This study is aimed to verify the effects of the group therapy program based on positive psychotherapy(PPT) developed for the objects of mentally disabled offenders. This study has modified and supplemented the contents of this program by searching for literature based on positive psychotherapy(PPT) by Seligman, Rashid and Parks(2006). This program consists of 14 sessions including pre and post treatment sessions, each of which is conducted for an hour once a week. Research participants indicate 46 mentally disabled offenders put into National Forensic Hospital on the basis of the order of treatment and custody. This study has conducted Korean positive psychotherapy scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale and Life Orientation Test-Revised in pre and post treatment sessions. As a result of this test, this study shows more significant improvement for the target group than Non-PPT group in terms of self-acceptance. Finally, this paper has discussed limitations and significance of this study and suggestions for further research.
This study aimed to examine the effects of a brief MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) program for older adults. Participants at a senior welfare center were assigned either to a treatment group (n = 14) or to a waitlist control group (n = 10). The treatment consisted of four weekly sessions. Participants completed self-report questionnaires of mindfulness, stress, depression, anxiety and life satisfaction at pre-, post-, and 4-weeks-after the treatment. Mindfulness was measured by the level of observant awareness and interoceptive awareness. Results showed that there was a significant increase of mindfulness in the treatment group as compared to the control group, and this effect was maintained at the follow-up period. There were also a significant trend of increase in life satisfaction, and a partial decrease in depression and anxiety. However, there was no significant difference in the level of stress in the treatment group. These results suggest that a brief intervention of MBSR is effective for improving mindfulness and life satisfaction, and partly effective for reducing depression and anxiety in older adults. Based on these findings, implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
Insomnia is a sleeping problem that is experienced by many people at least once in their lifetimes. Neurofeedback training is known to be effective for treating insomnia. However, neurofeecback training for insomnia generally SMR protocol. Recently, hyperarousal theory is supported by relevance to occurrence and maintenance in insomnia. It is known that patients with insomnia have increased psychophysiological indicators such as a high Beta frequency. Despite this evidence, a beta decrease neurofeedback protocol has not yet been developed. Therefore, the objective of this study is the development of a new neurofeedback training protocol for insomnia. Several questionnaires were used for selection of participants and administration of the pre-test: the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI), the Insomnia Severity Index(ISI), the Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale(PSAS), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale(ESS). 15 participants were randomly assigned to receive beta decrease neurofeedback(n=5) or SMR increase neurofeedback(n=5) or relaxation training(n=5). Four days during the course of 2 weeks of Neurofeedback and relaxation training was performed, and the neurofeedback sessions took place 4 times a day(10min/times), for a total of 4 sessions. At the end of training, the results were assessed for the post-test, and also during a 2 week follow-up period. As a result, the PSQI, ISI, PSAS scores of beta neurofeedback group significantly decreased. To conclude, study limitations are discussed as well as suggestion for future studies.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Parental Acceptance Questionnaire(6-PAQ), developed by Greene, Field, Fargo & Twohig(2015). The participants included 197 parents of children ages 3-13 years. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 15-item, 4-factor structure; these factors were identified as defusion, value, being present, self-as-context. The Korean version of the Parental Acceptance Questionnaire comprised of 4-factors was named K-4-PAQ. The K-4-PAQ had adequate reliability and validity with AAQ-II, EQ, PSI/SF, PSOC, PANAS, and was thus suitable for parenting psychological flexibility among parents of young children. Empirical and clinical implications of the results, as well as the limitations and future directions of the study are discussed.
Recently, difficulties in job-searching among youth have become a more severe social problem in our society. Youths suffer from fear, anxiety and worry during their preparations for jobs, so that they become burned out. But, there is no appropriate measure for this kind of burn out. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the Job Search Burnout Scale (JSBS), which measures university students’ burnout syndrome during the job searching process. Initially, 22 items were developed; after conducting interviews and a face validity test, the scale was reduced to 20 items. First of all, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and exploratory factor analysis were employed with the data from the three universities. Secondly, confirmatory factor analysis was employed to find the dimensions of the construct of the scale, and to test its construct validity. As a result, 17items were selected for the final version of the JSBS, and the five dimensions of employment burnout included: exhaustion (7 items), antipathy (2 items), inability (3 items), negative belief (3 items), dehumanization (2 items). This scale can be used in the educational and social fields in which any interventions for youths engaged in job-searching are utilized. The implications for the JSBS and its subscales, possible usage, and limitations of the study were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the moderated mediating effects of negative affect (depression, anxiety, anger) through difficulties in emotion regulation(DERS) on the relationship between negative urgency and self-harm behavior in borderline personality disorder. A total of 724 Korean college students participated in this study by responding to the following questionnaires UPPS-P-Negative Urgency, Beck’s Depression Inventory(BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI), State Trait Anger Expression Inventory(STAXI), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale(DERS), Personality Assessment Inventory - Borderline Feature Scale (PAI-BOR). After testing 3 research models, negative urgency directly predicted self-harm behavior and difficulties in emotion regulation(DERS) mediated the influence of negative urgency on self-harm behavior. The influence of negative urgency on self-harm behavior or difficulties in emotion regulation(DERS) was different according to the kinds of negative emotion that was being experienced(depression, anxiety, anger). The influence that negative urgency had on difficulties in emotion regulation(DERS) was not moderated by depression and anger, but the influence of negative urgency on self-harm behavior was moderated by depression and anger. However, the influence of negative urgency on self-harm behavior and difficulties in emotion regulation(DERS) was moderated by anxiety. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed in terms of future research suggestions.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effects of mental imagery abilities, which included imagery vividness and spontaneous use of imagery, on the relationship between trait mindfulness and everyday cravings. 384 male and female adults completed the Korean version of the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire(FFMQ), the Korean version of the Emotional and Behavioral Reaction to Intrusions Questionnaire(EBRIQ), the Korean version of the Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery-Shortened(QMI-S) and the Korean version of the Spontaneous Use of Imagery Scale(SUIS). A correlational and regression analysis was conducted. The results show that there was a statistically significant negative relationship between trait mindfulness and reaction to craving, but a positive relationship between trait mindfulness and both of the imagery abilities. Also, there was a significant negative relationship between both of the imagery abilities and the reaction to craving. The imagery vividness, not the spontaneous use of imagery, partially mediated the relationship between trait mindfulness and everyday cravings. The implications about mindfulness-based interventions for cravings and suggestions for future research were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the prospective relation between two personality predispositions: sociotropy-autonomy and social anxiety, focusing on the mediating role of maladaptive self-focused attention; it was also to compare and analyze the effect of sociotropy-autonomy on the two subtypes of social anxiety(social interaction anxiety and performance anxiety). 356 undergraduate students completed self-report measures of the Revised Personal Style Inventory-II, the Self-Absorption Scale, the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results were as follows: First, the findings revealed that a maladaptive self- focused attention was found to partially mediate the relationship between sociotropy-autonomy and two subtypes of social anxiety. Specifically, the results of the structural equation modeling analysis indicated that both sociotropy and autonomy had direct effects on two subtypes of social anxiety, and indirect effects on two subtypes of social anxiety, mediated by maladaptive self-focused attention. Second, the maladaptive self-focused attention had relatively stronger mediating effects on the relationships between sociotropy-autonomy and performance anxiety, than the relationships between sociotropy-autonomy and social interaction anxiety. Third, sociotropy had a stronger predictive power for social interaction anxiety than performance anxiety, but there was no significant difference in the predictive power of autonomy for the two subtypes of social anxiety. Finally, the findings and implications of this study are discussed.
This study was aimed at examining the relationship between parental attachment and social anxiety, and the mediating effects of self-compassion. 418 university students in Gyeonggi province completed the Parental Bond Instrument, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Social Avoidance-Distress Scale. Our analysis has revealed that, first of all, while there was no gender difference in parental attachment, self-compassion was higher in men and social anxiety was higher in women. Secondly, social anxiety demonstrated a significant negative correlation with parental attachment and self-compassion, while there was a significant positive correlation between parental attachment and self-compassion. Third, self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between parental attachment and social anxiety. Forth, among the self-compassion sub-dimensions, only self-kindness, self-criticism, common humanity and isolation had mediating effects. Fifth, the mediating effect of self-compassion was significant only for women. These results suggest that it is necessary to focus on self-compassion for those who are suffering from social anxiety. The implications and limitations are also discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of self-differentiation between perceived parenting attitude and social anxiety in university student. The subjects in this study were 480 students in university located in South Korea. The instruments used in this study were a parenting attitude scale(EMBU-short), two social anxiety scales(SIAS and SPS) and a Self-differentiation scale(DSI-R). The results of this study can be summarized as follows; First, there were significant correlations among parenting attitudes, self-differentiation, and social anxiety. Second, self-differentiation was found to completely mediate the relations between each subtypes of parenting attitude and both of social interaction anxiety and performance anxiety. And according to the stepwise multiple regression analysis, the ‘emotional-cutoff’ had the greatest effect on social anxiety among the subsidiary variables of self-differentiation and the rejective type of parenting attitude was the most effective predictable variable of ‘emotional-cutoff’.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relative influences of college students’ maladaptive self-focused attention and reassurance seeking concerning both social anxiety and depression; it is also, to examine the moderating effects of reassurance seeking on the relationship between maladaptive self-focused attention and social anxiety, and also, between maladaptive self-focused attention and depression. For the study, 481 students from 10 colleges in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon and other areas were asked to complete questionnaires for the Scale for Dispositional Self-focused Attention in Social Situation (SDSAS), the Reassurance Seeking Scale (RSS), the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The results of this study are as follows; first, maladaptive self-focused attention, decision-making, social attachment were significant predictors of college students’ social anxiety, while maladaptive self-focused attention was the only significant predictor of college students’ depression. Second, reassurance seeking had a moderating effect on the relationship between maladaptive self-focused attention and social anxiety, but not on the relationship between maladaptive self-focused attention and depression. Based on the results of this study, the implications and limitations of this study as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.
This study discusses the structural relationship of a sense of loss, a sense of coherence, and the nature of depression which influences the ego integrity of the elderly. By targeting elderly participants aged 65+, the research utilizes the Ego Integrity Scale, the Scale of Sense of Loss for the Korean the Elderly, Sense of Coherence Scale, and the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form Korea Version. The data were analyzed through correlation analysis and Structural Equation Modeling(SEM). The study results are as follows: first, a sense of loss and a sense of coherence had a significant relationship with the elderly's ego integrity; second, depression had a complete mediation effect in the relationship between a sense of loss and ego integrity; third, a sense of coherence moderated the relationship between the variables of a sense of loss and ego integrity; lastly, the mediated moderation effect of a depression on the relationship between ego integrity and two intertwined parameter, a sense of loss and a sense of coherence, was studied. Through analysis, partial mediated moderation effect of depression on ego integrity was founded. As the results above indicate, the study confirms the risk factors and protection factors of the ego integrity of elderly. Moreover, it illustrates the limitations for future research and proposes a novel understanding of how the elderly can age successfully; it also proposes possible directions for how to utilize the study's results in psychological adaptations of the community's elderly.
The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of body dissatisfaction and self-compassion of eating disorders, and to verify the moderating effects of self-compassion in the relationship to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. To do this, a survey was conducted with 350 female university and graduate school students in Korea. The questionnaire was composed using scales for body dissatisfaction, self-compassion, and eating disorders. 73 respondents who responded unfaithfully or were in the obesity range using the BMI standard were excluded, and 277 responses were used for analysis. The data was analyzed through frequency analysis, correlation analysis hierarchical regression analysis and the results are shown below. First, the pattern of increase in eating disorder was shown when there was increase in body dissatisfaction. Also, when self-compassion was ‘Low,’ the slope of increase in eating disorder by the body dissatisfaction showed to increase more steeply than ‘High’ self-compassion. In other words, when self-compassion was high, there was a moderating effect of increase in eating disorders from body dissatisfaction being relatively gradual, and a significant moderating effect was schematized into a graph. First in the low eating disorder group, the control of self-compassion was not significant, but showed a significant control effect of self-compassion in the high eating disorder group. In other words, the variable of self-compassion was shown to react more effectively in the high eating disorder group than in the low eating disorder group. The result of this study implies that an application of self-compassion is required for each eating disorder symptom levels in clinical settings. Lastly, the proposals for significance, limitation, and a follow-up study for to this one are discussed.
The objective of this study was to test the validity of two different measuring methods of discriminating between type A and type D, which were known as the psychological risk factors for coronary heart disease(CHD), from that of normal people. Before measuring blood pressure, 148 college students(male 45%) participated and were classified as type A , B, and the normal group using the TPA scale of MMPI-2 and DS14. The first analysis was conducted with the data of systolic and diastoloic blood pressure, and we found no significant differences between these three groups. Next, a newly developed analyzing method was applied to the qualitative data of the blood pressure wave to examine the possibility of discriminating between a CHD-prone personality group and those of persons in the normal group. For this analysis, the blood pressure wave was measured with a computer program through cuff pressure. Then, the pressure wave patterns were normalized and transformed by STFT(short-time Fourier transformation). Finally, the wave features of the three groups were extracted from the STFT data, and then was analyzed by using LDA(linear discriminant analysis). The recognition rate was 88.8%, which represents a fairy robust result. The results of our analysis showed the utility of qualitative data of heart functions. Our study also suggests that the relationship between a CHD-prone personality and CHD could be varied by the different aspects of biological features or analyzing method for measuring heart functions.
The study investigated the stress factors from the smartphone usage based on different life-stages(adolescent, undergraduate, and office worker) via concept mapping method, which is a methodology used to produce a map of the ideas of participants. 16 middle and high school students, 15 undergraduates, and 15 office workers were interviewed and the key points extracted were then grouped by similarity. (key sentences for the ideas about smartphone stress were extracted and sorted between similar ones by those interviewees.)Multidimensional scaling(MDS) and hierarchical cluster analysis were utilized to perform the concept mapping analysis process. Results are as the following: First, adolescents participants identified 5 stress factors that they had experienced: 1) external(parent/teacher) restriction, 2) excessive use and self-control difficulties, 3) SNS(Social Network Service) related stress, 4) equipment and function related stress, 5) relationship related stress. Through the participants' sympathy rating, adolescent participants sympathize with the contents of the 'excessive use and relationship related stress' clusters the most. On the contrary, 'SNS related stress' cluster evoke the least sympathy from them. Second, undergraduate participants identified 5 stress factors that they had experienced: 1) discomfort from overuse, 2) relationship in SNS(Social Network Service), 3) invasion of privacy, 4) obsession with information checking, 5) equipment and function related stress. Among them, 'invasion of privacy and discomfort from overuse' were identified as the major factors whilst 'equipment and function related stress' was gain the least sympathy from the participants. Third, office worker participants identified 6 stress factors that they had experienced: 1) excessive exposure to the information, 2) relationship issue, 3) concerns towards (insight of )societal change, 4) consciousness of others(be aware of the way other people are looking at one), 5) work and job related stress, 6) over-domination of smartphone("a reversal of the order of host and guest"). Workers reported they feel sympathy with 'excessive exposure to the information and work and job related stress' cluster the most and 'consciousness to others and relationship issue' cluster the least. The implications from the research and suggestions were proposed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential patterns of Rapid-Response Impulsivity (RRI) and Choice Impulsivity (CI) in undergraduate students with a smartphone addiction, as compared with the control subjects. Prior to the study, 30 participants were randomly selected among 618; these participants performed a Continuous Performance Task (CPT), a Stop Signal Task (SST), and an Experiential Discounting Task (EDT) through both a computer and a smartphone. The result of the analysis on the neuropsychological tasks showed significant correlations and no significant differences between the smartphone and the computer, suggesting that it is possible to use CPT, SST, and EDT wth a smartphone. In the study, the smartphone addiction tendencies group(n=27) and the control group(n=28) were selected among 618 students, based on their results on the SAS-B, and performed the CPT, the SST, and the EDT. In comparison with the control group, the smartphone addiction tendencies group showed more commission errors in the CPT, higher SSRT in the SST, and lower AUC in the EDT. In particular, the smartphone addiction tendencies group showed increased ommission errors in the CPT, and SSRT in the SST on the smartphone than the computer, while no significant differences were observed among the control group. The results of this study suggest that individuals with smartphone addiction tendencies have difficulties in refraining from action initiation or stopping an ongoing action, as well as difficulties in delaying gratification or exerting self control; we conclude that smartphone addiction might be regarded as a subtype of behavioral addiction.