The purpose of this study was to validate a Korean version of the Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale (TFTPS) from transcendental-future time perspective, meaning personal attitude, values, and beliefs toward the time after death. To this end, 682 Korean adults were administered TFTPS which was adapted through translation and back-translation. Data were examined for factor structure, reliability, and validity. First, exploratory factor analyses were conducted for a sample of 339 out of 682 Korean adults. Two factors with 9 items (mind-body dualism factor with 3 items and transcendental factor with 6 items) were obtained. Second, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted for a sample of 343 Korean adults. Results showed that the 2 factor model was adequate. Third, criterion-related validity was confirmed through time perspective, self-esteem, self-resilience, optimism, and hope. Discriminant validity was also confirmed through gender, age, and religious affiliation. Finally, implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
Reward-related eating (RRE), which refers to the behavior of compulsively eating food despite not feeling hungry for the rewarding experience, is considered as a major factor causing pathological overeating and obesity in modern society. There are various existing measurement tools related to RRE, but main aspects to be measured and the severity of RRE reflected by each scale are different. Accordingly, the Reward-based Eating Drive-13 (RED-13) was recently developed as a tool to measure the entire range from normal to pathological level of compulsive overeating desire. The purpose of this study is to translate the RED-13 into Korean and to examine its reliability and validity in college students. Result of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the Korean version of the RED-13 consisted of three factors: loss of control, preoccupation with food, and lack of satiety. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were found to be good. The Korean version of the RED-13 showed a positive correlation with various eating behaviors and food craving. It also showed a strong positive correlation with binge eating behavior and food addiction as well as a tendency of positive correlation with BMI. These results suggest that the Korean version of the RED-13 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing an individual's level of RRE.
This study examined the mediating role of the level of state self-compassion in the relationship between social anxiety level and negative post-event rumination. Fifty-five nonclinical undergraduate students first completed a self-report inventory of social anxiety. One week later, they made an impromptu speech in front of a video camera and a researcher. Following their speech, their levels of state self-compassion were measured, and then their levels of negative post-event rumination were assessed after a procedure to induce post-event rumination. The level of social anxiety was significantly correlated with both the levels of state self-compassion and negative post-event rumination. The level of state self-compassion was significantly correlated with the level of negative post-event rumination in the expected direction. Moreover, the level of state self-compassion fully mediated the relationship between social anxiety level and negative post-event rumination. The same results were also found when only participants with social anxiety were targeted. These results provide a theoretical basis to support the possibility that intervention to raise the level of state self-compassion will be effective in alleviating negative post-event rumination of individuals with social anxiety symptoms. Finally, implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of the Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) conducted with a video call method in the prolonged COVID-19 era on interpersonal problems and emotional expression quantities of college students. Participants of this study were students of University D in Busan. From voluntarily applied subjects, 30 people were selected by random sampling. Of them, 10 people were randomly assigned to each of the following three groups: an online group, a face-to-face group, and a control group. The online group received the ACT through video call group counseling, and the face-to-face group received the ACT program in the form of a direct meeting. ACT program consisted of a total of 8 sessions. It was conducted once a week, for 60-90 minutes per session. Preliminary, post and later inspection tests were conducted using the interpersonal problem scale and the emotional expression ambivalence scale. In order to verify the homogeneity among the three groups in the prior test, the prior scores of each dependent variable were compared with one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA). To verify the research problem, a two-way repeat measurement analysis of variance (Two-Way RMANOVA) was used to compare scores of the three groups. Paired t-test was performed for the Pre, Post, and Post-F/U test measurements of the three groups. As a result of the analysis, interpersonal problems and emotional expression ambivalence of college students in the online group and in the face-to-face group participating in the program were significantly reduced compared to those of college students in the control group. The effect of ACT continued. Limitations and implications of this study for future research are also discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine differences in cognitive flexibility depending on the level of self-criticism through experimental procedures. A total of 57 students of a university in south Korea participated in this study. A score of above 24 and a score of under 17 for FSCRS were assigned each a high self-criticism (HG) group and a low self-criticism (LG) group, respectively. These students participated in an experiment of task-switching using task paradigm (TS), to measure cognitive flexibility. The TS presented that, the greater the switch-cost people got, the less the cognitive flexibility they had. Results of the study showed that the HG group had better task performance than the LG, although differences in switch-cost between the two groups were not significant. In the valence, the switch-cost for negative words was significantly higher than that of LG. This means that cognitive flexibility can be reduced when groups with high self-criticism are exposed to negative stimuli. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to determine effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy(MBCT) in an online video conferencing method(ZOOM) for adult siblings on individuals with developmental disabilities. For this study, the mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) developed by Segal et al. (2002/2006) was modified in consideration of characteristics of the participants, It was reorganized with an online video conference (ZOOM) due to COVID-19 situation. Study participants were adult non-disabled siblings aged 19-35 years of those with developmental disabilities. They recruited through the Support Center for the Developmental Disabilities, the Family Support Center for the Disabled, Social Welfare Centers, and the Special Education Department of the university. There were a total of 27 participants in the initial study. Due to schedule changes or loss of contact, 21 participants were included in the final analysis. The MBCT program was conducted with 8 sessions(twice a week) of online video conferencing (ZOOM). After the MBCT program intervention was given to the participant group, changes were compared between the participant group and a control group according to the timing of previous, post, 4-week-follow up measurement. Based on collected data, a chi-square test and an independent t-test were performed and a mixed two-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed to verify the effectiveness of the program. When the interaction between group and period was significant, interaction contrasts were tested to verify at what point in time the interaction appeared. As a result of this study, it was found that the MBCT program had a significant effect in increasing the level of mindfulness and reducing depression. Based on results of this study, the significance and limitations of the study and suggestions for further research were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of rumination on the relationship between negative life events and elderly depression. Whether such mediating process might differ across levels of coping flexibility was also investigated. Participants were 270 individuals aged over 65(217 males, 53 females) who were asked to complete self-report questionnaires assessing elderly depression, negative life events, rumination, and coping flexibility. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that rumination significantly mediated the relationship between negative life events and elderly depression, and that the mediated pathway partly differed across levels of coping flexibility. The present study offers theoretical implications of revealing a mechanism by which negative life events may become associated with elderly depression. It highlights rumination and coping flexibility as possible targets for intervention.
This study aimed to verify the validity of Levels of Personality Organization (LPO) using the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale - Global rating method (SCORS-G) global score ratings of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) narratives in nonclinical samples and explore methods of its application. The TAT (1, 2, 3BM, 4, 13MF, 12M, 14) and various scales measuring psychopathological, interpersonal, cognitive and emotional problems were administered to 215 undergraduates and 138 high school students. TAT protocols were then rated with SCORS-G. Participants were classified into three LPO groups based on their overall SCORS-G composite rating. Differences of various psychological and personality functioning were analyzed among three groups categorized according to LPO. As a result, in both the university student sample and the high school student sample, there were significant differences in various psychopathologies, personality traits, and maladaptive problems among different LPO groups. Also, the performance-based theory of mind task was administered only to the university student sample and a significant differences according to LPO were found in its performance levels. In the university student sample, as LPO ascended by one level, the degree of psychopathologies and maladaptive psychological problems decreased, whereas the stability of personality traits and the accuracy of the theory of mind increased. In the high school student sample, it was found that LPO 2 and 3 showed better levels than LPO 1 in psychological and personality domains. These results suggest that the SCORS-G can be appropriately used in the evaluation of LPO. Furthermore, this study discusses how to utilize and interpret SCORS-G in assessing LPO by connecting the empirical results with theoretical LPO.