This article introduces a recently increasing disorder, Orthorexia Nervosa(ON), reviews the current literature about its clinical features and diagnostic criteria, and suggests future directions for research. ON is a condition characterized by excessive fixation on eating healthy food, such that it dominates one’s life. These consequences reflect in ON being considered a psychosocial disorder that results in underweight or unbalanced physical states. ON is usually considered similar to anorexia nervosa(AN) or obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD). In this review, the clinical features of ON are compared to AN and OCD, focusing on their similarities and differences. As there are no agreed formal diagnostic criteria, this review further introduces recently proposed criteria and controversies regarding the diagnosis. In particular, it criticizes ORTO-15, the most widely used instrument prevalent, and suggests considerations for future research.
This study examined the effects of a virtual reality program on dental anxiety, state anxiety and relaxation among patients waiting to receive dental treatment. The virtual reality program was developed to induce relaxation, by showing patients peaceful scenery. Sixty-six dental patients who visited a dental clinic were recruited and randomly assigned either to the experimental group (n = 33, mean age = 38.27 years, age range = 12-70 years), or to the control group (n = 33, average age = 35.24 years, age range = 23-75 years). While in the waiting room, the experimental group received Virtual Reality-induced Relaxation treatment for approximately 3 minutes prior to their dental treatment, whereas the control group sat and waited as usual. Both groups completed a questionnaire before and after the treatment (or waiting) period. The battery of questionnaires consisted of the Korean Dental Anxiety Inventory, the Anxiety Inventory, and a self-report scale asking patients about their degree of relaxation. The Fingertip Pulse Oximeter was also used to measure patients' heart rates. Statistical analyses revealed that compared to the control group, the experimental group reported significantly greater reductions following the treatment/waitlist period in dental anxiety [F(1, 64) = 30.49, p < 0.001], state anxiety [F(1, 64) = 19.12, p < 0.001], and heart rate [F(1, 64) = 19.12, p < 0.001], as well as significantly greater increases in subjective reports of relaxation [F(1, 64) = 38.07, p < 0.001]. These results suggest that prior to dental treatments, relaxation induced by virtual reality program eases anxiety and provides relaxation to the patients. Lastly, we discuss the implications of this study and suggestions for future research.
The present study examined the effect of the Mindful Lovingkindness-Compassion Program(MLCP) on depression, rumination, mindfulness, self-compassion, and social connectedness in students prone to depression. The total of 1,081 undergraduate students completed the CES-D. Finally, 34 students who got over 19 points in CES-D were selected. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group(MLCP) composed of 8 sessions or the control group. To identify the effect of MLCP, pre- and post data was analyzed using ANOVA, and paired test was conducted for analyzing the sustaining effect of MLCP. The results of this study showed that participants in the experimental group exhibited a decrease in depression and rumination, and an increase in mindfulness, compassion, and social connectedness, than those in the control group. In particular, the effect of MLCP in the experimental group was maintained at the follow-up assessment 4 weeks later. The implications and limitations of this study, as well as suggestions for further research, are discussed.
This study aims to develop the behavioral measurement task for distress tolerance, as an ability to tolerate negative affect. The length of time to stop viewing the negative picture was hypothesized to represent the behavioral distress tolerance. 75 college students completed Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). They were then asked to visit the laboratory and watch negative pictures on a computer screen indefinitely. The length of time to stop viewing, and the affective responses to pictures, were measured. Correlational analysis indicated that the length of time to stop viewing the negative picture did not correlate significantly with the scores on DTS, CES-D, and BAI. However, the time to stop correlated positively with regulation factor of DTS. This result indicates that a person who cannot tolerate negative affect and strives to avoid negative affect actually finishes the task fast; it also suggests the possibility that the length of time to stop viewing the negative picture can be used to measure behavioral distress tolerance. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed, along with suggestions for future research.
Distress tolerance(DT) is considered an important variable related to the development and maintenance of problematic alcohol use. One of the most widely-used measures of DT is the Distress Intolerance Index(DII). The DII was developed by evaluating the latent factor structure of existing measures of DT. It consists of 10 items that best capture the core DT construct. This study examined validity of the Korean version of the DII(K-DII), and assessed the psychometric properties of the measure, in 100 heavy drinkers. Participants completed the K-DII, the Alcohol Use Identification Test, and the two instruments that assess two types of DT. Results of confirmatory factor analysis supported a single-factor latent structure of the K-DII. The effects of gender and age on K-DII were not significant. The internal consistency and the criterion validity of the K-DII were good. These findings suggest that the K-DII is a reliable and valid measure to assess DT in heavy drinkers.
The purpose of this study was to standardize the Child Feeding Questionnaire(CFQ) in the Korean language and investigate psychometric properties. Parents of children, from two-11 years old, completed the translated version of CFQ(N=621) and the selected questions of K-CEBQ, K-CBCL to examine convergent validity. A subset of the participants(N=45) were retested for test-retest reliability. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the seven-factor structure of the original CFQ fit the current data well. The results revealed acceptable levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Validity was also supported by significant correlation between K-CEBQ and K-CBCL scores and significant differences between the obese and normal-weight subgroup of participants(both N=41). The K-CFQ scores revealed no significant differences between genders. However, there were significant differences among age groups. The mean and standard deviations of different age groups are provided across subscales. Future implications and limitations are discussed.
Using the expectancy theory, this study investigated the effects of risk taking tendency and near miss experience on gambling behavior, and the change in irrational gambling belief after near miss experience. Totally, 459 male university students in their 20’s were surveyed. Among those who agreed to participate, 28 students were selected for the high risk-taking tendency group(M+1SD) and 28 students for the low risk tendency group(M-1SD). A 2(low risk taking tendency, high risk taking tendency) x 2(near miss, full miss) design was planned for the subjects. Furthermore, a slot machine program was developed to measure their gambling behavior through total number of games and the total amount of money wagered. In order to investigate changes, the researcher compared the irrational gambling beliefs of the participants, measured before and after the near miss experience on the slot machine. Analysis revealed that in the high risk taking tendency group, the total amount of money wagered was significantly high in cases of near miss as compared to full miss. However, in the group of low risk taking tendency group, there were no significant differences based on near miss or full miss. Also, the irrational gambling belief appeared significantly high in cases of near miss in the high risk taking tendency group, as compared to full miss. However, with lower risk taking tendency, there was no difference in irrational gambling belief according to near miss. This study is meaningful as we believe it is the first experimental study to explain gambling behaviors using the expectancy theory. Furthermore, risk taking tendency and near miss may influence gambling behavior through irrational gambling beliefs as a mediator.
This study examined the moderating effects of social participation, and an association between elderly depression and social and loss experiences. Previous studies revealed that people having large interpersonal relationship, and participating in various activities, are prone to relatively low depression. This study anticipated that maintaining membership of interpersonal relationship could influence depression. We investigated 263 elderly People living at Ganghwado Island. They were part of the Korean Social Life, Health and Aging Project(KSHAP), and the entire cohort was aged over 60 years. Our results confirmed that there exists a definite association between elderly depression and cognitive dysfunction. We observed that maintaining social activities has a moderating effect on depression. The group who continued their membership in their social groups was less likely to be depressed by increasing cognitive dysfunction. We therefore suggest that joining social groups enhances opportunities to get help from others belonging to the group. ln elderly patients with cognitive dysfunction, participation in activity increased the probability to get help from others. Further implications are also discussed in this paper
This study was to examine the influence of psychological factors, such as neuroticism and pain anxiety, on the pain intensity in patients with degenerative spondylitis and arthritis, and to further identify a pathway of the psychological influences on pain intensity. Correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that patients who reported a higher level of neuroticism and pain anxiety were more likely to experience higher level of pain intensity. Based on the Fear-Avoidance Model, a path analysis was conducted to identify a possible pathway that illustrates the influences of neuroticism and sub-categories (e.g. fearful thoughts, physiological arousal, pain avoidance behavior) of pain anxiety, on pain intensity. Results demonstrate that the suggested pathway appropriatelyexplains the relationships. The pathway shows that neuroticism directly influences fearful thoughts about pain, which in turn increase the physiological arousal and pain avoidance behavior, and these influence the pain intensity. Neuroticism also indirectly influences the pain intensity through sub-categories of pain anxiety. Fearful thoughts about pain have an indirect influence on pain intensity through physiological arousal and avoidance behavior. Physiological arousal directly influences the pain intensity. Lastly, we discuss the implications and limitations of this study, and suggestions for future research.
The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of perfectionistic self-presentation and mbivalence over emotional expressiveness between ocially-prescribed perfectionism and depression to help the university . ata from 541 undergraduate students for analysis. ultidimensional perfectionism scale(MPS), perfectionistic self-presentation scale(PSPS-K), ambivalence over emotional expressiveness questionnaire(AEQ-K), center for epidemiologic studies-depression scale(CES-D) were used for measurements. all variables noticeable positive correlation. The direct effect of socially-prescribed perfectionism to ambivalence over emotional expressiveness was not significant, but the mediating effect of perfectionistic self-presentation between socially-prescribed perfectionism and ambivalence over emotional expressiveness was significant. Perfectionistic self-presentation has no direct effect to depression when there is a significant mediating effect of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness between perfectionistic self-presentation and depression. the path of socially-prescribed perfectionismthe leading variable of perfectionistic self-presentation ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and depression. Based on the result, discuss the meaning and limits of study and suggestfuture .
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mediating effects of gaming motivation(achievement, escapism, and aggression) in the relationship of interpersonal dissatisfaction and internet gaming addiction. We analyzed gender-based data(N = 487: 378 males, 109 females) collected in online communities. Our results showed that interpersonal dissatisfaction directly and indirectly affected internet gaming disorder in male subjects. Specifically, escapism mediated the relationship between interpersonal satisfaction and internet gaming disorder. On the other hands, only the direct effect of interpersonal satisfaction on internet gaming addiction was significant amongst the female subjects. In other words, dissatisfactory interpersonal relationship increased addictive internet gaming use and the motivation for escaping reality in both genders, but an increased gaming motivation for escapism reality affected gaming addiction only amongst males. These results suggest that the gender difference in the degree of satisfying the desires by playing games might be one of the factors yielding the difference in the prevalence of internet game addiction between the genders. This study is an early attempt to investigate the mediating effect of gaming motivation as the cause of gaming addiction, and might be useful to design a strategy for the treatment and prevention of internet gaming addiction.
This study examines how intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, and emotional clarity after a traumatic event affect the transition into posttraumatic growth. For this, a survey was conducted by using traumatic experience questionnaires:,-the Event-Related Rumination Inventory in Korean, Korean Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, and Trait Meta-Mood Scale. These were administered to 500 adult men and women from their 20s to their 60s living in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Chungcheongbuk-do. A tootal of 465 questionnaires, except for omitted materials, was analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results of this study are as follows. Pathways to intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, and emotional clarity are all significant. Deliberate rumination has a significant impact on post-traumatic growth, and the direct pathways of emotional clarity to deliberate rumination and post-traumatic growth is significant. By verifying the indirect effect of the study model, we found that the following conclusions are statistically significant: First, intrusive rumination leads to post-traumatic growth by going through deliberate rumination. Second, intrusive rumination leads to post-traumatic growth by going through emotional clarity and deliberate rumination in that order. Third, intrusive rumination leads to post-traumatic growth by going through emotional clarity. These results of the study imply that: First, emotional clarity affects the transition into post-traumatic growth by mediating between intrusive rumination and deliberate rumination. Second, emotional clarity reduces intrusive rumination, and affects the transition into post-traumatic growth. Based on these results, this study discusses suggestions for a follow-up study on the practical meaning of counseling with clients who are experiencing a traumatic event.
It is imperative that fundamental psychological components should be managed to control the betting behavior of Internet gamblers, and to reduce the risk of gambling addiction. The purpose of this study was to construct a model focusing on gambling related cognition(irrational beliefs) and negative emotions(depression and anxiety) and to verify the model by collecting longitudinal data, representing real world gambling behavior. To collect real world Internet gambling behavior data, we worked with 'S Company', which is the only legally operating gambling Internet site in Korea. The company provided us with data from 550 people that have been on the Internet more than once a month. Short-term data were collected by linking “self-report” data on cognition/emotion and “actual behavior (monthly number of bets and amount of money)” for six months. Before testing the model, we analyzed from various perspectives if the six-month behavioral change aspects revealed increased or decreased linear changes or if it concluded in changes revealing latent class, but it was invalid. Therefore, we tested the model by setting the average of the real life behavior(amount) measurement by period as the dependent variable, the gambling-related cognitive as the independent variable, and the negative emotion as the moderator variable. As a result, the primary effect of dysfunctional cognition on real life Internet gambling behavior was significant, which was moderated by depressive emotions. In other words, a person with a high level of depression revealed a greater effect of promoting dysfunctional gambling cognition, especially the effect of “wrong perception of randomness” and “belief that it is impossible to control”. We discuss results of this study relative to implications of coping with Internet gambling issues.