The main purpose of the present study was to summarize and discuss the theories of Korean traditional medicine, epitomized by Hujoon in 17C Chosun dynasty, on the relationships between so-called seven emotions and physical illness. It was hypothesized in Korean traditional medicine that so-called seven emotions, including joy, anger, sadness, fear, suprise, worry, and thinking, were related to specific physical illness such as cardiovascular disease. The above mentioned emotion specific hypothesis on the relationship between emotion and physical illness, derived from Korean traditional medicine theories, were also discussed in the context of contemporary health psychology. The implications and suggestions for the future study in the field of health psychology were added.
The present paper proposes systematic mindfulness focusing on mindfulness of the emotion as a method of stress management. Systematic mindfulness is an integration of traditional mindfulness meditation and modern stress management. The former pursues the change of the mind with intuitive understanding of it, and the latter pursues the change of the mind with analytic understanding of it. Emphasizing the importance of complementary integration of both methods for holistic understanding and change of the mind, systematic mindfulness is proposed. The present paper also discusses the merits of systematic mindfulness for stress management.
An attempt was made to develop a newly integrated version of CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Radloff, 1977) using items contained in its earlier three versions currently available in Korea. A series of three studies were preformed. Study 1 was to select the most powerful items from earlier versions. A preliminary scale with 30 items taken from earlier three versions was tested with 594 college students and 228 adults sample. 20 best items were identified on the basis of item-total correlation in 9 different analyses. In Study 2, an intermediate new scale consisting of the selected 20 items was validated with 235 adults. The internal consistency of the intermediate scale was .91, higher than or equal to earlier versions. However, one item (i.e., item 4) in the intermediate scale was shown unsatisfactory revealing low item-total correlation of .20. In Study 3, four new items as tentative candidates alternative to the poor item (i.e., item 4) were developed and tested in terms of psychometric and translation criteria using data from 189 college students. One among the candidates was finally selected and incorporated into the final scale. The final integrated adaptation of CES-D revealed .91 for its internal consistency and four distinctive factor structure similar to original English scale. However, the new scale needs further validation test with diverse samples in both normal and clinical settings in future studies.
This study examines stress, coping style, and life-satisfaction of Koreans living during national economic crisis. This research focuses on four following aspects: 1) compare stressful events, coping style, and life-satisfaction among primary, junior high, senior high school students, and their parents and also sex differences; 2) within student sample, comparison among educational level and sex and within adult sample comparison among different age of their children, are examined; 3) the effect of SES. self-efficacy, academic achievement, and delinquency on stress, coping style, and life-satisfaction are examined; and 4) the pattern of relationship between parents and children found for stress, coping, and life-satisfaction are examined A total of 983 students (primary school students=195, junior high school students=398, and senior high school students=309) and their fathers (employee=907, no response=76) and mothers (employee=362, housewife=481) participated in the study. The questionnaire included the following scales: self-efficacy, social support, stressful event, coping style, stress symptoms, life-satisfaction, academic or social achievement, and background information and scale measuring delinquent behavior was added to the students' questionnaire. All the scales showed adequate reliability. The results of the study are as follows. First, students experience greatest stress from academic pressure and adults experience greater stress from financial matters. Both students and adults were more likely to use self-regulating coping strategy, life-satisfaction was highest for family life. Second, for the student sample, academic and relational stress increased with grade level and life-satisfaction decreased. For adults, parent-child relational stress increased as their children's grade level increased and life-satisfaction for parent-child socialization and family life decreased and satisfaction for financial matters with increased. Adults were more likely to experience stress due to financial matters and of efficacy (parent-child relational efficacy, relational efficacy for friends, and self-regulatory learning) predicted higher life-satisfaction, and for adults relational efficacy for spouse and parent-child relational efficacy, and coping efficacy were highly correlated with life-satisfaction. Fourth, the life-satisfaction of the students were related to their parents' life-satisfaction, self-efficacy.
This study was to assess women's adjustment in their sexuality before and after hysterectomy by examining a broad range of outcomes experienced by women undergoing hysterectomies for both benign and malignant conditions. Nineteen women presenting for hysterectomies for leiomyoma, endometriosis, and adenomyosis completed all three periods of data collection. They completed a questionnaire assessing information related to their current mental health of depression and anxiety, well-being, sense of identity, and lifestyle index just before surgery and at 1~2 and 4~6 months after surgery. They also rated their sexual interest, sexual satisfaction, and frequency of sexual intercourse both before and after the surgery. Additional demographic and medical information was extracted from the medical record. In the initial period after surgery, the patients showed an improved mental health status. While most of them showed stable status of well-being, identity, lifestyle, and sociability throughout the data collection period, they reported an improved sexual functioning at the last session of data collection. That is, about 80% of them have already initiated sexual intercourse by 4~6 months after the surgery. It was discussed that the outcomes for these women undergoing hysterectomy were generally positive.
Subjective, physiological, and behavioral responses to potentially stressful situations may be a function of both cognitive appraisal and cognitive beliefs. Beliefs, such as locus of control, has been distinguished in the research literature as critical to psychological well-being and coping with stress. Very few studies have examined the role of beliefs on stress process directly. In present study, the effect of locus of control and stressor type, on cognitive appraisal and physiological responses were directly investigated. The result supported a stress-moderating effect for locus of control especially in active coping situation. Individuals who have internal locus of control showed more benign cognitive appraisals and physiological responses when they were performing arithmetic task. The result indicate that physiological activity must be interpreted in light of the individual characteristics and situational context within which the physiological activity take place.
This study examined the moderating effects of coping strategies on the relationship between job stressors and psychological adjustment, and how these coping strategies differ, depending upon gender. A questionnaire was administered to 210 teachers(117 male teachers, 93 female teachers). Results of the factor analysis of the job stressor scale showed that six factors were strongest: losing authority, classroom management, interference of out-siders, authoritative management, lack of support, and insufficient teaching preparation. Moderated multiple regression indicated that the problem-focused coping style positively moderated the relationship between perceived lack of support and anxiety in male teachers, and between perceived insufficient teaching preparation and anxiety in female teachers. The emotion focused coping style negatively moderated the relationship between insufficient teaching preparation and anxiety in male teachers. From these findings, the perception of control may be seen as an important factor influencing the effectiveness of coping strategies. The implications and limitations of the present study are further discussed and suggestions for further research are noted.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self-disclosure on computer addiction, negative emotional experience, physiological symptoms, and social support from friends. 45 students, who had high scores on computer addiction test which was revised based on Internet Addiction Test(The Center for On-line Addiction), were selected from 385 junior high school students. Subjects were randomly assigned three kinds of self-disclosure conditions. In relevant high self-disclosure condition, subjects disclosed their emotion and thoughts about computer-using experiences and its influences on their lives very deeply. In irrelevant high self-disclosure condition, subjects disclosed their emotion and thoughts about their classroom experiences very deeply. In irrelevant superficial self-disclosure condition, subjects were asked to describe their yesterday's and today's daily schedule. The results showed relevant high self-disclosure decreased the level of computer addiction, the level of depression and loneliness, and physiological symptoms. And this effects did not happen in irrelevant high self-disclosure condition. Social support from friends improved across all condition after self-disclosing intervention. Implications of this study's findings were discussed in relation to specific effects of the content of self-disclosure and for the prevention of computer addiction.
The purpose of present study is to examine the effects of obesity, body image satisfaction, and binge eating on depression in middle school girls. A total of 402 middle school girls participated in this study. The participants are categorized into three groups : (1) under-weight (2) normal weight (3) obese group based on the Body Mass Index. The degree of body image satisfaction, binge eating, and depression were measured by the Body-esteem Scale, the Binge Eating Scale, and the Childhood Depression Inventory, respectively. Results were as follows: The individuals who possess high obese level would experience higher body image dissatisfaction, binge eating, and depression than non-obese people. Also, the individuals who have high obese level and body image dissatisfaction would experience higher depression. However, the interaction effects of obese level and binge eating on depression were not significant. Then we discussed the clinical and practical implication of result.
This study investigated psychological factors that affect restrained eaters' eating behaviors. Especially, how the public self-focused attention function on the restrained eaters eating behaviors were examined. The experimental design was a 2(restraint level: restraint/non-restraint)×2 (preloading: 0cc/235cc)×3 (public self-focused attention: weight or body shape related self-focused/personality related self-focused/public self unrelated attention) completely randomized factorial design. Participants were 144 college females, 12 females in each condition. The main findings of this study are as follows. The restrained eaters in the weight or body shape related public self-focused attention condition ate less ice cream in the preloading condition than in the non-preloading condition. But the restrained eaters in the personality and public self unrelated attention condition ate ice cream almost equally both in the preloading condition and in the non-preloading condition. All the non-restrained eaters in public self-focused attention conditions ate less ice cream in the preloading condition than in the non-preloading condition. These results suggest that the weight or body shape public self-focused attention play an important role in regulating restrained eaters' eating behaviors and non-restrained eaters eating behaviors be regulate by physiological needs. Both the significance, implications, and limitations of this study, and the suggestions for further study and applications for the diet management programs were discussed.