This study focused on the serious problem of illegal internet gambling which is arising as a serious social problem with a proposal of prevention strategies. Subjects consist of 539 adults and adolescents who live in Kwangwon and Chungnam provinces. The adult subjects (334), 252 subjects who experienced gambling were divided into three groups: the illegal internet gambling group (21.4%), the repeated offline gambling group, and the friendly or simple gambling group. They were analyzed for five elements: the level of the danger, the degree of addiction, the negative emotional experience, the gambling motivation, and the irrational belief for gambling. The illegal internet gambling group was very serious for the danger to their life and the degree of addiction. The pathological gambler was identified as 73.6% according to the DSM, and other related addiction problems were much higher than the other groups. 23.6% of the 259 male adolescent subjects visited the illegal internet gambling web sites and 25.5% experienced actual gambling on the internet. 10% of the adolescents regularly had used internet gambling at the time of collecting the data. They usually had more experience in visiting illegal internet web sites than other adolescents. Important suggestions for Korea, in the area of gambling, were as follows: (1) Government and related organizations develop prevention programs to spread to the elementary, junior and high schools, and (2) It is important to develop cyber counselling programs.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating effects of BAS(Behavioral activation system; Gray, 1990) on eating behavior in case of food preloading. 172 college female subjects were classified as either restrained eaters or unrestrained eaters on the basis of their scores on the Lee(1999)'s Revised Restraint Scale and high or low BAS sensitivity group on the basis of the BAS Scale score. Subjects were randomly assigned to preloading condition, in which subjects were forced to have chocolate drink before ice cream taste test, or non-preloading condition. The experiment was a 2(restraint level: restrained eaters/unrestrained eaters) × 2(BAS sensitivity: high and low) × 2(preloading: 0cc/235cc) completely randomized factorial design. The main results of this study were as follow: First, the level of restraining and preloading interaction effects were not significant, which means there was to no disinhibition effect for restrained eaters by preloading. Second, there were significant interaction effects of the BAS sensitivity level and restraint level. Restrained eaters with high BAS sensitivity ate more ice cream than did restrained eaters with the low BAS sensitivity. On the other hand, non-restrained eaters did not differ in their ice cream consumption according to their BAS sensitivity levels. Differential effects of sub-component factors of BAS were explored. As a result, the similar pattern of interaction effects were found significant in the 'reward sensitivity’ and 'fun seeking' sub-component factors of the BAS. However, there were no significant interaction effects in the 'drive' factor of the BAS. The results of this study were discussed in relation to the previous studies and future research directions.
This study was conducted to develop a effective and healthy diet program for body weight control. Participants were university women, via advertisements throughout homepage. Forty one participants were informed and 19 participants who were not fat or did not participate in screening test were excluded, then 22 participants took part in this program. The program was focused on regular exercises, eating habit, and stress management, 18 session were implement. Physical measurement such as weight, body fat ratio, amount of muscle, resting metabolic ratio, visceral fat and neck, abdomen, waist, and hips size, and psychological factor such as self-esteem, depression, eating habit, perception of self body weight and body shape, satisfaction. In body fat analysis, after program were completed, body weight, percent body fat, visceral fat level decreased. And in follow up sessions, decrease in body weight, percent body fat were continued. After 18 sessions, however, amounts of muscle and resting metabolic ratio decreased together. In measurement of body region, neck and hips region sizes decreased significantly, but abdomen and waist region sizes were not reduced. Follow up sessions kept a decrease of hips size. In psychological characteristics, loss of volition what is one dimension of depress decreased and satisfactions in body shape and body weight improved. But improvement of self-esteem was not significant statistically. These consequences suggest that healthy diet program should focus on change in life style and psychological factors. Finally, I discussed about limitations and directions of future research.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how the covert narcissism, the fear of negative evaluation, and the body cathexis affected the drive for thinness. 361 normal weight female undergraduate students were analyzed. Using the covert narcissism scale, the fear of negative evaluation scale, the body cathexis scale, the drive for thinness scale, Data was collected. Various models which can explain relation among these variations are suggested and verified using path analysis and SEM(Structural Equation Modeling). The result of this study may be summarized as follows. The results were as follows. The body cathexis and several sub-elements of covert narcissism influenced the drive for thinness. Also the higher the levels of covert narcissism was, the much more being drive for thinness has increased. This results showed that the covert narcissism could influence the drive for thinness through the alternative of the fear of negative evaluation and the body cathexis. Finally, limitations of this study and suggestion for future study were addressed.
The present study investigated the interpretation of social anxiety regarding ambiguous social situations using a lexical decision task. In order to examine this, with SADS (Social Avoidance and Distress Scale) of 316 college students high socially anxious group (n=21)and low socially anxious group (n=25) were selected for the experiment. Participants were asked to make a decision as soon as possible whether the probe was a word or non-word regarding to the target word which was presented after priming stimulus(ambiguous social situation or control one). As a result, high socially anxious participants responded faster to the probe consistent with threatening meaning in an ambiguous context than in the control context, whereas low socially anxious group did not differ in the response latency across the context. As to the probes with non-threatening meaning, both groups all responded faster in an ambiguous condition than in a control context. It was found that high socially anxious participants tended to interpret ambiguous social situations in a more threatening way compared to the low socially anxious group, nevertheless the evidence could not tell strongly that socially anxious people showed a bias favoring threatening interpretation. In addition, Hirsch and Mathews(2000)'position that socially anxious people did not make any kind of on-line interpretation was not supported. The discussion of the present study and suggestions for the future research were presented.
This study investigated two cognitive dimensions related to cognitive bias of high worriers. In other words, it compared the perceived control and the need for control of both high worriers and low worriers in controllable and uncontrollable situations. Two cognitive dimensions about control were experimented by seventy seven high worriers and seventy nine low worriers by given controllable and uncontrollable situations. The results were as follows. Firstly, high worriers showed significantly low perceived control compared to low worriers in controllable situation. Secondly, high worriers showed significantly excessive needs for control compared to low worriers in uncontrollable situation. Lastly, high worriers showed a significant gap between perceived control and need for control compared to low worriers. These results suggested that high worriers did not give appropriate cognitive reponses, and they tend to have cognitive bias. This study examined interaction of internal trait factors and situational factors. This method is more elaborate method to investigate a causal mechanism over phenomenon rather than to understand related phenomenons in fragments by confined characters. The study concerned perceived control and need for control related to high worriers cognitive bias, and furthermore it identifies discrepancy between perceived control and need for control as a new index. It also tells us that these cognitive dimensions are the variable that distinguish high worriers group and low worries group. Therefore psychological interventions for high worriers should consider their low perceived control and excessive need for control.
The present study investigated how social exclusion/inclusion and individuals' causal attribution affect social information processing and subsequent behavior. A total of 60 Korean college students participated in a study that employed a 2(Social Exclusion/Social Inclusion) X 2(Internal Attribution/External Attribution) between subjects design. Drawing on previous research demonstrating selective memory for social information on the part of the excluded (Gardner, Pickett, & Brewer, 2000), the present study contrasted two opposing viewpoints regarding how individuals process social information after experiencing social inclusion or exclusion. Consistent with the research hypothesis, result indicated that selective memory for social information was pronounced more when individuals experienced social inclusion rather than social exclusion. Moreover, a significant interaction effect indicated that the included assigned higher levels of punishment to a target person than did the excluded in the external attribution condition. In contrast, no difference was found between the included and the excluded in the internal attribution condition. These results were interpreted in terms of an assimilative effect in social information processing. Implications of the study and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of father's child-rearing attitudes and domestic violence toward mother on the quality of dating relationship and inflicting dating violence of the male offspring or receiving dating violence of the female offspring. The participants were 490 college students (211 males and 279 females) who had the experience of heterosexual dating relationships, whose ages ranged from 16 to 42 (M=21.48, SD=3.42). The psychological tests used in this research included the following: Parental Child-Rearing Questionnaire, Lee and Han's Relationship Measures, Straus' Conflict Tactics Scale, and Foo and Margolin's Justification of Violence Scale. Results revealed that fathers' child-rearing attitudes were closely related to their offspring's mutual comprehension and satisfaction in dating relationships. Fathers' child-rearing attitudes accounted for around 15% variance of their sons' mutual comprehension and satisfaction in dating relationships. Especially, qualities of dating relationship of male offsprings whose fathers tried to control them were relatively low. The acceptance and the autonomy showed by fathers were negatively related to receiving dating violence of their female offsprings as well as inflicting dating violence of their male offsprings. The acceptance showed by fathers accounted for the most variance of inflicting dating violence of their male offsprings. Fathers' domestic violence toward their mothers was significant predictor of both inflicting dating violence of the male offspring and receiving dating violence of the female offspring. These findings reiterate the relationship between experience of domestic violence and dating violence, and suggest a role of father's child-rearing attitudes for the quality of dating relationship and dating violence.
In this study, the relationship between perceived fear of abandonment and loss due to parental divorce stress and divorced adolescents' anxiety and depression was investigated. Data of 170 divorced adolescents (84 males and 86 females) were statistically analyzed. The results of multi-variate analysis revealed that the group of adolescents with single father showed higher perceived fear of abandonment than other groups. In addition, gender differences were found in the level of anxiety and depression. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that the fear of abandonment significantly predicted anxiety symptoms and the perception of loss predicted depressive symptoms. The relationship between the perception of divorce stress and psychological symptoms was discussed.
The purpose of the present study is to examine how women yoga practitioners undergo their psychological experiences by way of their bodily experiences, and to try to identify the meanings and structures of those experiences. For this study, 12 women yoga practitioners were surveyed from September 2005 to July 2006 through interviews and questionnaires. The survey result was analyzed using Giorgi method, one of major phenomenological research methods. Fourteen themes and five focal meanings have been identified from the interview materials. The five focal meanings are (1) the experience of body sensation changes with the changes of mind, (2) the continuous positive changes in body and mind, (3) the experience of the expansion of consciousness, (4) the enhanced awareness of body and mind, (5) the enhanced self-regulation and self-acceptance. This study has found out that women yoga practitioners can concretely experience the connection between body and mind, and through their yoga practices, they gradually improve their power of observation for their bodies and minds. This enhanced awareness tends to facilitate their healing process and lead to many positive changes. The result of this study is great meaningful that the structure of subjects' experiencing the healing or therapeutic processes has been revealed by showing that their being more in touch with their bodies plays a key role in understanding and exploring their minds, and that they are therefore likely to get some valuable therapeutic insights from it. The study suggested that body-centered techniques for improving the awareness towards one's body and mind should be adopted in the area of counseling and psychotherapy.
In children's mental health, many psychological assessments are critical to measure end outcomes. And equally valid measures are essential for health services outcome research in diverse populations. Examination of equal validity in tests measuring the emotional, motivational, attitudinal, and interpersonal characteristics of children can be achieved with factor analytic tools. Factor analysis assumes a particular measurement model, effect indicator model. However, some psychological measures such as Child Behavior Checklist are not clear whether effect indicator model is assumed. In this paper, an alternative measurement model, causal indicator model, was introduced. Measurement equivalence of CBCL was tested using multiple group analysis based on effect indicator model and using principal component analysis based on causal indicator model. The results showed that measurement equivalence tests based on the two measurement models in CBCL led to similar conclusions. We conclude that the two measurement models could be complementary for explaining differential validity of psychological measures across sub-populations.
The purpose of this study was to develop the reliable and valid korean version of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale(MAAS/ Brown & Ryan, 2003). First, the factor structure, reliability, item property are analyzed for 977 children and adults(age range: 10~46). Second, criterion-related evidence of validity and incremental validity are investigated. The Korean version of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, in a similar way as the original version, displays a stable one factor structure and high reliability, showing good convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity.