초록

많은 임상가들과 연구자들이 긴장형 두통 환자들에 대한 평가와 치료에서 통증이 광범위한 심리적 요인들에 영향을 받으며, 또한 중요하다는 점에는 동의하고 있다. 그렇지만, 긴장형 두통에서광범위한 심리학적 변인들 간의 관계는 체계적으로 조사되지 않았다. 이 개관 논문에서는, 긴장형두통 내력 조사, 행동 평가목록, 자기 보고 자료, 지인 면담, 자기 탐지 기록, 긴장형 두통 평가에서 생물-심리-사회-영성 모형 및 삶의 질 평가를 다루었고, 또한 평가에서 쓰이는 심리측정검사에 관한 문제점과 개선점을 다루었다. 즉, 다중양상 심리학적 평가 전략이 긴장형 두통 평가에서도 중요하게 고려되어져야할 모형으로 보았다. 끝으로, 앞으로의 연구 방향이 논의되었다.

Abstract

Most clinicians and researchers agree that the experience of pain is influenced by a wide range of psychological factors, which are important variables in the assessment and treatment of tension-type headache patients. However, there is lack of the systematic examinations that explore the relationships among psychological variables in tension-type headache. In this article, description and history of tension-type headaches, behavioral checklist, data of self report, interview with significant others, records of self-monitoring, bio-psycho-socio-spritual model in the assessment of tension-type headache, quality of life, and problem of psychometric tests in the assessment of tension-type headache were reviewed. That is, a multimodal psychological assessment strategy is important and considerable model in tension-type headache evaluation, and futher direction were discussed.

초록

Abstract

Insomnia is a highly prevalent public health problem that carries an important psychosocial and economic burden for those affected, their families, and for society at large. Despite its negative impacts, the overwhelming majority of individuals with insomnia remain untreated and, when treatment is initiated, it is predominantly with medication. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has achieved wide-spread scientific recognition as an effective treatment for a wide variety of insomnia and acceptance by insomniacs. This approach is composed of efficacious components, that are stimulus control, relaxation, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene instructions and cognitive therapy. The purpose of this article is to present rationales for using each component of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Insomnia, review the outcome literature, and highlight specific practice recommendations regarding cognitive techniques. The treatment comparison studies and treatment outcome studies implementing cognitive behavioral therapy for comorbid insomnia were also reviewed and discussed.

초록

본 연구는 지각된 스트레스와 우울간의 관계에서 상위인지 및 마음챙김의 중재효과를 살펴보고자하였다. 연구대상은 대학생 290명(남학생 87명, 여학생 203명)이었으며 본 연구에서 사용한 연구도구는 지각된 스트레스 척도, 상위인지 척도, 한국판 5요인 마음챙김척도, 한국판 Beck 우울척도이다. 그 결과 지각된 스트레스는 우울과 유의한 정적 상관을 보였다 상위인지와 우울과는 걱정에 대한 긍정적인 신념을 제외한 인지적인 확신, 인지적인 자의식, 걱정에 대한 통제 불능과 위험에 대한 부정적인 신념, 사고통제 필요성에 대한 신념에서 유의미한 상관관계를 보였다. 지각된스트레스와 상위인지가 우울에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과, 상위인지 가운데 걱정에 대한 통제불능과 위험에 대한 부정적인 신념은 지각된 스트레스와 우울간의 관계에서 중재변인으로 작용하였다. 또한 마음챙김 5요인 가운데 자각행위는 지각된 스트레스가 우울에 미치는 영향을 완충시키는 것으로 확인 되었다. 지각된 스트레스가 우울에 미치는 영향에서 상위인지와 마음챙김의 역할을 살펴 본 결과 지각된 스트레스와 상위인지 수준이 동일하더라도 마음챙김 수준이 높은 사람이덜 우울한 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구 결과를 토대로 심리치료적 함의를 논의하였다.

Abstract

This study is about the moderate effects of metacognition and mindfulness on the relation between perceived stress and depression. Study group was 290 university students. The instruments of the study were scale of Perceived stress scale, Metacognitions Questionnaire,Korean Version of Five-factor of Mindfulness Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. The result of correlation analysis between the variables advocated that recognized stress has significant positive correlations with depression. metacognition and stress also showed significant relations with cognitive confidence, cognitive self-consciousness, out of control of anxiety and negative belief for crisis, belief about the need to control thoughts, except positive beliefs. The results of investigating the effects of perceived stress and metacognition on depression indicated that negative beliefs about thoughts concerning uncontrollability among metacognition acted as moderate variables between recognized stress and depression. It was identified that self-cognition among five mindfulness factors buffered the effect of recognized stress on depression. By the results of experimenting for the role of metacognition and mindfulness in the effect of recognized stress on depression, even though the strength level of recognized stress and metacognition were the same, strong mindfulness persons were less depressed than others. Based on the results, psychotherapeutic implications were discussed.

초록

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of emotion-mindfulness on emotional clarity and regulation, and stress and well-being. The participants of the study were 64 female college students in Seoul, Korea whose average age was 21.14 years. They were randomly divided into 2 groups, namely the emotional mindfulness group and the wait-list group. Fifteen participants dropped out of the program due to personal matters, etc, which left 24 in the emotion-mindfulness group and 25 in the wait-list group. The participants in emotion-mindfulness group completed 6 weeks of emotional mindfulness program in addition to education sessions and kept diaries at least three times a day. The results revealed significantly more improvements on emotional clarity (p=.01), selection of adaptive cognitive regulation strategies (p=.00), putting into perspective (p=.01), refocusing on planning (p=.00),and positive reappraisal (p=.00) in emotion mindfulness group than in the wait-list group. Besides, increments in expecting life satisfaction expectancy (p=.02) and self-esteem (p=.00)were statistically significant in the emotional mindfulness group but not in the wait-list group. Furthermore, there was significant relief on negative affects (p=.04), stress response (p=.04)and sleeplessness (p=.04) among physical symptoms. However, the effect on life motivation,life satisfaction, positive affects and physical symptoms other than sleeplessness was not significant. These results indicate that emotional mindfulness may be effective to enhance self-esteem, life expectancy and well-being, and reduce sleeplessness and stress. It was also found that emotional mindfulness can effectively enhances emotional clarity and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation. As a final note, it should be worth mentioning that this was the first study in Korea to make an attempt to prove the effects of emotional mindfulness.

초록

Abstract

This study examined how narcissism are related to psychological stresses and subjective well-being with self-esteem, and illustrated psychological characteristics of people with high degree of narcissism and low self-esteem. The participants were 735 male and female college students, whose ages ranged from 18 to 31. The psychological tests used in this research included the following: Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Stress Response Inventory, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Emotion Frequency Test, and Subjective Happiness Scale. Results indicated that narcissistic trait was positively correlated with self-esteem, and narcissism and self-esteem shared over than 25% variance. If they were adjusted by self-esteem in regression analyses, feeling of authority and superiority among factors of narcissism had no buffering effects for psychological stresses, and need for entitlement showed possible negative influences for psychological responses toward stresses such as aggression, anger, and depression. And need for entitlement and self-admiration negatively were correlated to subjective well-being, and feeling of authority and superiority positively were correlated to subjective well-being, as they were adjusted by self-esteem. This study revealed that especially people with high degree of narcissism and low self-esteem showed high degree of psychological responses toward stresses such as aggressiveness and anger. It was discussed roles of narcissism and self-esteem with previous studies.

초록

본 연구는 성경의 웰빙인지와 웰빙 및 스트레스와의 관계를 살펴보기 위해 수행되었다. 자료는서울 시내 10여개 교회의 청년부(20살 이상부터 결혼 전의 남녀) 181명을 대상으로 설문조사를통해 수집되었다. 구체적으로 하루에 성경구절을 얼마나 자주 떠올리는지와 웰빙 및 스트레스 관련 척도와의 상관을 분석하였다. 그 결과 하루에 성경구절을 떠올리는 횟수와 삶의 만족, 삶의 기대, 긍정 정서와는 유의한 정적 상관이, 우울, 불안과는 유의한 부적 상관이 관찰되었다. 성경구절회상횟수의 효과를 주관적 웰빙의 수준에 따라 분석했을 때 주관적 웰빙이 낮은 경우, 즉 현재의삶이나 미래의 삶에 대해 덜 긍정적으로 생각하는 사람들에게 성경구절 회상횟수의 효과가 더 큰것으로 나타났다. 끝으로 본 연구의 제한점과 제안점이 논의되었다.

Abstract

The present study examined the relations between well-being cognitions from the Bible and well-being/stress. The data were collected from 181 men and women who belong to the young people divisions of 10 churches in Seoul. The present study explored the correlations among the frequency of recollecting the well-being cognitions from the Bible in a day and well-being/stress. The result showed that the frequency of recollecting the well-being cognitions from the Bible was positively correlated with life satisfaction, life satisfaction expectancy and positive affect, and negatively correlated with depression and anxiety. When we reanalyzed the data according to the level of subjective well-being, we found that the effects of the frequency of recollecting the well-being cognitions from the Bible were bigger in the case of the people who think their life is less satisfied or will be less satisfied than whose who think their life is satisfied or will be satisfied.

초록

본 연구의 목적은 실직 후 실직자들의 정신건강이 시간이 지남에 따라 어떻게 변화하는지를 알아보는데 있다. 실직한 지 2개월 미만인 30세 이상의 중, 장년층 실직자를 대상으로 6개월 간격으로세 번의 설문조사를 통해 자료를 얻어 분석하였다. 1차 조사에서는 1,530명이 응답하였고, 6개월후에 실시한 2차 조사에서는 706명이 응답하였으며, 이 가운데 443명이 재취업에 성공하였다. 마지막으로 6개월이 지난 후 3차 조사를 실시하였으며 최종 483명이 응답하였다. 3번의 조사 결과를 토대로 조사대상자들을 4가지 집단으로 구분하였다. 집단 1은 실직-재취업-재취업 지속 집단이고, 집단 2는 실직-재취업-실직집단, 집단 3은 실직-실직-재취업 집단이며, 집단 4는 실직-실직-실직집단이었다. 이러한 네 집단들의 정신건강이 어떻게 변화하는지를 알아보기 위하여 이들의일반적 정신건강, 불안, 우울, 그리고 신체화를 측정하였다. 분석 결과 실직으로 인해 정신건강이나빠지나 재취업 성공으로 인해 정신건강이 좋아지는 경향이 있으며, 다시 실직했을 경우 첫 번째 실직 시와 비교해 정신건강이 크게 나빠지지는 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 실직자들의 정신건강은 지속적으로 나빠지지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 연구의 제한점과 미래 연구에 대해 논의하였다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine how mental health of unemployed people changes based on various types of subgroups upon unemployment and reemployment status. Data were collected from unemployed people above 30 years old three times with six months intervals on each survey. 1,530 people responded to the first survey. Finally 483 people responded to the 3rd survey. These people were categorized into 4 different groups based on unemployment and reemployment status for each time: Group 1 consists of unemployment - reemployment -reemployment; Group 2 consists of unemployment - reemployment - unemployment. Group 3consists of unemployment - unemployment - reemployment; finally Group 4 consists of unemployment - unemployment - unemployment. Scales of GHQ, anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic were used to measure mental health. Results showed that generally mental health tends to become worse after unemployment whereas mental health tends to improve after reemployment success. Also, mental health for the continuous unemployed people tends to become stable across three different survey. Finally, limitations and implications of the study were discussed.

초록

본 연구는 종교 변인이 상황적 용서에 영향을 주는지 탐색하기 위하여 수행되었다. 종교성향, 종교적 대처 그리고 상황적 용서간의 관계를 알아보기 위해 154명의 개신교 기독교인을 대상으로각 변인에 대한 척도에 답하도록 하였다. 상황적 용서는 외재적 종교 성향과 부정적 종교대처와부적 상관을 보여주었고 내재적 종교 성향과 긍정적 종교대처와 정적 상관을 보여주었다. 예외적으로 긍정적 종교적 대처는 상황적 용서와의 상관이 없었다. 상관 결과에 따라 매개 효과를 분석한 결과 외재적 종교 성향과 상황적 용서의 매개변인으로서 부정적 종교적 대처의 역할이 중요하다는 것을 밝혔다. 내재적 종교 성향은 부정적 종교적 대처와 상관이 없어 매개분석에서 제외되었다. 이러한 결과는 종교적으로 긍정적인 종교적 대처 방식을 가지고 있다고 해서 실제 삶에서용서를 하는 것은 아니며 부정적인 종교적 대처 방식은 타인을 용서하는 능력과 용서하고자 하는의지를 방해할 수 있음을 시사한다. 이 결과는 용서 증진을 위하여 용서 개입이 필요하고 부정적종교적 대처를 다루어 주는 것이 중요하다는 함의를 갖는다. 끝으로 본 연구의 의의와 한계를 논의하였다.

Abstract

The present study explored whether religious variables have effects on situational forgiveness. Using a sample of 154 Christians, this study examined the relationship between religiousness,religious coping and situational forgiveness. All religious measures were correlated with situational forgiveness, but positive religious coping was not correlated with forgiveness variable. According to the result of the correlations, we tested the mediation. Since there was no correlation between intrinsic religiousness and negative religious coping, these two variable were excluded from mediation test. Result of testing mediation indicated that negative religious coping play the role of a mediator between extrinsic religiousness and situational forgiveness. These findings have important practical implications regarding the forgiveness-religion link for Christians, suggesting that the forgiveness intervention is needed to promote to forgive effectively. Also decreasing negative religious coping might be important in forgiveness in specific transgressions.

초록

본 연구의 목적은 불안민감성의 수준에 따른 청소년의 정동평가와 유해자극역치 간의 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 경기도 소재 J중학교에 재학 중인 학생들 총 188명(남학생 97명, 여학생 91명)에게 질문지를 실시하여 이들의 불안민감성 수준을 측정하였고, 그 수준에 따라 불안민감성이 높은집단과 불안민감성이 낮은 집단으로 구분하였고, 그리고 이들 중 총 134명(남학생 63명, 여학생71명)이 유해자극역치 실험에 참여하였다. 그 결과 측정변인들 간의 상관에서는 기도와 바람을 제외한 인지불안증상과 유해자극공포 및 재앙적 사고가 높을수록 유해자극역치는 낮고 자극민감도는 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이원변량분석 결과는 불안민감성이 PASS척도와 CSQ척도 모두에서 성의 주효과는 없었으나 집단의 주효과가 있었고, 재앙적 사고에서는 집단의 주효과와 상호작용의효과를 보여주었다. 그리고 유해자극역치에서는 성의 주효과는 없었으나, 집단의 주효과와 상호작용의 효과가 있었다. 따라서 질문지 반응척도에서는 집단의 주효과가 관찰되었고, 재앙적 사고 및신체적 자극에 대한 평가인 유해자극역치에서는 집단의 주효과와 상호작용 효과가 주효했음을 보여주었다. 이와 관련된 의미와 연구의 한계점 및 추후연구 과제를 논의하였다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of anxiety sensitivity(AS) on affect appraisals and noxious stimulus threshold in healthy adolescents. Anxiety Sensitivity Index,Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, and Coping Strategies Questionnaire were administered to 188middle school students(male 97; female 91). They were classified two groups on the basis on high AS(79 students) and low AS(101 students) scores of AS scale. And 134 students(high AS 71; low AS 63) measured by noxious pressure thresholds. The results of this study showed there were negative relations between cognitive anxiety symptoms, fear,catastrophizing and noxious pressure thresholds. And students with high AS experienced greater negative affect appraisals and low noxious stimulus threshold than low AS students. Based on these results, the last section of thesis discussed the limits of the research and suggestion for future study.

초록

Abstract

The purpose of present study is to examine the moderating effect of perceived emotional competence and anger control on the relation between inferiority feelings and aggression in adolescents. The participants were 309 high school students (136 males, 173 females). They were administered the Inferiority Scale (Kim, 1996), the Korean Version of Aggression Questionnaire (AQ-K; Seo & Kwon, 2002), the Korean Version of Trait Meta-Mood Scale (K-TMMS; Lee & Lee, 1997), and the Korean Version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory(STAXI-K; Chon, Hahn, Lee, & Spielberger, 1997). Hierarchial regression analysis was used to analyze the three-way interaction effect of inferiority feelings, anger control, and perceived emotional competence on aggression. The results showed significant three-way interaction effects of inferiority feelings, anger control, and perceived emotional competence on aggression. In the group with high inferiority feelings, anger control lowered aggression regardless of perceived emotional competence. On the contrary, in the group with low inferiority feelings, the attempts to control anger without perceived emotional competence increased aggression. Based on these results, it was suggested that psychological programs dealing with inferiority feelings and aggression in adolescents should include methods to enhance perceived emotional competence along with effective anger management skills.

초록

본 연구는 외현적 자기애와 내현적 자기애 성향의 청소년들이 대인관계 문제를 나타내는지 확인하고, 대인관계의 어려움을 완화시킬 수 있는 탄력성의 개인내적 요인과 외적 보호요인의 중재효과를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 위의 목적을 달성하기 위해 서울과 경기도 지역 5개의 고등학교에재학 중인 고등학생 600명을 대상으로 자료수집이 이루어졌으며, 이 중에서 최종적으로 남자 251명, 여자 314명의 총 565명 자료를 이용하였다. 조사 도구로는 자기애적 성격 검사지, 내현적 자기애척도, 대인관계 문제척도, 한국 청소년 탄력성 척도 의 자기보고식 설문지를 이용하였다. 본 연구에서 나타난 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년의 자기애적 성향의 하위 유형에 따른대인관계의 어려움을 분석한 결과, 외현적 자기애가 높을수록 대인관계 어려움을 적게 느끼는 것으로 나타났으며, 반면에 내현적 자기애가 높을수록 대인관계 어려움을 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 내현적 자기애 성향과 대인관계 문제 사이에서 탄력성의 하위 요인인 개인내적 특성과 외적 보호요인을 나누어 중재효과를 확인한 결과, 내현적 자기애 성향과 개인내적 특성, 외적보효요인 모두 통계적으로 유의한 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 즉, 내현적 자기애 성향의 청소년들이 탄력성을 가지고 있다면 대인관계 문제를 보다 적게 경험하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 내현적 자기애와 대인관계 문제에서 탄력성의 외적 보호요인이 개인내적 특성 보다 더 영향력이 큰것으로 검증되었다. 이상의 연구 결과를 통해 내현적 자기애적 성향을 가진 청소년들에 탄력성이대인관계의 어려움을 중재할 수 있다는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 연구 결과와 함께 본 연구의 의의와 제한점에 대해 논의하였다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to verify the problems on personal relations that adolescent with overt narcissistic personality and covert narcissistic personality experience and examine the moderating effects of the personal traits of resilience that reduce the difficulties on the personal relations and outer protective factors. First, as a result of analyzing the difficulties on personal relations according to the subordinate type of adolescent narcissistic personality,as the overt narcissistic personality was higher, less difficulties on the personal relations were observed. On the other hand, as the covert narcissistic personality was higher, more problems on the personal relations were observed. Second, based on the results of examining the moderating effects of the resilience between the covert narcissistic personality that effects on the problems on the personal relations, to verify more aspects of the resilience by dividing into a subordinate factor of the resilience, personal traits, and outer protective factors. The significant interaction effects in covert narcissistic personality, personal traits, and outer protective factors were observed. In addition, since outer protective factors were verified to have more influences than personal traits of the resilience in covert narcissistic personality. Therefore, the purpose of this study that attempted to examine adaptive factors of the resilience for adolescent was achieved. It is meaningful that this study provided practical suggesting points rather than solving the problems on the personal relations that adolescent experienced in educational situations or counseling situations.

초록

Abstract

This study examined the function of perfectionism by knowing relationship of Perfectionism and adaptation-indices. The questionnaire including Perfectionism Questionnaire(PQ),Psychological Well-Being Scale(PWBS), The Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist(MAACL) and Daily Hassles Scale(DHS) were completed by 695 graduate and under-graduate students in Seoul and the metropolitan area. The results indicated that 'Perfectionism Tendency(trait to achieve one's goal to be perfect)' was positively related to psychological well-being and positive affect, and was not significantly related to daily hassles and negative affect. On the other hand,'Negative Consequence(state of being in discomfort and maladaptation due to perfectionism)' was negatively related to psychological well-being and positive affect and was positively related to daily hassles and negative affect. Participants were divided into three groups(functional perfectionism group, dysfunctional perfectionism group, and nonperfectionism comparison group) and these three groups were compared in some adaptation-indices. The results indicated that functional perfectionism group had the significantly highest psychological well-being and positive affect levels. On the other hand,dysfunctional perfectionism group had the significantly highest negative affect and daily hassles levels. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study were discussed.

초록

Abstract

This study examined the appropriateness of patriarchal/asymmetry paradigm and gender-inclusive model (post patriarchal/asymmetry paradigm) in dating violence. The participants were 341 college students (156 males and 185 females) who had the experience of heterosexual dating relationship, whose ages ranged from 18 to 47. The psychological tests used in this research included the following: Straus' Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2), Korean Gender Egalitarianism Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), and Manifest Needs Questionnaire (MNQ). Results revealed that approximately 97% of students reported the experience of inflicting psychological violence toward their dating partners, and almost half of them had the experience of inflicting physical dating violence. Females reported more frequently experience of inflicting physical dating violence than males, whereas they were more frequently received sexual dating violence than males did. People with experience of both inflicting and receiving of dating violence showed higher patriarchal sex role stereotypes than those who never experienced it and the only inflictors. Patriarchal sex role stereotypes were especially closely related to males' inflicting and receiving of dating violence. Although need for dominance was also predictor of dating violence, patriarchal sex role stereotypes was more determinant for dating violence. Sex role stereotypes in family life, for instance, accounted for the almost 16% of the variance of males' inflicting physical dating violence. This study revealed the appropriateness of patriarchal/asymmetry paradigm for dating violence of Korean college students.

초록

Abstract

Recovery means going on to a happy life. The purpose of this study was to test the development and effectiveness of a happiness program for the alcohol dependent patients. Two groups participated in this study, consisting of a total of fifteen people with the treatment group of eight, and a alcohol dependent patient control group of seven. The treatment group participated a total of ten sessions. The main topics of the happiness program include the following: orientation; care of one's body; management of stress; finding self merit; growth of self; meaning of life and purpose of life; gratitude; effective conversation; expression of anger and finding a person who supported self; new preparedness and ending. The procedures for this happiness program were mindful meditation, a lecture, individual group discussions related to the above topics, and feedback about the program by group members. The scores of the two groups at the point of pre-test, post-test, after one month follow-up were analysed and compared through the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test and Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that the treatment group who took the happiness program didn't significantly increase satisfaction with life nor self-esteem. But significantly increased in abstinence self-efficacy post test and after one month follow-up than the pre test in treatment group. Results of the study were discussed in relation with previous and future studies.

초록

Abstract

Researches prospecting gambling issues from neurocognitive perspective are keep increasing and developing as years pass by. This study tried to investigate the relationship between gambling addiction vulnerability and deficiency on executive functions. The study focused on inhibition function among executive functions, I tried to look at it by dividing them by behavioral,cognitive, and emotional by regarding inhibition as a multi-dimensional mechanism. For this purpose, I conducted the Korean-version Gambling Attitude and Beliefs Scale(K-GABS, Breen & Zuckerman, 1999, 2005) by selecting 762 undergraduates as objective, and classified the top 7% as gambling-vulnerable group(N=31) and the bottom 7% as control group(N=28). The participants completed K-NODS(the Korean-version NORC DSM-IV Screen for Gambling Problems) and gambling experience questionnaire, and then participated experiment after taking working memory test. All of them did assignments for evaluating inhibition function of inhibition of motor responses, cognitive inhibition, and emotional inhibition in experimental study. Difference of group were found among inhibition function tasks as result of experimental study. First, among Stop-Signal Task for evaluating behavioral inhibition(inhibition of motor responses) the group that was vulnerable to gambling had faster reaction time for stimulation by poor inhibition compare to control group, and stop-signal delay time was shorter as well. And among Stroop Negative Priming Task for evaluating cognitive inhibition, gamblingvulnerable group slowed their reaction time by failing inhibiting of distractor stimulation. Also among Emotional Go/No-Go Task for evaluating inhibition of emotional responses, gamblingvulnerable group reacted more precisely for happy facial stimulation compare to control group,and they made more error on false alarm by failing for inhibiting on happy facial stimulation. In synthesis, gambling-vulnerable group showed defection for inhibiting prepotent motor responses and had difficulty for inhibiting distractor stimulation by poor inhibition in terms of cognitive process. They also showed tendency of failing inhibiting their reaction for positive emotional stimulation and try to act urgent. These results suggest that gambling-vulnerable group has comprehensive defection in terms of inhibition function.

초록

이 연구는 아동기 정서적 외상과 역기능적 분노간의 관계에서, 불안정 애착과 초기부적응 도식의 매개효과를 탐색하였다. 연구 참여자는 319명의 남, 녀 대학생이었고, 측정도구로는 정서적 외상 질문지, 성인 애착 질문지, 도식 질문지 및 역기능적 분노 질문지를 사용하였다. 선행연구들을 바탕으로 가설적 모형이 제시되었고, 구조방정식 모형분석을 통해 모형의 타당성을 통계적으로 검증하였다. 그 결과, 불안정 애착과 도식이 순차적으로 정서적 외상과 역기능적 분노 사이를 매개할 것이라는 가설적 모형이 타당한 것으로 검증되었다. 따라서, 치료과정에서 역기능적 분노문제 및 그와 관련된 정서적 외상을 다룰 때에는 안정애착의 요소들과 개인이 보유하고 있는 도식들을 동시에 고려한 치료모형이 필요할 것으로 가정할 수 있다.

Abstract

The present study proposed a mediation model in which insecure attachment and early maladaptive schemas would play a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and dysfunctional anger. A total of 319 undergraduate students completed questionnaires on: childhood trauma questionnaire, adult attachment questionnaire, early maladaptive schema and state-trait anger expression inventory-Korean version: STAXI-K). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. As a result, which means the effect of childhood emotional trauma on early maladaptive schemas is mediated by insecure attachment and the effect of insecure attachment on dysfunctional anger is mediated by early maladaptive schemas. Therefore, it would seem that the model that deals with elements of secure attachment, schema and childhood emotional trauma all together is useful for dysfunctional anger approach, The significance of this study can be: the true source of dysfunctional anger would be not a current stimulus, but the effect of interaction that current stimulus and traumatic event in store to various memory representations of the past.

초록

본 연구는 다문화가정 아동과 부모들을 대상으로 집단 미술치료 프로그램 및 부모교육 병합치료프로그램을 개발하고 실시하여 그 효과를 검증하기 위한 예비연구로, 병합 치료프로그램 실시 후아동의 자아존중감과 사회기술 향상 및 부모의 양육 효능감에서 유의한 변화가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 아동집단 미술치료 프로그램은 만 8세부터 11세까지의 초등학생 6명을 대상으로 주 2회(1시간 30분) 총 10 회기 동안 실시하였으며, 부모교육 프로그램은 그들의 부모들에게 주 1회(2시간)총 4회기 동안 진행하였다. 연구결과, 병합치료 프로그램에 참여한 다문화가정 아동들의 일반적자아존중감, 사회적 자아존중감, 가정에서의 자아존중감, 학교에서의 자아존중감이 모두 긍정적으로 변화된 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 협동, 자기주장, 공감, 자기조절과 같은 사회기술 역시 유의한 변화를 보였다. 한편 부모의 인지적 양육효능감은 유의한 변화를 보였지만, 불안감/좌절감이나 부모역할에 대한 관심과 흥미는 통계적으로 유의미한 변화가 관찰되지 않았다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a combined art therapy and parent education program on the self-esteem and social skills of multi-cultural children, as well as on the parenting efficacy. A ten-session group art therapy program (two 1.5-hour sessions per week) was conducted for six elementary school children ranging in age from 8 to 11. For the parents of those children, a four-session parent education program (one 2-hour session per week) was held. Prior and subsequent to interventions, assessments for the three dependent variables were conducted using standardized test measures. It was found that the children showed statistically significant improvements in all the subcategories of self-esteem,such as general self-esteem, social self-esteem, family self-esteem, and school self-esteem. Moreover, they also showed statistically significant improvements in all the subcategories of social skills, such as assertiveness, empathy, cooperation, and self-control. As for the parents'parenting efficacy, cognitive efficacy showed statistically significant improvements, but their frustration/anxiety level and interests in parental role did not show any statistically significant change. By conducting children's art therapy program and parent education program simultaneously in a parallel process, this research was the first to develop a combined treatment for newly emerging multi-cultural families in Korea.

초록

본 연구는 다문화가정 아동과 부모들을 대상으로 집단 미술치료 프로그램 및 부모교육 병합치료프로그램을 개발하고 실시하여 그 효과를 검증하기 위한 예비연구로, 병합 치료프로그램 실시 후아동의 자아존중감과 사회기술 향상 및 부모의 양육 효능감에서 유의한 변화가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 아동집단 미술치료 프로그램은 만 8세부터 11세까지의 초등학생 6명을 대상으로 주 2회(1시간 30분) 총 10 회기 동안 실시하였으며, 부모교육 프로그램은 그들의 부모들에게 주 1회(2시간)총 4회기 동안 진행하였다. 연구결과, 병합치료 프로그램에 참여한 다문화가정 아동들의 일반적자아존중감, 사회적 자아존중감, 가정에서의 자아존중감, 학교에서의 자아존중감이 모두 긍정적으로 변화된 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 협동, 자기주장, 공감, 자기조절과 같은 사회기술 역시 유의한 변화를 보였다. 한편 부모의 인지적 양육효능감은 유의한 변화를 보였지만, 불안감/좌절감이나 부모역할에 대한 관심과 흥미는 통계적으로 유의미한 변화가 관찰되지 않았다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a combined art therapy and parent education program on the self-esteem and social skills of multi-cultural children, as well as on the parenting efficacy. A ten-session group art therapy program (two 1.5-hour sessions per week) was conducted for six elementary school children ranging in age from 8 to 11. For the parents of those children, a four-session parent education program (one 2-hour session per week) was held. Prior and subsequent to interventions, assessments for the three dependent variables were conducted using standardized test measures. It was found that the children showed statistically significant improvements in all the subcategories of self-esteem,such as general self-esteem, social self-esteem, family self-esteem, and school self-esteem. Moreover, they also showed statistically significant improvements in all the subcategories of social skills, such as assertiveness, empathy, cooperation, and self-control. As for the parents’parenting efficacy, cognitive efficacy showed statistically significant improvements, but their frustration/anxiety level and interests in parental role did not show any statistically significant change. By conducting children’s art therapy program and parent education program simultaneously in a parallel process, this research was the first to develop a combined treatment for newly emerging multi-cultural families in Korea.