Artificial intelligence is a system that thinks humanly but rationally, and acts humanly but rationally. With the first appearance of a prototype of computers, the history of artificial intelligence began and various attempts were made to apply it to real life. However, the technological difficulties and limited practicality hindered research and development of artificial intelligence in the past. As the recent advancement in internet and computer technology made it possible to process massive data utilizing the deep learning method, artificial intelligence has rapidly achieved great progress in many aspects. Artificial intelligence has already been applied to various fields, including medical and health areas. In this paper, the history and basic concepts of artificial intelligence were briefly reviewed and the applicability and directions of its advancement in the field of health psychology were explored.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of virtual reality exposure therapy on heterosocial anxiety among female university students. Participants were female university students who scored higher than 38 in Korean version of the Social Interaction Self-Statement test (SISST). For this study, 19 participants were assigned to the experimental group and 16 participants were assigned to wait-list control group. The virtual reality exposure therapy comprised four 30-minute sessions scheduled twice weekly. The Korean version of the Social Interaction Self-Statement test (SISST), the Subjective Unit of Discomfort Scale, the Heart rate, and the Timed Behavior Checklist for Performance Anxiety (TBCL) were measurements applied in this study. Results of the study indicate positive automatic thoughts of the experimental group significantly increased compared to the wait-list control group, and negative automatic thoughts, heart rate before conversation, and observer evaluation of performance anxiety score of the experimental group significantly decreased compared to the wait-list control group. Subjective anxiety and heart rate after conversation showed no significant difference between the groups. Implications of this study and proposal for following studies are discussed.
While mobile applications, a type of mobile health (mHealth), have been widely used for achieving physical and mental health objectives, evidence on the effectiveness of mobile applications is limited. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and durability of three reinforcement systems that are applicable to mHealth applications. For this purpose, a total of 66 college students (16 males and 50 females) were randomly assigned to the following three groups: the big initial magnitude-10% escalating rate group (Group 1), the moderate initial magnitude-25% escalating rate group (Group 2), and the small initial magnitude-100% escalating rate (Group 3). After 66 days of intervention, the results showed that participants in Group 2 had significantly increased walking behavior compared to participants in Group 1 and significantly increased total physical activity compared to participants in Group 3. In terms of cost-effectiveness, participants in Group 2 and Group 3 showed significantly increased walking behavior per provided reinforcer amount compared to participants in Group 1. In addition, durability of the effects on walking behavior in all groups was found at 66 days after the intervention, but durability of the effects on self-reported total physical activity and walking was not found. Implications and limitations are further discussed.
The purpose of this study was to verify the impact of the Well-Being Cognition technique using the smartphone APP on the job stress and subjective well-being of employees. The participants of the study were 43 age 20-30 employees in Korea. The participants were randomly classified into the Well-Being Cognition technique using the smartphone APP application group(experimental group, n=22) and the wait-control group (wait-control group, n=21). Experimental treatment lasted for three weeks. The experimental group used the Well-Being Cognition technique smartphone APP and instructed to be connected via the smartphone APP daily during the experiment. The participants used the following scales before and after the intervention. Measurements in this study included the Korean Occupational Stress Scale–Short Form (KOSS-SF), Stress Response Inventory (SRI), Negative Affect, Positive Affect, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and the Life Satisfaction Expectancy Scale (LSES). The participants pre-post data were analyzed using the Repeated Measure ANOVA. The results of study are as follow; The scores of the Job Stress, Stress Response Inventory, Negative Affect in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to the scores of the wait-control group. The scores of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) in the experimental group significantly increased compared to the scores of the wait-control group. Pre-post scores of Positive Affect, Life Satisfaction Expectancy Scale (LSES) were no difference between groups. But, post scores between the experimental group and the wait-control group were significantly different. Finally, the discussion on the meaning of the research and subsequent research was considered.
The current article presents the development and validation of the Emotional Stress Inventory (ESI), designed to measure anger, anxiety, and depression for adult population. The ESI measures both state and trait aspects of emotional stress, comprising state anger, state anxiety, state depression, trait anger, trait anxiety, and trait depression. In Study 1, we examined the psychometric properties of the ESI in adult sampling nationwide (N = 926). Exploratory factor analyses and item-total correlations yielded a reliable and valid scale, consisting of 7 item for each subscale. In Study 2 (N = 407), we examined the reliability and validity of the ESI, employing confirmatory factor analyses, concurrent validity, internal reliability, and test-retest reliability. Overall, results provided support for the reliability and validity of the ESI, suggesting that the ESI is a useful instrument in the area of health, clinical, counseling, education, coaching, organization, among others.
The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and the reliability of a Korean Version of the Beliefs About Emotions Scale(BES-K). The BES(Rimes & Chalder, 2010) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the beliefs about experiencing and expressing negative emotions. For this study, 1,137 Korean adults participated in the survey. Four steps of the EFA-SEM procedures were applied to identify the factor structure of the BES-K. The results showed three-factor constructs(relational beliefs, intrapersonal beliefs, and conventional beliefs). Also, the BES-K factors showed adequate internal consistency and correlations. The BES-K factors were positively correlated with emotional dysregulation, anxiety, depression, and somatization, supporting good concurrent validity. In conclusion, the BES-K was found to be a valid instrument measuring the beliefs about emotions of the Korean population.
The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability, validity and classification accuracy of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Gambling Disorder and to compare the DSM-5 and DSM-IV in terms of reliability, validity, and classification accuracy. Participants were recruited from among clients receiving gambling treatment services to represent the group with a GD and from the community to represent the group without a GD (clients n=99, community n=118). All participants were administered a standardized measure of diagnostic criteria. As a result, the DSM-5 yielded satisfactory reliability, validity, and classification accuracy. On comparing the DSM-5 with the DSM-IV, most comparisons of reliability, validity and classification accuracy showed more similarities. There was evidence of modest deterioration in false positive errors for DSM-5 over DSM-IV. Finally, the limitations of this study and future research directions were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to better understand the development and recovery process of adolescents' gambling problems and the psychological and social factors associated with the process. To this end, the process of developing gambling problems from the early gambling experience of teenagers, protection factors that worked on the process, recovery factors, risk factors, and the process of natural recovery caused by gambling problems were explored based on the ground theory. In this study, the subjects were classified into non-problem gambling, problem gambling and natural recovery groups. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted by developing interview questions suitable for each county. In the case of the non-problem gamblers, I was included among close friends or neighbors who had no gambling experience but had frequent (regular/repeated) money-for-gambling games, problem gamblers were teenagers in the 00 region who had been disciplined for illegal online gambling, and natural recovery members were those who had previous gambling experiences but did not. A total of 30 subject were interviewed (12 of the non-problem gamblers, eight of the problem gamblers and 10 of the recovery group). And the respondent data of the participants were transferred and analyzed using the rationale theory. The analysis of the data resulted in a total of 23 higher categories, 62 lower categories, and 156 conceptualizations. This study is meaningful in that it revealed the process of receiving and recovering Korean teenagers’ gambling problems, and discussed how the results could be used to study youth gambling in the future.
The purpose of this study was to develop the substantive theory on the psychological stress and coping of parents of children older than age 16 with Tourette's disorder. For this study, 10 parents of children with Tourette’s disorder were interviewed and a grounded theory study was conducted to examine the psychological stress and coping of the parents. From the analyses, 15 categories emerged including ‘feeling that everything is collapsing’, ‘confronting endless concern’. The core category that represents the stress and coping of parents of children with Tourette’s disorder was ‘coming and going between the role of a protector and a supporter while concering endlessly’. This represents the process of coming and going between the role of a protector and the role of a supporter according to the extent of the symptoms of Tourette’s disorder. The theoretical scheme was described by organizing categories around the core category. The analysis of ‘coming and going between the role of a protector and a supporter while concerning endlessly’ over time revealed that the parents of children with Tourette’s disorder experienced the following process, managing and protecting, searching and developing careers, teaching and training, growing to believe. After the continual comparison of data, the theoretical model of the stress and coping of parents of children with Tourette’s children was developed. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of behavioral inhibition on early adulthoods’ stress response and if the perceived anxiety control mediates the relations between behavioral inhibition and adulthood stress response. In addition to this mediated model, the study examined the moderated mediating impact of exposure to domestic violence through perceived anxiety control on the relationship between behavioral inhibition and stress response. For this study, 512 undergraduate and graduate students were administered self-report questionnaires including the Sensitivity to Punishment Questionnaire, Scale of Exposure to Family Violence, Korean version of the Anxiety Control Questionnaire, and the Stress Response Inventory with stress scenarios. Stress scenarios were developed through a pilot study. The results were as follow. First, the results supported the mediating effect of perceived anxiety control on relations between behavioral inhibition and adulthood stress response. Second, exposure to domestic violence moderated the mediating impact of behavioral inhibition on stress response through perceived anxiety control and also had main impact on perceived anxiety control. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of internalized shame and anger rumination on interpersonal problems and to identify the role of anger rumination as a mediator between internalized shame and interpersonal problems. The subjects of this study were 265 undergraduate and graduate students under age 30 in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The students were assessed with the short form of the KIIP Circumplex Scale(KIIP-SC), The Internalized Shame Scale(ISS), and The K-Anger Rumination Scale(K-ARS). As a result, internalized shame affected anger rumination and subtypes of interpersonal problems, obedience, attack and isolation. Anger rumination also affected attack and isolation, but no significant effect was found in obedience. In the results of the mediating effect, the mediating effect of anger rumination was significant for attack and isolation in the effect of internal shame on interpersonal relationships, but not for obedience. These results indicate that internalized shame is a personality trait that is closely related to interpersonal relationships, but the negative influence on interpersonal relationships differs according to cognitive processes. Thus, it is suggested that when helping patients or clients who complain of interpersonal problems in clinical and counseling situations, it is necessary to consider anger rumination with the shame underlying negative emotions.
Generally, it has been known that threat of pain can lead to adverse consequences through bias toward pain-related stimuli or avoidance behavior. According to the impaired-disengagement model, rumination comprises brooding and reflection. The model suggest that brooding would interfere with attention and goal activity, resulting in maladaptive consequences, but reflection would result in adaptive consequences. In this study, we examined the changes in attentional bias and avoidance behavior in the face of pain-related threat by manipulating the types of rumination. A total of 84 college students in Daejeon were recruited and randomly assigned to one of four groups according to the threat of pain (high, low) * types of rumination (brooding, reflection). Results showed that for first fixation duration, there was no significant interaction among pain threats, types of rumination, and types of pain words. For dwell time, regardless of pain threats, the brooding group gazed at neutral words longer than pain-related words, compared to the reflection group. Also, the brooding group took longer to touch the metal pad, which was expected to emit electricity, than the reflection group, when the threat of pain was high, while there was no significant difference between the groups when the threat of pain was low. These results suggest that brooding and reflection may be crucial factors for changes in attentional bias and avoidance behavior.
The purpose of this study was to confirm that the non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) group had deficits of inhibitory control in negative emotional situations, unlike the health control group. To this end, the social exclusion paradigm, effective for emotional manipulation, was applied to randomly assign to the negative and neutral emotional conditions, and the effective stop signal task was conducted to confirm the ability to manifest inhibitory control. We applied an effective stop signal task to identify the inhibitory control, and random assignments to negative and neutral emotional conditions applying the social exclusion paradigm. As a result, the NSSI group showed lower accuracy in no signal and stop signal trials and a faster response in the no signal trial than the control group. Also, the NSSI group was less accurate in no signal and stop signal trials than the control group assigned to the negative emotional conditions, and showed relatively short stop signal delay in the stop signal trials. This supports previous studies and reflects deficits in the inhibitory control of non-suicidal self-injurer in negative emotional situations. This finding complementary supports the findings of self-reported psychological measurements or neurophysiological imaging studies on inhibitory control of the NSSI, and has therapeutic implications.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mindfulness meditation program on perceived stress, stress response, serum lipid in dyslipidemia. To do so, 18 adults living in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do were recruited and randomized into a treatment (n=9) or a comparative group (n=9). For six weeks, both groups received education about dyslipidemia, filled in questionnaires before and after, and followed a controlled exercise and food intake schedule by applying exercise .tasks and diet diaries. The treatment group received the mindfulness medication program once weekly for approximately 75 minutes per session. As a result, the treatment group showed significantly increased positive perception and decreased negative perception about stress and stress response, and decreased TC and LDL-C level of blood lipid. However, there were no significant differences between the groups in the TG level of blood lipid. The limitation and implications of this study for future research are also discussed.
The purpose of this study as to investigate the impact of change in depression, anxiety, and loneliness on the progress of smartphone addiction, by conducting a one-year longitudinal study during three different periods at three-month intervals. The study subjects comprised 1,769 adults from an Internet panel. To identify the impact of negative emotions on smartphone addiction, a latent growth cause-and-effect model was applied. The analysis showed that smartphone addiction scores decreased gradually. While there was significant difference in smartphone addiction scores between individuals, the individual differences were insignificant in the progress of the addiction. Also, in the beginning, individuals with depression were more likely to manifest smartphone addiction and, when the depression increased, recovery from smartphone addiction was slower. As for anxiety, in the beginning, individuals with higher levels of anxiety were more likely to be more addicted to smartphones. However, there was no significant correlation between the change in depression and progress of smartphone addiction. As for loneliness, in the beginning, individuals with loneliness were more likely to manifest smartphone addiction and, when the loneliness increased, recovery from smartphone addiction was slower. Last, the study discusses the intervention and counseling strategies relating to negative emotions in the progress of smartphone addiction.
The present study investigated the mechanisms by which reward sensitivity may predict anhedonic depression. Specifically, we hypothesized that this association would be mediated by positive daily life events and moderated by individuals’ responses to positive affect. Participants included 227 undergraduate students who completed a set of self-report questionnaires on reward sensitivity, positive daily life events, responses to positive affect(positive rumination and dampening) and anhedonic depression. The data were analyzed by a moderated mediation model using SPSS Macro. The results were as follows: first, positive daily life events partially mediated the relationship between reward sensitivity and anhedonic depression. Second, positive rumination, a type of response to positive affect, moderated the association between positive daily life events and anhedonic depression. However, dampening, the other type of response to positive affect, did not demonstrate any significant moderation effects. Third, the moderated mediating effect of positive rumination on the relationship between reward sensitivity, positive daily life events, and anhedonic depression was also supported. Theoretical and practical implications as well as the limitations of the study are discussed.