This study examined the effects of behavioral inhibition and parent's psychological control on social anxiety, by considering negative automatic thoughts and emotional dysregulation as mediating variables; the study’s purpose is to examine various variables affecting social anxiety experienced by young people in Korean society. For this study, questionnaires on behavioral inhibition, parent's psychological control, negative automatic thoughts, emotional dysregulation, social anxiety were administered to 399 adults throughout in the whole country. The data were analyzed through a reliability analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis, measurement model analysis, structural mode analysis used SPSS 21.0, AMOS 21.0. To verify the research model, Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) was used. In addition, the Bootstrapping method was used to examine the indirect effects. The major results are follows. First, negative automatic thoughts indirectly impacted behavioral inhibition and social anxiety. Second, negative automatic thought indirectly affected parents’ psychological control and social anxiety. Third, a multiple indirect effect of emotional dysregulation and negative automatic thoughts between behavior inhibition and social anxiety was significant. Fourth, a multiple indirect effect of emotional dysregulation and negative automatic thought between parents’ psychological control and social anxiety was significant. Based on these results, some suggestions and limitations of this study are discussed, as well as future study direction.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of virtual reality exposure therapy on public speaking anxiety among female university students. Forty-eight female university students with public speaking anxiety were recruited and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=24) or a waitlist control group (n=24). The experimental group completed 4 sessions of virtual reality exposure therapy over a period of 2 weeks, in which the participants were exposed to public speaking scenes in virtual reality. Both groups completed a questionnaire during the pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at three-weeks after the treatment period. The speech anxiety scale, the speech anxiety thoughts inventory and subjective anxiety ratings were used to collect self-report outcome data. The timed behavior checklist for performance anxiety and a fingertip pulse oximeter were used to collect objective outcome data. The results revealed that the experimental group’s speech anxiety, speech anxiety thoughts, subjective anxiety, observer evaluation of anxiety behaviors, and heart rate decreased significantly compared to the waitlist control group. These effects were maintained at the 3-week follow-up assessment period. These results demonstrated that virtual reality exposure therapy is effective at easing public speaking anxiety. The implications of this study and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
The purpose of this study is to develop a dysfunctional depression scale based on Korean culture. We tried to develop a depression screening scale extending the scope of interest from clinical depression to dysfunctional depression(including clinical depression and subclinical depression). At first, as a theoretical approach, we composed of characteristics of dysfunctional depression. Second, as an experiential approach, 436 preliminary items were developed based on individual interviews with depressive disorder patients, psychiatrists, and clinical psychologists. Third, through appropriateness evaluations of items, 184 items(basic 79 and submodules 105) were decided as a preliminary scale. Fourth, the preliminary scale was administered to professionals and para-professionals, and then 79 basic items were reduced to 50 items based on results. Lastly, factor analyses were performed to identify internal structure of the scale. We decided to use total 40 items extracted from experts’ data for main study.
The purposes of this study are to examine the adaptation and coping style of the individual according to the concept of resilience and control, and to develop a scale to measure the adjustability to military life. It was based on the data from 2,144 men in their late teens and early twenties who visited the Military Manpower Administration(MMA) for military service. The 57 items that were administered to the middle school students through the parental report in the study by Ku and Hwang (2001) were modified to reflect a self-report form. The scale consisted of a total of 60 items to the "Stress Resilience Inventory(SRI)", which was achieved by adding 3 items to assess validity. As a result of the factor analysis, 24 items of 'undercontrol/brittle' scale, 22 items of 'resilient' scale and 22 items of 'overcontrol/brittle' scale were extracted, and 2 items were not included in any subscale. Internal consistency was .89∼.91 and test-retest reliability was .86∼.94. The validity was verified through a comparison with the MMA psychological tests. Five clusters (Borderline, Undercontrolled, Overcontrolled, Ego-resilient, and Maladjusted) were identified through a K-means cluster analysis. These results suggest that the Stress Resilience Inventory is a reliable and valid test to assess adaptation and coping behavior during military life.
Attention control in known to be a protective factor against attentional bias for threat stimuli. This study examined the role it plays in the relationship between post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and intrusive rumination. To this end, a total of 276 students from a university located in Gyeongnam completed a self-report survey. The questionnaire included an Impact of Event Scale-Revised, an Event Related Rumination Inventory, an Attention Control Questionnaire, and a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The final analysis was conducted on the data from 189 students who experienced a trauma event rated as being shocking, fearful, and helpless. The Process macro for SPSS was used to analyze the moderation effect. As a result, the moderating effect of attention control was significant in the relationship between sleep disturbance/emotional dullness and dissociation and intrusive rumination. Attention control worked as the protective factor in the relationship between these PTSS and intrusive rumination. The analysis of the relationship between other PTSS (e.g. hyperarousal, avoidance, and intrusive symptoms) and intrusive rumination in the range of attention control using the Johnson-Neyman technique revealed that there was a region in which the significance of the relationship changes. Specifically, the hyperarousal symptom in a group above 3.70% of attention control was not significantly related to intrusive rumination. Furthermore, the avoidance symptom in a group above 29.63% of attention control was not significantly related to intrusive rumination either. These results suggest that improving attention control may be useful in mitigating PTSS and intrusive rumination.
The purpose of this study is to verify the double mediating effect of Self-Concept Clarity and Social Physique Anxiety between Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Disordered Eating Behaviors in female college students. The Socially Prescribed Perfectionism scale(MPS), Self-Concept Clarity Scale(SCCS), Social Physique Anxieties Scale for female college students, and the Korean Version of Eating Attitude Test-26(KEAT-26) are used as measurements. The data from 381 undergraduate female students were used for analysis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the Socially Prescribed Perfectionism showed a significant positive correlation with Social Physique Anxiety and Disordered Eating Behaviors, and a significant negative correlation with Self-Concept Clarity. Also, Self-Concept Clarity showed a significant negative correlation with Social Physique Anxiety and Disordered Eating Behaviors. In addition, Social Physique Anxiety showed a significant positive correlation with Disordered Eating Behaviors. Second, Socially Prescribed Perfectionism had not directly an effect on Disordered Eating Behaviors but only indirectly an effect on Disordered Eating Behaviors via Self-Concept Clarity and Social Physique Anxiety. So, Self-Concept Clarity and Social Physique Anxiety had a complete dual mediating effect between Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Disordered Eating Behaviors. Based on the results of this study, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed with suggestions for the further study.
This study investigated the effects of temperament on emotional dysregulation and studied whether the relationship between temperament and emotional dysregulation was mediated by adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in adults, while controlling for perceived parenting styles, sex, and age. The EAS, DERS, ERSQ, and EMBU-short were administered to 890 adults. Partial correlation analysis indicated that emotionality and activity correlated positively with emotional dysregulation, and sociability correlated negatively with it. The results of a hierarchical multiple regression showed that temperament accounted for 37% of the variance in emotional dysregulation, and emotionality and sociability among temperaments were significant predictors of emotional dysregulation. In addition, emotionality and sociability significantly influenced adaptive and maladaptive strategies. A bootstrap approach was used to test the mediation effect of the adaptive and maladaptive strategies. The results showed that the adaptive and maladaptive strategies partially mediated the influence of emotionality and sociability on emotional dysregulation. The higher the emotionality, the more frequent use of maladaptive strategies, and the decreased use of adaptive strategies resulted in higher emotional dysregulation. On the other hand, the higher the level of sociability, the lower the use of maladaptive strategies; frequent use of adaptive strategies resulted in lower emotional dysregulation. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
Although goal-focused self-regulation is presumed to be a major predictor variable of impaired control on alcohol, it lacks empirical support. Thus, this study verifies the hypothesis that the relationship between goal-focused self-regulation and impaired control on alcohol would be mediated by impulsivity and emotion regulation. The goal-focused self-regulation scale, impulsivity scale, emotion regulation scale, and impaired control scale were completed by 363 participants age 18-60. In correlation analysis, goal-focused self-regulation was negatively associated with impaired control on alcohol. In hierarchical regression analysis, the former negatively predicted the latter. When controlling for goal-focused self-regulation and impulsivity, the effect of emotion regulation on impaired control on alcohol was significant. In structural equation modeling verification, the study model performs better, in terms of fit, than the competing model. Unexpectedly, when impulsivity and emotion regulation are entered as mediating variables, goal-focused self-regulation positively predicted impaired control on alcohol. However, the former negatively predicted the latter through impulsivity and emotion regulation. Consequently, the results support that impulsivity as well as emotion regulation are necessary to predict impaired control on alcohol. Hence, intervention to promote emotion regulation and reduce impulsivity should be implemented to decrease impaired control on alcohol.
This study explored several variables that predict worry related to psychological distress. Previous research has been proven the contribution towards intolerance of uncertainty to worry, with cognitive avoidance as a mediator of those processes. To clarify the relationships, we added perfectionism as a predictor. A total of 455 undergraduate students that completed the set of questionnaires assessing intolerance of uncertainty, perfectionism, cognitive avoidance and worry. Conducting a structural equation modeling, intolerance of uncertainty and perfectionism correlated each other. Additionally, cognitive avoidance partially mediated the effect of intolerance of uncertainty on worry, whereas the mediation effect of cognitive avoidance on the relationship between perfectionism and worry was insignificant. Examining the effects of perfectionism sub-factors, only self-oriented perfectionism predicted worry via their effects on cognitive avoidance. These findings suggest that intolerance of uncertainty and self-oriented perfectionism may be promising targets for early intervention of worry. Additional implications and limitations were also discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine how temperament and cognitive emotion regulation strategies impact physical symptoms and investigate the mediating effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the path of temperament to the somatic symptoms. For this study, Temperament and Character Inventory Revised-Short Version(TCI-RS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(CERQ) and Somatic Symptom scale were administered to 200 male and female students at a university. As for the results, first, the correlation analysis indicated that novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence under temperament were positively related with adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, whereas harm avoidance under temperament showed a negative correlation with adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Second, harm avoidance was positively correlated with non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, whereas persistence was negatively correlated with non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Third, only harm avoidance under total four temperament factors and non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies showed positive correlation with somatic symptoms. Last, the relationship between harm avoidance under temperament and somatic symptoms was partially mediated by non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The model that temperament impacts somatic symptoms through cognitive emotional regulation strategy appeared as valid. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
This study explored the mediating effect of upward social comparison moderated by cognitive flexibility on the relationship between social network service use intensity and depression, focused on Instagram. To examine this, 186 male and female college student-participants were asked to complete questionnaires of Instagram use intensity, upward social comparison experience at using Instagram, cognitive flexibility and depression. As a result, Instagram use intensity was positively related to upward social comparison and depression, but negatively related to cognitive flexibility. Based on these correlations, we verified that upward social comparison had partial mediating effects on the relationship between Instagram use intensity and depression and that only control flexibility(one sub factor of cognitive flexibility) had moderate effects on the relationship between upward social comparison and depression. Finally we verify mediating effect of upward social comparison moderated by control flexibility on the relationship between Instagram use intensity and depression. These findings suggest that high control flexibility may relieve danger of the relationship between Instagram use intensity and depression by reducing the effect of upward social comparison. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed and future directions for this research were provided.
The purpose of this study was to verify the mediating effects of internal entrapment and rumination between self-criticism and depression in university students, and prepare basic data that could be helpful in counseling and therapeutic interventions. The data from 354 undergraduate students were used for analysis. The Self-criticism Scale, the Korean version of The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale(CES-D), the Internal Entrapment Scale(IES), and the Korean-Ruminative Response Scale(K-RRS) were used as measurements. Using the SPSS 21.0 package, Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were used to analyze the data and examine the mediating effect of internal entrapment and rumination. The result of this study can be summarized as follows; First, self-criticism showed a significant positive correlation with depression, internal entrapment and rumination, and depression showed a significant positive correlation with internal entrapment and rumination. Also, internal entrapment showed significant positive correlation with rumination. Second, internal entrapment partly mediated the relationship between self-criticism and depression. Lastly, rumination partly mediated the relationship between self-criticism and depression. Based on the results of this study, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed, with suggestions for further studies.
This study examined the influence of emotional awareness of adolescents on depression and psychological well-being, with cognitive emotion regulation as a mediator. To measure emotional awareness, the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS) developed by Salovey et al.(1995) was used. To measure cognitive emotion regulation, a Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) developed by Garnefski et al.(2001) was used, and depression was measured using a Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). To measure Psychological Well-being, the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS) developed by Ryff(1989) was used. Structural equation modeling with AMOS was employed for analysis. The results of the study were as follows. First, all the variables have meaningful positive or negative correlations. Secondly, the direct effect of cognitive emotion regulation on emotional awareness was significant, and the mediating effects of adaptive cognitive emotional regulation between emotional awareness and psychological well-being, as well as depression, were significant. However, the mediating effect of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation between emotional awareness and psychological well-being and depression was not significant. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study were discussed.
In this study, we examined the effects of the imagery components of Loving-kindness & Compassion Meditation on impression formation. We designed two experiments to examine the effect of priming gratitude. Participants were asked to remember the imagery of a thankful person for a priming gratitude task, and then they were asked to complete an impression formation task. In Experiment 1, college students were randomly assigned to the gratitude primed condition and the positive person primed condition. We then compared the variables of assessing the person in the impression formation task. The results showed that the participants in the gratitude primed condition tended to record a higher score on the feeling thermometer over the participants in the positive person primed condition, but the results were not statistically significant. In Experiment 2, the neutral imagery primed condition was added to the design of Experiment 1, and we examined Experiment 2 according to the same procedure as Experiment 1. The college students were randomly assigned to the gratitude primed condition, the positive person primed condition, and the neutral imagery primed condition, respectively. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups on the feeling thermometer. These results suggest that activating the concept of gratitude has an influence on the perception of interpersonal relationships. We suggest that it is necessary to acquire more diversity through measurement of miscellaneous dependant variables set on varied context and by differentiation on the methods of priming.
This study aims at researching the cognitive change processes of a natural recovery group from gambling addiction, by examining the change patterns of cognitive and motive factors(irrational gambling belief, gambling attitude, gambling motives for monetary, excitement and avoidance) according to time, by investigating an adult natural recovery group whose gambling problem level was decreased without receiving treatment/counseling service within a year, and a maintenance group whose gambling problem level was maintained at a problematic/dangerous level. The research participants participated in two annual online surveys measuring their CPGI, irrational gambling belief and gambling motive, and the data of 514 adult online panels were analyzed. By taking the matter of maintaining a gambling problem as a between-group variable, time as a within-group variable, and an irrational gambling belief, gambling attitude, and monetary motive, excitement motive, avoidance motive as dependent variables, an analysis of mixed-variance was conducted. In the results, the interaction between time and group was significant for irrational gambling belief, gambling attitude, monetary motive, excitement motive, and avoidance motive. In the results of analyzing the simple main effects of each variable, the irrational gambling belief, and monetary motive, excitement motive, and avoidance motive were significantly decreased in the natural recovery group. Lastly, the application of the cognitive variables having an effect on the natural recovery, for the prevention of a gambling problem, was discussed.