This study aimed to confirm the effect of emotional feedback on the Broad Autism Phenotype (BAP) in emotional perception situations. 240 college students were divided into a BAP group and a control group based on the cutting point of the two scales, 30 control group-non-emotional feedback, 28 BAP group-emotional feedback, and 30 BAP group-non-emotional feedback. Accuracy was analyzed by dividing the results using sensitivity and response criteria. As a result of the analysis, the BAP group classified the emotions of the target stimulus faster than the non-emotional feedback when providing emotional feedback. Specifically, when the emotion of the target stimulus was angry, the response speed was faster than the non-emotional feedback when emotional feedback was provided. In addition, regardless of the feedback, the BAP group recognized emotions at a slower rate than the control group. The two groups did not show any difference in the accuracy of emotional recognition under all conditions. From these results, the effect of emotional feedback on the emotional perception of broad autism phenotype in the overall emotional perception situation was confirmed, and the emotional feedback was provided to develop effective training programs to improve the social interaction skills of broad autism phenotypes.
Although social network service (SNS) is an important service to develop and maintain intimate relationships among university students, maladaptive behaviors like excessive use may result in serious psychological problems. In this study, we investigated the relationship between SNS use behaviors and attachment style that has been regarded as a reliable developmental origin of interpersonal problems and addiction. Especially, the relationship between anxious attachment and SNS addiction proneness was examined and the median effect of excessive reassurance-seeking on the relationship between the two variables was tested. We administered self-reports that assess SNS addiction proneness, excessive reassurance-seeking and anxious attachment style to a sample of university students (N = 271), and conducted correlation and mediation analyses. Our results showed that anxious attachment, excessive reassurance-seeking and SNS addiction proneness were positively correlated. In addition, it was found that excessive reassurance-seeking partially mediate the relationship between anxious attachment and SNS addiction proneness. These findings suggest that it may be crucial to consider interpersonal features such as anxious attachment and excessive reassurance-seeking when treating SNS addiction proneness in university students.
The risk of compulsive sexual behavior has increased with the spreading of COVID-19. The study aimed to examine the effect of psychological distress due to COVID-19 on compulsive sexual behavior, and to test potential moderating effects of negative beliefs about emotions and impulsivity in these relationships. For this purpose, a total of 404 adults (225 women, Mage=45.01, SDage=13.54) were recruited online, and a set of self-reported questionnaires were used to measure psychological distress due to COVID-19, negative beliefs about emotions, and impulsivity. The results indicated that COVID-19 psychological distress significantly predicted higher levels of compulsive sexual behavior. There was a significant three-way interaction of COVID-19 psychological distress × negative beliefs about emotions × impulsivity such that psychological distress predicted compulsive sexual behavior only when negative beliefs about emotions were high, and this interaction was significant only under the condition of high impulsivity. This study contributes to literature by proposing an integrated model in which emotion, cognition, and personality traits interact to predict compulsive sexual behavior under a prolonged pandemic context where the overall vulnerability of the society has increased.
This study aimed to establish whether a person with a high level of physical dissatisfaction showed explicit and implicit memory bias against body-related negative words. To this end, the high body dissatisfaction group and the low body dissatisfaction group were divided to measure the explicit and implicit memories of body-related words. For encoding, 20 positive words related to the body, 20 negative words, and 40 neutral words were used, and the presented word stimulus was instructed to press the '1' button if it was 2 syllables and the '0' button if it was 3 syllables. After that, interference tasks were carried out to prevent recitation. To take the next explicit memory test, a free recall task was performed, and body-related words were written randomly. To measure the implicit memory, the repetition priming task was performed, and the presented word was viewed and requested to classify the word and non-words as quickly and accurately as possible. The reaction time depending on the word type was measured to confirm the amount of priming according to the word type. As a result of the study, after controlling depression, the high body dissatisfaction group showed a large amount of priming to body-related negative words in implicit memory tasks, and there was no difference between the two groups in explicit memory tasks. This means that the high body dissatisfaction group is memory-biased to body-related negative words. In addition, it was found that the high body dissatisfaction group did not consciously remember the body-related negative words automatically and implicitly. The results of this study examined memory bias for body-related negative words according to the level of body dissatisfaction and memory type. The results suggest that in the future therapeutic intervention should be available in implicit memory bias as well as explicit memory bias in body-related negative words in groups with high body dissatisfaction.
Adolescents, especially middle school students, are considered a vulnerable group who are at higher risk of game over-dependence. This study aimed to examine the effect of the variety of gaming devices on game over-dependence and to test the moderated mediating effect of gaming time and gender in this relationship. For this purpose, we used data from self-reported questionnaires that evaluate the type of devices used to play games, and measure the average daily time spent on games, and the severity of game over-dependence among 9,336 second-year middle school students(4,796 males, 4,540 females), who participated in public service. The results of analysis using PROCESS macro indicated that the mediation effect of time spent on games in the association between the variety of gaming devices and game over-dependence, and the moderation effect of gender on these association were both significant. Specifically, the indirect effect of gaming device variety was significant in both male and female students, but was stronger for female students. These findings suggest that using more types of gaming devices can be a risk factor for game over-dependence as it allows heightened accessibility to games subsequently leading to excessive playing time, particularly among the female students. Based on these findings, theoretical and practical implications, and the limitations of this study are discussed.
This study aimed to examine the effect of attribution style on negative experiences on perceived injustice on individuals with chronic pain. Participants were divided into chronic pain and non-chronic pain groups according to chronic pain diagnosis criteria, and classified as internal attribution and external attribution groups. All participants performed internal and external attribution tasks and conducted an ultimatum game(UG) to check the degree of perceived injustice. Current studies have shown that people with internal attribution styles in extremely unfair conditions have significantly more perceived injustice than those with external attribution styles in the chronic pain group. On the other hand, in ambiguous unfair conditions, there were no differences between those with external attribution styles and those with internal attribution styles among the chronic pain group. Unlike the non-chronic pain group, chronic pain groups were found to have different perceived unfairness depending on the attribution style in extremely unfair situations. This means that chronic pain with internal attribution styles places more value on absolute benefits than relative losses.
Bipolar symptoms(BS) may be associated with alternating excessive upward and downward responses to positive emotion(PE). This study aimed to compare positive rumination(PR) and dampening as maladaptive upward and downward regulation in each and savoring as an adaptive response to PE. We tried to verify the hypothesis that PR to heighten PE caused by uplifts and subsequent dampening to suppress such heightened moods will increase BS and decrease subjective well-being(SW), while savoring instead of PR will reduce the need for dampening, finally leading to the opposite results in BS and SW. To verify, Positive Life Events Scale, Extended Responses to Positive Affect Questionnaire(E-RPA), Savoring Beliefs Inventory(SBI), Internal State Scale(ISS), Bipolar Spectrum Diagnosis Scale(BSDS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS) were administered to 330 cyber university students via an online survey. The results supported our hypothesis. If the PE from uplifts is ruminated, the heightened mood would be suppressed by the subsequent dampening. The indirect effect leading to increased BS and decreased SW was significant. On the contrary, paying attention to PE’s and savoring them reduced the need for dampening, and indirect effects leading to a significant decrease in BS and increase in SW. Finally, we discussed the implications of a therapeutic approach that guides people to choose savoring over PR at the crossroads of responses to PE, and we presented the limitations of this study along with future research directions.
The study aimed to investigate the roles of maladaptive self-focused attention and experiential avoidance as sequential mediators in the relationship between covert narcissism and social anxiety. Participants were 200 college students (74 males, 126 females) who completed a set of online self-report questionnaires that measure covert narcissism, maladaptive self-focused attention, experiential avoidance, and social anxiety. Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression and SPSS Process Macro. The results indicated that covert narcissism significantly predicted social anxiety, and this association was significantly mediated by self-focused attention and experiential avoidance. Furthermore, the sequential mediating effect of self-focused attention and experiential avoidance in the relationship between covert narcissism and social anxiety was statistically significant. This study contributes to the literature by revealing underlying psychological mechanisms by which covert narcissism affects social anxiety and highlights self-focused attention and experiential avoidance as potential targets for intervention.
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether 8-week mindfulness meditation can induce insight into non-self. Non-self is representative insightful wisdom that can be obtained through mindfulness meditation and is considered a fundamental change in self-view which there is no permanent and independent self. Participants divided into three groups (mindfulness meditation, concentration meditation, and no treatment control). Participants took part in three surveys (pre, 4th week, and 8th week) over a period of 8 weeks. As a result, the interaction between the group and the measurement period tended to be significant in non-self-perspective(NSP), mindfulness, and zhongyong, whereas the interaction between the group and the measurement period was not significant in compassionate love, natural relatedness, and emotion regulation. In the mindfulness meditation group, the NSP and zhongyong did not show a significant increase at 4 weeks, but increased significantly at the 8th week. On the other hand, in the concentration meditation group, NSP and zhongyong increased significantly at 4 weeks, and the increase continued until the end of the 8-week program. In the no treatment control group, the difference according to the measurement period was not significant in NSP and zhongyong. Next, in the mindfulness meditation group, mindfulness increased significantly at 8th week, whereas mindfulness did not increase in the concentration meditation group and the no treatment control group. Further analysis demonstrated that NSP fully mediates the relationship between mindfulness meditation and zhongyong. These results suggest that mindfulness meditation can lead to insight into the impermanence and interdependence of the ‘I’ being. Finally, the limitations of this study were revealed and suggestions for follow-up studies were made.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between aggression and self-esteem of upper elementary school children with stress and coping shown in the ‘People In the Rain Test(PIRT).’ The participants were 293 elementary school children (149 males, 144 females) in grades 4, 5, and 6 from Seoul. The results were as follows. First, aggression showed a significant negative correlation with self-esteem and coping resource, self-esteem had a significant negative correlation with stress and a significant positive correlation with coping ability. Stress showed a significant negative correlation with coping ability, whereas coping resource showed a significant positive correlation with coping ability. Second, coping resource and coping ability were significantly higher in the low aggression group than in the high aggression group. In the ‘heavy rain’ and ‘multiple precipitation or snowfall’ items, the high aggression group showed significantly higher scores than the low aggression group, and in the ‘wind’ item, the low aggression group scored significantly higher than the high aggression group. In the items of ‘flawless protection’ and ‘missing body parts’, the high aggression group showed significantly higher scores than the low aggression group, and in the ‘boots’ item, the low aggression group scored significantly higher than the high aggression group. Third, there was no significant difference in stress, coping resource, and coping ability between the high self-esteem group and the low self-esteem group. The low self-esteem group scored significantly higher than the high self-esteem group in the ‘heavy rain’ item, and the high self-esteem group scored significantly higher than the low self-esteem group in the ‘cloud’ item. There was no significant difference in all items of coping resource. Based on the results of this study, the possibilities and limitations of the PIRT used for checking children's aggression and self-esteem were discussed.
Smartphone overuse during adolescence, where physical and psychological development occurs rapidly, can cause functional problems in various areas, including mental health problems such as anxiety, stress, and poor academic performance. Although previous studies have suggested that depression and urgency could each predict smartphone overuse, only a few studies have examined how they may conjointly influence smartphone use. This study aims to examine the mediating effect of urgency in the relationship between depression and smartphone overuse in a large sample of adolescents. Participants were 896 elementary students (391 males, 505 females) and 538 middle school students (228 males, 310 females) who completed a set of online self-report questionnaires measuring depression, urgency, and smartphone use. The results of path analysis indicated that urgency significantly and partially mediated the relationship between depression and smartphone overuse. The findings suggest that urgency may be an underlying mechanism by which depression may contribute to smartphone overuse in adolescents, and highlights depression and urgency as potential targets for Intervention of smartphone overuse.
In this study, we developed and validated the Non-Self Perspective Scale (NSPS). Non-self-perspective refers to the idea that ‘Self’ is a phenomenological experience that changes consistently depending on the prevailing conditions and it means a self-view based on Buddhist wisdom. In Study 1, NSPS was developed, and in Study 2, the reliability and validity of NSPS were verified. NSPS was developed through item selection, expert’s item evaluation, first preliminary test, cognitive interview, second preliminary test and main test. Finally, a 15-item single factor NSPS was developed. In main test, test-retest reliability was .72, which was an appropriate level. NSPS was significantly correlated with self-view-related variables such as independent/interdependent self-construal, metapersonal self and narcissistic personality disorder. NSPS was significantly correlated with practical aspects of non-self, such as mindfulness, zhongyong, compassionate love, nature relatedness and lack of tolerance for uncertainty. NSPS was significantly correlated with mental health such as depression, anxiety, subjective well-being and psychological well-being. On the other hand, NSPS showed incremental validity for the mental health indicators even after controlling for adaptive and independent self-views such as internal locus of control and self-esteem. Based on these results, discussions were conducted. Finally, implications and directions of use of NSPS were introduced and further studies were suggested.