This study was to examine the effect of self-compassion writing on self-compassion level in depressive tendency group. Furthermore, we investigated the effect on subtypes of rumination and emotional regulation after self-compassion writing treatment. The K-SCS and the BDI were used for screening of 654 university students, and based on the results, they were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: self-compassion treatment group(n=13), distraction treatment group(n=11), and untreated control group(n=13). Treatment included 6 sessions during two weeks. The result showed that participants in the self-compassion treatment group compared with distraction treatment group and untreated control group showed significant increases in self-compassion levels at post-test than pre-test. Although rumination, brooding, reflection level showed no significant effect, depressive rumination, emotion regulation, psychological symptoms and depression level were significantly decreased after self-compassion writing. Particularly, decreased emotion regulation and depression level were relatively constant during the 4-weeks follow-up periods. These results implied usability of self-compassion writing as a self-instructional method and therapeutic mechanism. Finally, implications and limitations of the current study were discussed along with suggestions for future research.
In this research, characteristics of emotional information processing of a group of people with a tendency to have suicidal ideation under normal and failure treatment conditions have been studied through emotional stroop and facial emotion recognition tasks with morphing techniques. In the concrete, the emotional stroop and facial emotion recognition tasks have been performed to confirm whether there is any difference in emotion between the group having tendencies of suicidal ideation and the control group. Furthermore, an analysis of whether there is any evidence of differences in emotion when presented with failure experiences between the group having tendencies for suicidal ideation and the control group was completed. The result of the comparison of reaction time tests between the group having tendencies for suicidal ideation and the control group revealed that the non-control group showed statistically significant positive and negative emotional biases in the emotional stroop, and also displayed a statistically significant main effect in the sensitivity level between groups and emotional types for the recognition of emotion by a facial recognition task. In the comparison for the reaction time after presenting a failed experience, the non-control group indicated a significant negative-emotional bias in the emotional stroop task compared to the control group. The non-control group displayed a significant main effect between emotional types and groups, and the interactive effect between the emotional types and the groups. In conclusion, the group having tendencies for suicidal ideation showed a lowered level of threshold for emotional recognition sensitivity and displayed a negative emotional bias. Therefore, it is confirmed that environmental stress can affect the emotion of the group having tendencies of suicidal ideation. Synthesizing the implications from the study, further discussion on the issue and future research direction has been followed.
The aims of this study were to investigate whether spirituality plays a moderating role in the relationship between loneliness and depression. The participants were 195 Korean immigrant women of the age range from 34 to 64 years (M=42.03, SD=5.64). Loneliness, depression, and spirituality were evaluated by self-reported questionnaire. The results showed that loneliness of life in immigration was an important factor that leads to depression. Also, depression was correlated with immigration-related variables, such as plans to return to Korea or not. Test results indicated that existential well-being, a subordinate dimension of spiritual well-being, protected Korean immigrant women from depression. However, religious well-being, another subordinate dimension of spiritual well-being and religious participation, did not have an impact on depression. Thus, enhancing one's life meaning and reinterpretation of the situation in living overseas prevents depression efficiently. Finally, the limitations of this study and directions of future study were suggested.
This study examined the impact of Smartphone Use Motivations and Personality on Smartphone Addiction. The participants were 483 college students(male 189, female 294) in Busan, Ulsan, Gyeongnam, Daegu, Gyeongbuk. They were administered the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adult: Self-report, Smartphone Use Motivations Scale, and Korean-Eysenck Personality Scale for Adult(K-EPS: Adult). The impact of Smartphone Use Motivations and Personality on Smartphone Addiction respectively were analyzed by stepwise regression. Entertainment and Leisure, Flaunt and Trend, Keep the relationship Motivations positively predicted Smartphone Addiction. Also, Neuroticism, Extraversion-introversion, and Impulsiveness positively predicted Smartphone Addiction. Neuroticism and Empathy showed a significant impact on Entertainment and Leisure. In addition, Extraversion-introversion, Psychoticism, Lies, and Impulsiveness showed significant impact on Flaunt and Trend Use Motivations. Extraversion-introversion, and Empathy showed a significant effect on Keep the relationships. Structural model based on stepwise regression analysis was used to examine the association between Neuroticism, Extraversion-introversion, Impulsiveness, Entertainment and Leisure, Flaunt and Trend, and Smartphone Addition. Entertainment and Leisure partially mediated between Smartphone Addiction and Neuroticism. Flaunt and Trend fully mediated between Smartphone Addiction and Extraversion-introversion, and Impulsiveness.
This study aimed to examine the relationships among personality, teachers’ conflicts, ego-resilience and psychological burnout, as well as to investigate the mediating effects of teachers’ conflict and ego-resilience on the relationship between personality and psychological burnout. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the data from 381 secondary school teachers (169 male teachers and 213 female teachers). The instruments used in the study included big 5 personality test (NEO Five-Factor Inventory), teachers' conflicts, ego-resilience and Maslach Burnout Inventory. The results revealed that both neuroticism and teachers' conflicts positively affected burnout, while consciousness and ego-resilience negatively affected psychological burnout. Moreover, neuroticism was negatively related to ego-resilience, while extraversion, openness and agreeableness were positively related to teachers’ conflicts. As for the mediating effects, ego-resilience mediated the relationships between neuroticism and burnout, openness and burnout, as well as between teachers' conflicts and burnout. In addition, teachers’ conflicts mediated the relationships between extraversion and burnout, as well as between agreeableness and burnout. Finally, we provided a discussion on the research findings, educational implications and future research directions.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effects of acceptance in the relationships between the emotional clarity and social interaction anxiety; and determine its gender differences. Four hundred and three college students in Gyeonggi province completed TMMS, AAQ-16, SIAS. Based on the results, males showed higher score of emotional clarity and the acceptance than females, and females showed higher score of social interaction anxiety than males. In addition, emotional clarity affects the social interaction anxiety by the partial mediation of the acceptance. The path coefficients showed gender differences, and a strong effect was observed in females than males, from emotional clarity to acceptance as well as acceptance to social interaction. These results suggested that it is important to improve acceptance for reducing social interaction anxiety, especially for females. The implications and limitations of this study as well as suggestions for further research are discussed.
In this study, we compared the MMPI-2 and Rorschach tests, that are representative assessments in clinical practice including the index of psychotic state; in addition, we investigated the predictive validity and the discriminant validity for psychotic disorder indices of each assessment. Participants were 59 adults who underwent psychological testing at the department of psychiatry of the general hospital in Busan. Patients with schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, and brief psychotic disorder were categorized into the group with schizophrenia spectrum disorders; and patients with mood disorder, anxiety disorder, somatoform disorder, and adjustment disorder were categorized into the group with non-schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Logistic regression analysis was conducted using schizophrenia-related indicators from the MMPI (Pa, Sc3, Sc6, BIZ1, BIZ2, RC8, and PSYC) and Rorschach’s test (SCZI and PTI) as variables. The results showed that RC8, BIZ1, and Sc3 had significant between-group discriminatory power; however, neither of the Rorschach variables, SCZI and PTI, showed significant discriminatory power. In conclusion, aberrant perceptual experiences and cognitive distortion are decisive factors in the discrimination of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The MMPI-2 was developed for schizophrenia patients. However, it includes symptoms such as aberrant perceptual experiences and cognitive distortion, as well as paranoia features that can be experienced by patients both with and without schizophrenia. Our results suggested that this instrument should be used sparingly. Finally, we discussed the limitations of the study, future research directions, and psychological health significance.
This study qualitatively analyzed the lives of urban elderly females relating health from a phenomenological perspectives in order to provide useful information for further quantitative research and policy-making. The participants of this study were 10 urban elderly females living alone in Seoul; and snowball sampling, a non-probability sampling technique was used for sampling. Their age ranged from 73 to 93, and durations of living alone varied from 4 to 40 years. Data gathered from narrative interviews were analyzed with techniques based on phenomenological strategies and procedures. Results revealed that urban elderly females living alone lacked in trust in contemporary medical services and were at risk due to their perception of chronic diseases. Almost half of all participants had experienced a decline in memory, and has increased symptoms of anxiety and depression related to their children. Although they enjoyed eating convenience foods and failed to eat reduced salt diets, they still tried to consider their health and nutrition when choosing foods. Self-support labor as well as holding a job helped to increase their physical activities, while urinary incontinence and living environments disturbed their sleeps. They frequently contacted friends in their community welfare centers, senior citizen centers, or church because they found it difficult to easily contact their offsprings. Many stated that self-disclosing information to their friends led big trouble, so they suppressed their negative feelings and thoughts, They also stated that the regrets they made in their past and the thoughts they had about them often threatened their mental health. Many of the women resented their husbands or immediate family members, such as brothers and sisters, while they were grateful for being financially assisted by government program or their circumstances in senescence. They practiced what they perceived would improve their health, but spent unnecessary money for health care products.
The purpose of this study was to examine the discriminatory mechanism of anorexic and binge eating behaviors of young adult women focusing on the multidimensional concept of perfectionism and difficulties in emotion regulation. Participants were 185 female university/graduate school students. The Korean Version of Eating Attitude Test-26 (KEAT-26), the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(MPS), and the Korean Version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale(K-DERS) were administered. First, according to the result of relative analysis, anorexic eating behaviors showed high correlation with personal standards/preference for order and organization of perfectionism and binge eating behaviors showed high correlation with excessive concern over falling short of perfectionism. Both anorexic and binge eating behaviors showed high correlation with nonacceptance of emotional responses of difficulties in emotion regulation. Second, the result of hierarchial regression analysis indicated that preference for order and organization of perfectionism and nonacceptance of emotional responses, and lack of emotional clarity on difficulties in emotion regulation influenced anorexic eating behaviors. Excessive concern over falling short of perfectionism and nonacceptance of emotional responses, and difficulties with engaging in goal-directed behavior of difficulties in emotion regulation influenced binge eating behaviors. Lastly, implications of health psychology and limitations of this study as well as the suggestion for future study were discussed.