females). Aspects of relationships between variables were examined by using the Relationship Addiction Questionnaire(RAQ), Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire(RSQ), Silencing-The-Self Scale(STSS), and the Korean Version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale(CES-D). Using structural equation modeling, the results indicated that rejection sensitivity and self-silencing mediated the relationship between relationship addiction and depression. Additionally, the fully-mediated model seems to be the best model to account for the relationships among the study variables. The limitations of this study and implications for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of mindfulness and compassion on interpersonal relationships, and mediating roles of emotion regulation and social connectedness. Structural equation modeling involving 382 undergraduate students was conducted. Findings suggest that mindfulness contributed to interpersonal relationships directly as well as indirectly via its impacts on emotion regulation and social connectedness. That is, mindfulness was shown to directly improve interpersonal relationships, but it was also shown to increase emotion regulation capacity and social connectedness, which enhanced interpersonal relationships. As for compassion, the results support a full mediation by social connectedness, indicating that compassion alters a person’s perspective on the social world for the better, positively affecting interpersonal relationships. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.