This study is a new approach using the Korean counseling model to provide recovery maintenance for addicts. The paper is centered around how traditional Korean ideology such as Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism as well as psychological characteristics of Korean such as resentment, joy, authority, and we-ness are all related to each other. With mindfulness as the center, the major intervention skills used in counseling include relating to others, teaching clients to live cheerfully, providing family education & counseling, engaging with a well-recovering person, and providing follow-up counseling. The most crucial trait of the Korean psychological model is the attitude of a counselor. A counselor needs to be able to give respect an addict, show sympathy, build a relationship as a supporter and educator, and reinforce the strengths of an addict; the counselor should also demonstrate, patience, and mindfulness. Mindfulness is key for both the recovery of an addict and the attitudes of counselors. This research is significant in that it provides various types of intervention methods for improving the attitudes of addicts toward their lives in order to help them maintain addiction recovery. Finally, the limitations of the paper are discussed and suggestions are made for the direction of future research.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect decentering techniques on depressive mood, ruminative and reflective response style. As core therapeutic mechanism of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy(MBCT), decentering is the ability to observe one’s thoughts and feelings as temporary and objective events that occur in the mind. Decentering is considered a factor that may prevent depressive relapse and recurrence, by blocking the ruminative-affective process. This study intervened decentering techniques, and tested the reducing effect on depressive mood, ruminative and reflective response style. For this study, 532 college students in Cheong-ju carried out The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) and those with score between 16 and 22 were selected to participate in the study. Participants were randomly assigned into one of two groups: twenty-two people were in the decentering group and the other of 21 people were in the distraction group. After inducing a moderately depressing mood with gloomy music, intervention was carried out for about 30 minutes for each group. The results indicated reducing effect on depressed mood no defference between the two groups, although the decentering group showed a greater reducing effect on ruminative response than the distraction group. There was no significant effect observed for the reflective response. The results indicate that decentering technique is an effective treatment maladaptive rumination and depressed mood. Clinical implications and limitations of the study were also discussed with suggestions for future studies.
This study aims to investigate the possible application of the delay discounting task, a behavioral task that measures impulsiveness, on the relationship between impulsiveness and smartphone addiction among adolescents. The relative utility of the delay discounting task was also examined and compared to the utility of a self-report questionnaire. In order to do this, it was necessary to examine whether there were differences in the values of delay discounting by smartphone addiction level. The correlation between the delay discounting task, the self-report questionnaire of impulsiveness, and smartphone addiction were also investigated. Lastly, the independent explanation power of the delay discounting task on smartphone addiction was examined. The self-report surveys and the delay discounting tasks were conducted with 342 male and female adolescents in four middle schools and six high schools in an urban city in the southern part of Korea. As a result, students in the group with the highest level of smartphone addiction showed statistically significant higher values in the delay discounting task. This indicated they have higher impulsiveness than the group of students with a low level of smartphone addiction. In addition, both the delay discounting task and the self-report questionnaire showed a statistically significant correlation with smartphone addiction, although the correlation between the two instruments was not statistically significant. Finally, the delay discounting task significantly predicted the smartphone addiction while controlling the smartphone using time and the variables of the self-report questionnaire. These results show that the delay discounting task is an appropriate tool for measuring impulsiveness related to smartphone addiction. Limitations and implications for future research on the delay discounting task are discussed.
This study compared the decision making process of risky gamblers with that of normal controls (social gamblers) using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). This task is often used to test implicit decision-making ability because participants select continuously among four different card decks, which differ in terms of the size of the reward and fine, and the probability of receiving a fine. The risky gambler group showed inferior performance to that of the control group on the IGT; they lost more money overall than the controls did. In addition, the two groups showed different preferences when choosing card decks with infrequent fines. That is, the risky gamblers preferred the card deck with big rewards and infrequent big fines, whereas the controls preferred the card deck with small rewards and infrequent small fines. When the fine was given frequently, the groups did not differ regardless of the size of the reward. It seems that risky gamblers focus on the pursuit of profit, which leads to risky decisions. In contrast, social gamblers seem to focus on risk avoidance. The results suggest that risky gamblers who have not yet fallen into compulsive gambling show impaired decision-making, as pathological gamblers do.
The purpose of this study was to identify the indirect effects of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and internalized shame on the relations between covert narcissism and social networking service(SNS) addiction proneness. The subjects of this study included 378 adults(187 males, 187 females) who used SNSs. The questionnaires used in this study were the SNS Addiction Proneness Scale, the Covert Narcissism Scale(CNS), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(CERQ) and the Internalized Shame Scale(ISS). SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 were used for data analysis. Date analyses included a reliability analysis, a descriptive statistics analysis, a correlation analysis, a measurement model analysis and a structural model analysis. To verify the research model results, structural equation modeling(SEM) was used and the results showed a satisfactory fit indices. Also, to identify the indirect effects, the bootstrapping method was used. The results of this study were as follows: First, SNS addiction proneness showed a positive correlation with covert narcissism, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and internalized shame. Second, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and internalized shame indirectly affected covert narcissism and SNS addiction proneness separately. Third, the maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies were indirectly affected by covert narcissism and internalized shame. Fourth, the sequential indirect effects that the maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and internalized shame had on the relationship between covert narcissism and SNS addiction proneness were significant. Implications and limitations of this study were discussed; and suggestions for future studies were presented.
There is a lack of playfulness scales for adult with evidence of validity and reliability in Korea. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Adult Playfulness Trait Scale(K-APTS; Shen, Chick, & Zinn, 2014a), a new measurement of playfulness that assesses an individual’s disposition for uninhibitedness and spontaneous fun. A total of 540 college students participated in the survey. Confirmative factor analyses(CFA) and multiple-group CFA in M-plus 7.4, was used for the verification of construct validity, the Pearson correlation coefficients in SPSS 23.0 was used for the verification of criteria validity and Cronbach’s ɑ in SPSS 23.0 was used for the verification of reliability. The three-level construct of K-APTS was confirmed. The 19 items of K-APTS were explained by five clearly interpretable factors: fun belief, initiative, reactivity, fun belief, initiative, and reactivity. High-order factor analyses confirmed the underlying hierarchical model of K-APTS that comprises three additional sub-dimensions: fun-seeking motivation, uninhibitedness, and spontaneity, wherein fun-seeking motivation includes three sub-dimensions: fun belief, initiative, and reactivity. In third order model, one overarching construct supports the interpretation of a general “playfulness” factor underlying all subscales. Evidence of criteria validity was obtained from correlations of the K-APTS with the K-PSA. The three-level construct of K-APTS demonstrated good internal consistency. Greater playfulness in the K-APTS was associated positively with extraversion, openness to new experiences, agreeability, conscientiousness, it was negatively associated with neuroticism in K-BFI. The multi-group CFA was conducted to compare male and female samples. Given the configural invariance, the metric invariance and partial scalar invariance were held across multiple groups. The latent mean analysis examined whether the mean level of latent construct was invariant across groups. Females showed a statistically lower mean than males in the initiative(I) factor in the K-APTS.
The purpose of this study was to identify the limitations of the method of immediately removing stressors job stress occurs and this study also aimed to develop a method to job stress coping focused on the acceptance of the origin of the stress, which is concept of ACT(Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) and Reliability and Validity of the developed. First, We conducted an open questionnaire survey of 9 Ph.D students with expert knowledge on ACT - analyzed the collected items, and selected 31 preliminary items reflected on the stress scale. These items were administered to 201 employees. Results of factor analyses showed that 15 items with 4 factors were obtained. In order to confirm the factor structure and analyze the criterion-related validity of the scale, an online survey was administered to 500 employees. The results showed that the job stress coping scale consisted of four factors(job stress acceptance, job stress consciousness, value recognition, goal commited behavior). Also, the scale was significantly related to the professional accomplishment personal accomplishment factor but not to emotional exhaustion or the depersonalization factor. The significance of the results, limitations of the study, and reccomendation for future research topics were discussed.
The Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES), a 19-item instrument developed to assess motivation to change alcohol use problems, has been used in various settings. In this study, 19 items of the original scale are adapted for gambling addiction. The proposed SOCRATES-G is composed of the adapted items. The purpose of this study was to verify the reliability and validity of SOCRATES-G, which is optimized for Korean adults presenting for specialized gambling treatment. A total of 2505 problem/pathological gamblers (male 97%) seeking treatment in community settings completed SOCRATES-G. Explanatory factor analyses yielded 3 unrelated factors that were stable across rotations and were the same as those in the original version of SOCRATES: Recognition, Ambivalence, and Taking Steps. The scale also shows a high Cronbach’s alpha. There is a suitable convergence observed between the SOCRATES-G scores and those of the reference scales. The SOCRATES-G scores showed excellent sensitivity to change and ability to distinguish recovered from unrecovered clients after treatment. A cutoff-score of ≥24 for the Recognition sub-scale was found to have 78% sensitivity and 41% specificity for gambling recovery, a cutoff-score of ≥9 for the Ambivalence sub-scale was found to have 60% sensitivity and 63% specificity, and a cutoff-score of ≤31 for the Taking Steps sub scale was found to have 46% sensitivity and 87% specificity. The implications and limitations of the present study along with suggestions for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the roles of emotional dysregulation and self-encouragement in the relationship between adult ADHD tendencies and depression. Participants included 266 college students and non-students (mean age 21.68 years, male 135, female 131) in the Gyeongnam and Gyeongbuk areas. The scale used in this study was the Conners ADHD scale (K-CARRS), the Korean version of the K-DERS scale, the self-encouragement scale, and the Korean depression scale (KDS). Through structural equation modeling(SEM), we analyzed whether mediating effect of emotional dysregulation and self-encouragement is medated when adult ADHD tendencies affects depression. As a result, Adult ADHD tendencies had positive correlations with emotional dysregulation and depression, but a negative correlation with self-encouragement. Also, depression had a positive correlation with emotion dysregulation, but a negative correlation with self-encouragement. In addition, the relationship between Adult ADHD tendencies and depression was found to be mediated by emotional dysregulation and self-encouragement. This suggest that Adult ADHD tendencies directly affects depression but indirectly affectc through emotional dysregulation and self-encouragement. This study confirms the role of emotion dysregulation and self-encouragement, between the Adult ADHD tendencies and depression in auldt ADHD. This paper also dicuss the limitation of this study and the recommendations for future studies.
The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating effect of social anxiety on the relationship between adult ADHD tendencies and internet addiction among male and female Korean college students. A total of 459 college students(male/female:235/224)participated in the survey. They completed the ‘Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Korean (short version)’, the ‘Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS)’, the ‘Social Phobia Scale (SPS)’, and the ‘K-internet addiction self-report (K-scale).’ We analyzed the results using a hierarchical regression, an independent t-test, and multiple group structural equations. There was no significant gender difference in the social anxiety factor, while there was significant difference in the adult ADHD tendencies and internet addiction factors(withdrawal, tolerance). Also, significant partial mediating effects were found between adult ADHD tendency and internet addiction for male college students. although there were no significant mediating effects for female college students. In short, ADHD tendencies can be indirectly connected to internet addiction through social anxiety for male college students. On the other hand there is a significant direct effect between ADHD tendencies and internet addiction in female college students. The direct effect of ADHD tendencies is a predictor that internet addiction exists more with female college students than with male college students. The results suggest that it is necessary to use gender-specific approaches when we try to alleviate the symptoms of internet addiction caused by ADHD.
This study examined the relationship between ADHD and disordered eating behaviors, and the extent to which emotional dysregulation mediates the impact of ADHD on eating styles. Two hundred and eighty nine respondents aged 20 to 69 (132 males, 157 females) completed surveys that measured levels of ADHD in children and adults, emotional dysregulation, and disordered eating(restrained, emotional, and external eating). A two-stage approach was used for data-analysis. First, the measurement model was refined by preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Second, the theoretical model was composed based on the results of a regression analysis, and tested with competing models using a path analysis. Results indicated a significant relationship exists between ADHD and emotional and external eating, but does not exist between ADHD and restrained eating. In addition, emotional dysregulation mediated the paths connecting ADHD to emotional and external eating. Current results suggest emotional dysregulation has a potential effect on the comobidity of ADHD and eating disorders.
There has been growing interest in ‘well-dying’ and ‘good death’ and the need to examine factors that may affect an individual’s preparation for death has been highlighted. Based on previous studies that showed that self-efficacy and social support are associated with health-related behaviors, this study was designed to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and the behavioral indices associated with the preparation for death in older adults. This study also investigated the mediating effect of support from family, friends, and significant others on this relationship. The participants of this study were 106 older adults over the age of 70 living in the Korean metropolitan area. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that family support fully mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and death preparation behavior. Such results suggest that self-efficacy and family support in late adulthood may help older adults to actively participate in preparing for their end of life. Especially in Korea where the role of family support is emphasized in death preparation behaviors, the current study suggests the need for augmenting psychosocial factors including self-efficacy and family support in order to foster the preparation necessary for well-dying.
One of the main reasons for internet gaming addiction could be the hedonic experiences it provides the gamer. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of gaming motivation on a reinforcement mechanism, explaining internet gaming addiction (gaming motivation → in-game behavior → internet gaming addiction). We performed a path analysis using data from 259 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game users. The results of this study are as follows. First, gaming addiction was positively affected by the motivation for escapism and aggression and negatively affected by motivation for achievement. Second, higher motivation for escapism and aggression decreased in-game helping behaviors, resulting in increased gaming addiction, while higher motivation to play a game with friends increased in-game helping behaviors, resulting in decreased gaming addiction. Third, higher motivation for aggression and friendship increased in-game aggressive behaviors, leading to increased gaming addiction. Finally, higher motivation for aggression increased working behaviors related to earning game money, resulting in increased gaming addiction. By simultaneously considering gaming motivation and in-game behaviors, the results of this study indicate the reinforcement mechanism for internet gaming addiction.
The present study examined the effect of social anxiety on perception of Duchenne smile by applying a signal detection theory. Two hundred and thirty one undergraduate students completed measures of social anxiety and depression. Based on total social anxiety scores, subjects who were in the upper 20% were selected to be in the high social anxiety group, and those who were in lower 20% were selected to be in the low social anxiety group. In the experiment, 34 subjects (19 subjects in the high social anxiety group and 15 subjects in the low social anxiety group) participated. After 20 videos of smiling individuals (10 Duchenne smiles and 10 non-Duchenne smiles) were presented, participants were asked to discriminate whether the smile was genuine(Duchenne) or fake(non-Duchenne). Then, to control the effect of the attractiveness of the smiling individuals on the perceptions of the Duchenne smile, the attractiveness of each individual was measured. The results showed a significant difference in response bias between the high social anxiety group and the low social anxiety group. However, the difference between the groups was not significant when the levels of depression symptoms were controlled. The results suggest that people with high social anxiety tend to judge Duchenne smiles as fake smiles, though it does not seem to be a feature unique feature to individuals with social anxiety.
The purpose of this study is to further understand the relationship between sleep and interpersonal deviant behavior. We tested a multilevel mediation model, where sleep quantity and quality influence negative affect, which influence interpersonal deviant behaviors. A total of 74 college students were surveyed using the diary method to collect the quantity and quality of nightly sleep and the negative affect and interpersonal deviant behaviors over a six-day period. The quantity of sleep was measured using a smart band while the quality of sleep was measured using a self-report. As a result of the multilevel mediating model analysis of 368 daily data, the better the quality of sleep the night before, the less interpersonal deviant behavior the next day, and the effect was completely mediated by negative affect. However, the effect of the quantity of sleep on interpersonal deviant behavior was not significant after controlling sleep quality. We discuss practical implications of the results and offer suggestions for future research.