We examined the effectiveness of a bibliotherapy program and anger control program on reducing children's aggression. Forty-four elementary school students from low-income families participated in this study. Fifth and sixth graders received bibliotherapy, anger-control training, or no treatment. Compared to the control, bibliotherapy and anger-control training were equally effective in reducing indirect aggression, assault, and total aggression. However, bibliotherapy lowered negativism and verbal aggression than anger-control training. No between-group difference was found on irritability. Possible explanations of these findings were discussed and several suggestions were made for future research and program developments.
The present study was designed to examine the effect of dispositional optimism and mood state on chronic pain. A total of 118 undergraduate students with pain syndrome(48 females and 36 males) were selected and divided into higher and lower dispositional optimism groups on optimism scores. Then subjects wase tested individually in a small room with sessions lasting approximately half hour. After the first minute of specific music(happy or sad music) exposure, participants were instructed to recall either a happy or a sad event from their life and to write about it in detail. Finally, the participants was completed Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire and Mood Questionnaire. The employed statistical methods was 2x2 ANOVA(high or low-level optimism/happy or sad mood). The results of this study are as follows. First, higher dispositional optimism group reported significantly lower pain sensory and intensity than lower dispositional optimism group. Second, happy mood group reported significantly lower pain sensory and intensity than sad mood group. Third, interaction between dispositional optimism and mood state was not significant. The result suggests that higher dispositional optimism group and happy mood are related to positive effect on chronic pain. However, there were no significant interaction effect between dispositional optimism and mood state on chronic pain. Therefore, it would rather improve both personality trait and situational factors than one factor in chronic pain. This results will be useful in planning positive psychology care services for chronic pain patients.
The present study examined psychosocial correlates of smoking among junior high school students. Students' smoking behaviors were classified into three categories of 'never use', 'first trial', and 'experimental use'. Logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with different smoking stages. It was found that an important correlate of two smoking stages included high peer pressure to misbehave among both boys and girls. In addition, among boys, sensation seeking motivation, stress from friends, late physical maturation were independently associated with first trial stage, whereas early physical maturation with experimental use. Experimental use of smoking among girls was associated with low school grades, high school stress and low stress from friends. It is suggested that psychosocial correlates of smoking are different by gender of adolescents.
The purposes of this study were to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean NODS(NORC DSM-IV Screen for Gambling Problems; NGISC, 1999). 1,806 Korean male(N=1,163) and female(N=643) adults were interviewed about their own gambling experiences and K-NODS. Participants of the study were divided into normal group(N=1,164), gambling game participant group(N=568), and gambling victim group(N=74). Normal adults recruited from the population of school teachers and college students and their parents and relatives. Gambling game participant group composed of casino(N=330), pari-mutuel(N=129), and bicycle racing(N=109) customers. Victim group composed of Gamblers Anonymous(N=67) and the accused of illegal gambling(N=7). L and P form of K-NODS were highly reliable(Cronbach's α = .91; .91) and stable(4weeks test-retest reliability r=.91; .89). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis found 1 factor structure of both K-NODS L and P. All diagnostic criteria of the K-NODS L form could discriminate among normal, gambling participants, and gambling victim group. Habits of gambling, motivation toward gaining money, and depression were correlated positively with K-NODS L and P score. Whereas self-esteem and proactive coping attitude were correlated negatively. The prevalence of pathological gamblers were 2.8%(L) and 1.7%(P) among Korean normal adults, 35.2%(L) and 31.1%(P) among gambling game participant group, and 87.8%(L) and 60.7%(P) among the victim group. Results of the study were suggested that K-NODS L and P form were both reliable and valid. Finally, cultural issues about diagnostic criteria of pathological gambling were discussed.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of women's depression and the ways of stress coping on binge eating behavior. Participants were 497 females in an undergraduate school student. They completed questionnaires which were made to evaluate a scale of bing eating behavior, depression, ways of stress coping. The results of this study are as follow. The group of being with binge eating behavior was more likely to engage in high level of depression and emotion-focused coping than the group of non-binge eating behavior. Also, depression did greatly contribute to the prediction of binge eating behavior, and emotion-focused coping among four subtypes of stress coping styles was significantly predictive of binge eating behavior. Furthermore, It showed that the interaction between depression and emotion-focused coping influenced on binge eating behavior. That is, the result of low depression group was showed there is a little change of binge eating behavior by their degree of emotion-focused coping, whereas the binge eating behavior of high depression group tended to increase by their emotion-focused coping was higher. The results indicated that emotion-focused coping played moderating role in the relations between depression and binge eating behavior.
This study is to examine whether restorative environment might buffer or moderate the negative effect of stress(life events and hassles) on psychological well-being(mood, depression, anxiety, physical symptom). During a week, cellular phone text messages were sent to South Korean undergraduates(n = 186) five times a day. On receiving the messages, participants rated the restorativeness of their surroundings "here and now" on the Perceived Restorativeness Scale. After a week, participants rated their stress and psychological well-being with reference to the past week on several questionnaires. A series of hierarchical multiple regressions showed that (1) high levels of stress were related to low psychological well-being; (2) high levels of restorative environment were related to high mood; (3) restorative environment buffered the negative effect(or intensified the positive effect) of life events on mood, and therefore elevated mood; and (4) restorative environment buffered the negative effect of life events and hassles on anxiety, and therefore mitigated anxiety. This study shows there is a close relationship between restorative environment and mood elevation. This study also shows the possibility that restorative environment can buffer the negative effect of not only hassles but also life events. However, most of the moderator effects(interaction effects) found in this study were marginally significant, so they should be interpreted with caution. Finally, the limitations and implications of this study are discussed.
This study analyzed diagnostic validity of K-MMSE, one of the most popular evaluation tools in the clinical setting, and K-MAS to investigate the validity of evaluating residual cognitive problems in traumatic brain injury(TBI) patients. To investigate factors affecting diagnostic capacity of K-MMSE and K-MAS, we analyze the influence of age, education level and severity of brain injury. In study 1, participants were 76 traumatic brain injury patients who visited neuropsychiatry to evaluate residual cognitive problem. Results indicated that K-MMSE score was significantly affected by age and education level but K-MAS wasn't. Besides, K-MAS showed higher sensitivity than K-MMSE in diagnosing brain injury. This result still existed after adopting adjusted cut-off score reflecting influence of age and education level. In study 2, we studied differences of test score among 3 different injury severity groups. The result indicated that K-MMSE could significantly discriminate 3 group(mild/moderate/severe) divided by severity of brain injury. But K-MAS could only discriminate between the mild group and the other 2 groups. Mean score of K-MMSE of mild severity group was above cut-off score for diagnosing brain injury. Finally, the clinical implication and limitation of present study were discussed.
The purpose of the present study was to identify the relations among perceived stress, ways of coping, drinking related problems, and symptoms of stress by female college students. Participants were 436 college students at nursing school in S city. Major results revealed that (1) 92.43% of the participants have drunk alcohol, and 25.23% of the participants have experienced drinking related problems; (2) drinking related problems were shown to be significantly positive associations with perceived stress, emotion-focused coping, and symptoms of stress; (3) the perceived stress was significantly associated with drinking related problems, emotion-focused coping, and symptoms of stress; (4) the drinking related problem group showed higher levels of perceived stress, emotion-focused coping, and symptoms of stress than those of the comparison group; (5) perceived stress and emotion-focused coping accounted for 40.1% of the variance in symptoms of stress. In sum, the present study suggests that perceived stress and emotion-focused coping are significantly associated with drinking related problems as well as symptoms of stress among female college students.
The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between woman depression and negative life stress and interpersonal problems. A questionnaire about negative life stress, Korean version of Inventory Interpersonal Problems(IIP), and BDI were surveyed to 308 female college students for this research. The results of this study are as follow: first, as the result of multiple regression to predict depression by life stress, the frequency of interpersonal life stress experienced was more important to depression than that of achievement related stress. On the other hand, to predict depression by seriousness of life stress, level of seriousness of achievement related stress acts more important factor than that of interpersonal stress. The results of multiple regression to examine the affects of interpersonal problems on depression shows that ‘cold' factor explains depression most highly (21.3%), and ‘overly nurturant', ‘vindictive', and ‘nonassertive' were verified to explain depress significantly among 8 sub factors of interpersonal problems. Second, the results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis to examine the strength of affects on woman depression by negative life stress and interpersonal problems, interpersonal problems (29.1%) explains woman depression more than negative life stress(6.5%). This is suggestive that interpersonal problems have relatively important factor on woman depression.
The purpose of this study was to test a construct validity of the Social Stigma of Mental Illness Patients(SSMIP) Scale by cross-validation and to develope its norm. For this study, two field survey were administrated at July and October in 2002. In 1st survey, data were collected from 218 subjects for exploratory factor analysis of the SSMIP Scale. As a result, 3 factors were identified: ① un-recoverbility ② peril ③ visibility. In 2nd survey, data were collected from 561 subjects that was almost similar to those of 1st survey with same questionnaire. These data were analyzed for cross-validation of the SSMIP Scale. As a result, same 3 factors as the exploratory factor analysis were found. And the Cronbach's Alpha coefficients of total scale, un-recoverbility scale, peril scale, and visibility scales were .803, .776, .635 and .611. In order to diagnosis and predict discriminative behaviors toward the people with mental illness using the SSMIP Scale, coefficients of concurrent validity were calculated between score of the SSMIP Scale and discriminative behaviors. the coefficients of concurrent validity of the SSMIP Scale was .535(p<.05). As a norm of the SSMIP Scale, T-score was established to interpretate the score. Finally, discussed results and tasks of the future study according to limits of this study.