The purpose of this study was to evaluate reliability and validity of the Korean Forgiveness Scale(KFS). The sample consisted of 1183 adults who had been hurt by others(age range:20-50 years old). The measures included the KFS, one-item forgiveness question, Spielberger Anxiety and Anger Scale, and CES-D. The results showed that the KFS had high internal consistency(Cronbach α=.95) and good test-retest reliability(r=.85). An confirmatory factor analysis partly supported that the KFS had one factor. The KFS was highly correlated to one-item forgiveness question. In addition, the forgiveness group had significantly higher KFS scores than the non-forgiveness group. Finally, the KFS was negatively correlated to anger, anxiety, and depression. These results suggested that the KFS had good reliability and validity. Limitations and suggestions for further research were discussed.
The aim of this study is to investigate the structural relationships between stress, social support, and self-esteem and hwa-byung of men. In order to verify the relationship, two models are established. In the first model, the link between stress and hwa-byung is set to be mediated by each social support and self-esteem independently. In second model, the link between stress and hwa-byung is set to be mediated by the process in which social support affects self-esteem. The subjects of this study are 368 married men, and the questionnaire is composed of the Stress Scale related to the life events, The Social Support Scale, The Self-Esteem Scale and The Symptom of the Hwa-byung Scale. Accordingly, the second model is supported by the result. The first model is compatible when the link between social support and self-esteem is added to the model using modification index. These results proved that the link between stress and hwa-byung of men is mediated through the process in which social support affects self-esteem. These models are helpful in understanding hwa-byung of men and can be applied to the useful treatment and prevention in terms of hwa-byung of men induced by stress.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of role overload and work-family conflict on job stress as well as mediating roles of perceived control of time. Data were collected from 222 white-color employees who had been employed for more than six months and analyzed using correlation and structural equation modeg The results showed that role overload and work-family conflict had positive relationships with job stress. However, only work-family conflict had a negative relationship with perceived control of time. Therefore perceived control of time served as a mediator only on the relationship between work-family conflict and job stress. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study and future researches were discussed.
This study was conducted to develop of the stress management group program (SMGP) for type 2 diabetes and to verify the durative effects. For this purpose, 46 diabetic patients were assigned either to the SMGP group(n=25) or to the control group(n=21) by the method of matching sampling. This SMGP program consisted of eight weekly, 2-hr-sessions, which was composed of two parts, the diabetes-education part including feedback of the intensive regimens in SMBG and the progressive muscle relaxation training with stress-monitoring. Participants were assessed before, after, 2 months and 4 months later on FBS, HbA1C, BMI,the practice of self-management behaviors, depression and state/trait anxiety. The main results of this study were as follows. First, SMGP group members demonstrated significant improvements on HbA1C, FBS, depression compared to the control group members. Second,the improvement was maintained on HbA1C until follow-up 2 assessment, 6 months after the baseline of the program. Third, high SMBG and practice of diet were demonstrated to be the significant therapy process factors influencing the program efficacy. The results suggested that the SMGP can be effective to improve the blood glucose control, especially the practice of self-management such as SMBG. As the improvements on physiological and psychological indices were maintained for 4 months, the treatment effects may be fairly stable and not temporary. Implications and limitations were discussed.
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of yoga posture, breathing and relaxation program on stress reduction with recognition that it is needed to develop and distribute effective stress management programs for irregular women workers. There were 45participants in experimental groups consisting of posture group(14 persons), breathing group(17 persons) and relaxation group(14 persons); they had total twenty sessions which are composed of one-hour session for ten weeks (two sessions per week). The control group for comparison were composed of 28 people. Measures were physical symptoms of stress,fatigue, stress response inventory for workers, and self-esteem scale, which were recorded three times; before and just after the programs and 5 weeks after programs completed. The major findings are as follows; the yoga posture group significantly reduced physical symptoms of stress and 3 factors (pain, physical fatigue, and depression) in comparison with control group. The yoga breathing group significantly reduced physical symptoms of stress,fatigue, stress response and 6 factors (gastrointestinal and cardiovascular factor, pain, physical fatigue, somatization, and depression) in comparison with control group. The yoga relaxation group significantly reduced physical symptoms of stress, fatigue, stress response and 4 factors (cardiovascular factor, pain, physical fatigue, and somatization) in comparison with control group. 3 experimental groups reported improvement of self-esteem but without statistical significance in comparison with control group. There is no significance in statistical differences among 3 experimental groups in relation to all the dependent variables. This study verified the effects of yoga to reduce stress. It was meaningful to verify a tendency that yoga breathing is more effective to reduce physical symptoms of stress and stress response,and yoga relaxation is more effective in reducing fatigue.
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of yoga posture, breathing and relaxation program on stress reduction with recognition that it is needed to develop and distribute effective stress management programs for irregular women workers. There were 45participants in experimental groups consisting of posture group(14 persons), breathing group(17 persons) and relaxation group(14 persons); they had total twenty sessions which are composed of one-hour session for ten weeks (two sessions per week). The control group for comparison were composed of 28 people. Measures were physical symptoms of stress,fatigue, stress response inventory for workers, and self-esteem scale, which were recorded three times; before and just after the programs and 5 weeks after programs completed. The major findings are as follows; the yoga posture group significantly reduced physical symptoms of stress and 3 factors (pain, physical fatigue, and depression) in comparison with control group. The yoga breathing group significantly reduced physical symptoms of stress,fatigue, stress response and 6 factors (gastrointestinal and cardiovascular factor, pain, physical fatigue, somatization, and depression) in comparison with control group. The yoga relaxation group significantly reduced physical symptoms of stress, fatigue, stress response and 4 factors (cardiovascular factor, pain, physical fatigue, and somatization) in comparison with control group. 3 experimental groups reported improvement of self-esteem but without statistical significance in comparison with control group. There is no significance in statistical differences among 3 experimental groups in relation to all the dependent variables. This study verified the effects of yoga to reduce stress. It was meaningful to verify a tendency that yoga breathing is more effective to reduce physical symptoms of stress and stress response,and yoga relaxation is more effective in reducing fatigue.
The purpose of this study was to confirm the influence of religion on meaning of life and mediation path religious coping was identify using Structural Equation Modeling(SEM). The participants are 358 christian college students. Measures was Religious Orientation scale,Religious Coping scale and Purpose of life scale. For the theoretical latent variables, living of religious and direction for living were included for intrinsic religious orientation, seeking intimacy with others and closeness to God, benevolent/collaborative religious coping, seeking religious direction/ conversion/focus/spiritual connection, religious purification/forgiving, active religious surrender for positive religious coping, purpose of life and existential vacuum for meaning of life were selected. Hypothetical models are presented from previous study and tested with structural equation model. The results of structural equation analyses proved that the hypothetical model which religious coping mediated the relationship between intrinsic religious orientation and meaning of life. Finally, the limitations of this study and the directions of future study were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to investigate an interrelational model of the effects of five facet mindfulness(Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer & Toney, 2006), meaning making, and autonomous regulation of behaviors on emotional well-being. A survey based on the day reconstruction method (DRM; Kahneman, Krueger, Schkada, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004) for 252married women was performed. For the data analysis, a hypothetical model was devised that five facet mindfulness facilitates meaning making, the meaning making facilitates positive emotion and mitigates negative emotion through the autonomous regulation of behavior. Finally, the model was verified using structure equation modeling. It is found that the observing and the acting with awareness, among the five facet mindfulness, facilitate an emotional well-being through the meaning making and the autonomous regulation of behavior. On the other hand, the describing and the nonreactivity are found to directly affect the emotional well-being. In this study, the process that the mindfulness affects the emotional well-being is specified by the mediating effects of the meaning making and the autonomous regulation of behavior. It is also notable that survey data were based on the daily experiences of the specific life events. The limitations of this study were discussed.
The main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of biogenetic causal explanation and familiarity with mental illness on social distance toward persons with mental disorders. This study was conducted using survey with 2100 adults. Path analysis was used to test a version of a medel in ⅰ) which biogenetic causal explanation influences the prejudice, which in turn influences social distance from persons with mental illness ⅱ) which familiarity influences the prejudice, which in turn influences social distance. The major findings are ⅰ) The more respondents endorse biogenetic causal explanation, the more prejudice they have, more perception of prejudice corresponded closely with more social distance. ⅱ) Respondents who reported to be familiar with mental illness expressed less prejudice and less strong desire for social distance. Our analysis showed that endorsing biogenetic explanation decrease the likelihood of social acceptance of people with mental illness. Our finding fully support the notion that approaches to social change with increase the public's familiarity with mental illness will decrease stigma.
The purpose of this study composed verification of effects from self-esteem enforcement cognitive behavioral therapy influencing on adolescents' game addiction. Three groups with 21students respectively were chosen for game addiction group and internet addiction group. Self-esteem enhancement cognitive behavioral therapy was conducted for the first experimental group, cognitive behavioral therapy was given to the second comparison group and nothing was done to the third control group. Scales used for game addiction group were those of game addiction, self-esteem and self-proficiency while scales used for internet addiction group were those of internet addiction, self-esteem and self-proficiency. The first conclusion of this study is that self-esteem enhancement cognitive behavioral therapy caused a significant decrease in game addiction and a significant increase in self-esteem and self-proficiency for game addiction group, compared to cognitive behavioral one. The second conclusion is that self-esteem enhancement cognitive behavioral therapy caused a significant decrease in internet addiction but no significant change in self-esteem and self-proficiency for internet addiction group, compared to cognitive behavioral one. Therefore, this conclusion suggests that self-esteem enhancement cognitive behavioral therapy will be an effective means in decreasing adolescent' game addiction and in increasing their self-esteem and self-proficiency for game addiction group. we discussed the limitation of this study and the direction of future research.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of Achievement motive and work value, career barrier on high school students’ career attitude maturity and career preparation behavior. 600 students from 5 different high schools in Gyeonggi Province participated in this study. There was a significant difference on the subjects’ career attitude maturity level between the following upper and lower level groups: achievement motive, work value and career barrier. Further, there is also a difference in career preparation behavior between participants of upper and lower achievement motive group. The most influential variable on career attitude maturity was a the career barrier and the most influential variable on career preparation behavior was the achievement motive. The discussion addressed implications of the findings for future research and for clinical practice.
The purpose of this study was to translate and execute preliminary study of validation for the Korean Version of the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire(BVAQ-K). Two hundred seventy three female university students completed the BVAQ-K and TAS-20K. First, the present study compared the structures of two parallel versions of 20 items. They have relatively similar structures but they don't have same number of items of factor. But, the result of factor analysis of the BVAQ-40 K confirmed 5 factor structure as hypothesized. The subscales are denoted Fantasizing, Emotionalizing, Identifying, Verbalizing, and Analysing. The internal consistency reliability of BVAQ-K showed good and was acceptable. The subscales of BVAQ-K, Analysing, Identifying, Verbalizing which are corresponding with subscales of TAS-20K correlated with subscales of the TAS-20K. And, Fantasizing and Emotionalizing subscale of BVAQ-K which are not corresponding with TAS-20K did not correlate with TAS-20K. So, it is implicated that BVAQ-K has the criterion validity. Finally, limitations of this study were discussed in relation with future studies.