The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on emotional identification, emotional expressiveness, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, and negative belief of university students with an experience of childhood emotional abuse. Eighteen female participants at D female university, who had experienced childhood emotional abuse, were selected and randomly assigned to one of the experimental and control groups, respectively in half. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy consisted of a total of 8 sessions. Each session was conducted weekly for ninety minutes for a period of 8 weeks. For the effect analysis, both the treatment group and control group were given pre-treatment and post-treatment assessments on emotional identification, emotional expressiveness, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, and negative belief. Results showed that an experimental group reported a significantly higher emotional identification and emotional expressiveness, and lower ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and negative belief than the control group. These results suggest that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is effective in improving emotional expressiveness by increasing emotional identification and decreasing ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and negative belief. Finally, limitations of the present study as well as suggestions were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Positive Psychotherapy(PPT) Program on social anxiety, optimism, and subjective well-being of college students with social phobia-prone. Four hundred college students who live in Jeonbuk province completed the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale(SADS). The 24 participants who were selected by the scale were assigned to 12 in the positive psychotherapy group and 12 in the control group. PPT program was administered for 8 sessions. All participants completed SADS, Attribution Style Questionnaire, Positive and negative Affect Scale(PANAS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS) at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 8 weeks follow-up periods. The results of this study were as follows: social anxiety of the therapy group were significantly decreased. And optimism, positive emotion, and satisfaction with life of the therapy group were significantly increased. Social anxiety, optimism, positive emotion, and satisfaction with life of the control group weren't significantly changed. The effects of social anxiety, optimism were maintained up to follow-up. There was not significant difference in negative emotion between the therapy group and the control group. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future study were also discussed.
The aims of this study were to examine the influence of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on dysfunctional anger and also to investigate the repeated measure mediated effects of anger rumination on dysfunctional anger. Half of the twenty four undergraduate students were assigned to the group of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, whereas the other half were assigned to the waiting control group. Both of these groups participated in a voluntary program. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy iss composed of eight sessions administered every week, lasting two hours per session. The first part of the program(1-4 sessions) is focused on the fact that subjects have a mindfulness meditation and are aware of the psychological symptoms associated with anger. The latter of the program (5-8 sessions) is focused on improving the ability to control anger through mindfulness. The number of undergraduate students who completed the assessment at termination was 9 in the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and 10 in the waiting control group. The results of the study are as follows: First, the treatment group reported significantly a lower score level of anger-out and trait anger compared to the control group. No significant changes have occurred regarding the level of anger-in. Second, the results indicated that anger rumination mediate the relationship between mindfulness and dysfunctional anger. Finally, we discussed the implications and limitations of this study and provided suggestions for future studies.
Purpose of this study is to demonstrate severity of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is different from that of general obesity and to examine the effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on BED-prone college students. To do this, the following scales were used: Binge Eating Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Social Discomfort Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Study I investigated pathological eating behaviors as well as psychological distress in three different groups: two obese groups with and without BED and a healthy control group. Ten participants for each group were selected: two obese groups among 50 obese women from a weight clinic in South Korea and the healthy control group with normal weight among a college population in South Korea. The findings showed that BED patients had more pathological eating behaviors and psychological distress than the other two groups. Most BED patients want weight-loss treatment when they seek help. However, the study suggests that treatment for BED should first be directed at the disordered eating and associated psychopathology rather than the obesity itself, even though BED patients are found in obese population. In Study II, 24 BED-prone college students among 600 college students were randomly assigned to CBT(eight weekly sessions during active treatment) or to no-treatment control group. At the end of the active treatment, binge eating was significantly reduced among those actively treated relative to those on no-treatment control group. Furthermore, CBT produced significant or at least marginally significant improvements in all psychological variables (self-esteem, impulsiveness, and social discomfort) relative to baseline, and they even improved more at the 6-week follow-up. The results support the efficacy of CBT as a preventive intervention for BED-prone college students. In spite of its several limitations, the present study clarifies the distinctiveness of BED from obesity in psychological factors along with pathological eating problems and recommends CBT as an effective treatment for BED-prone individuals.
Purpose of this study is to demonstrate severity of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is different from that of general obesity and to examine the effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on BED-prone college students. To do this, the following scales were used: Binge Eating Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Social Discomfort Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Study I investigated pathological eating behaviors as well as psychological distress in three different groups: two obese groups with and without BED and a healthy control group. Ten participants for each group were selected: two obese groups among 50 obese women from a weight clinic in South Korea and the healthy control group with normal weight among a college population in South Korea. The findings showed that BED patients had more pathological eating behaviors and psychological distress than the other two groups. Most BED patients want weight-loss treatment when they seek help. However, the study suggests that treatment for BED should first be directed at the disordered eating and associated psychopathology rather than the obesity itself, even though BED patients are found in obese population. In Study II, 24 BED-prone college students among 600 college students were randomly assigned to CBT(eight weekly sessions during active treatment) or to no-treatment control group. At the end of the active treatment, binge eating was significantly reduced among those actively treated relative to those on no-treatment control group. Furthermore, CBT produced significant or at least marginally significant improvements in all psychological variables (self-esteem, impulsiveness, and social discomfort) relative to baseline, and they even improved more at the 6-week follow-up. The results support the efficacy of CBT as a preventive intervention for BED-prone college students. In spite of its several limitations, the present study clarifies the distinctiveness of BED from obesity in psychological factors along with pathological eating problems and recommends CBT as an effective treatment for BED-prone individuals.
This study attempts examine the mediating effect of impulsiveness and the moderating effect of mother attachment on the relationship between stress and adolescent gambling behavior. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assist adolescent gambling to be effectively prevented and intervened. The subjects include students recruited from middle schools located in Seoul. The total data collected from 405 students, however, only data from 335 students were used for analysis. The collected data have been analyzed by using the SPSS 12.0 Statistic Program: frequency, Pearson's correlation, simple regression, and hierarchical regression have been calculated. The result of this study is summarized as follows. First, the results that review adolescent gambling behavior extent are the same as the following. Tested adolescent gambling behavior was found in over five experiences and it also shows that adolescents go gambling 1 time a month. Through this result, though adolescent gambling behavior is not at a serious level, most students have experienced such type of gambling behavior. Second, adolescent gambling behavior has a positive correlation with stress and impulsiveness. Moreover, the significantly negative correlation is not indicated in mother attachment. Third, some subcategories of stress(family factor, money factor) show an effect on adolescent gambling behavior. Fourth, impulsiveness presents a completion mediation effect on the relationship between stress and adolescent's gambling behavior. Fifth, in the subcategories of mother attachment, the moderating effect of confidence on the relationship between stress and adolescent gambling behavior is significant. However, the moderating effect of communication and alienation are not significant. The study results are expected to contribute to providing the basic data for the prevention of the adolescent gambling problem and intervention.
This study was conducted in order to find out if there are any variables to predict internet game addiction through research of the level of teenage Internet game addiction, Parent- Adolescent communication, and self-control according to the preferred types of Internet Games. The research targets were 734 9thgrade students of four different co-ed Middle schools located in“P”city in KyungBuk, and “B”city in KyungNam. The survey used the Child and Teenage Internet Game Addiction Scale, Parent-adolescent Communication Scale, and Self-Control Scale. The results are as follows. First, in internet game addiction and its subordinate factors, there were differences according to the preferred internet game. First person shooting games scored the highest in Internet game addiction. Second, in the Self-control and its subordinate factors, there were differences in impulsion and preferred physical activity. Self-control and its subordinate factors were lowest in first person shooting games. Third, there were no apparent differences in the case of parent-adolescent communication. Fourth, among the variables in predicting teen internet game addiction, according to preferred internet game, there were differences in all types of internet games except for simulation games. This research was an attempt to confirm that there can be different addiction conditions based on teen preferred Internet game types, and its significance in the face that this research can be used as basic data in efforts to prevent internet game addiction.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQLTM) 4.0 generic core scales. A total of 3353 school-based children and adolescents in grades 3-12 and their 178 age-matched cancer survivors have completed the PedsQL. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the theoretically-based 5-factor structure of the PedsQL fits the data well. The PedsQL scores were also associated with acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability estimates, supporting the reliability of this instrument’s score. The validity of the PedsQL scores is also supported. Specifically, the total score of PedsQL correlated significantly with the Child Depression Inventory and the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale. The PedsQL total score also significantly differed between the school-based sample and the cancer survivor sample. One-way ANOVA examining the PedsQL scores revealed that there are significant group differences between boys and girls as well as across grade levels. The means and standard deviations of the PedsQL scale scores are provided for each gender and grade level. Clinical and research implications as well as limitations are also discussed.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQLTM) 4.0 generic core scales. A total of 3353 school-based children and adolescents in grades 3-12 and their 178 age-matched cancer survivors have completed the PedsQL. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the theoretically-based 5-factor structure of the PedsQL fits the data well. The PedsQL scores were also associated with acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability estimates, supporting the reliability of this instrument's score. The validity of the PedsQL scores is also supported. Specifically, the total score of PedsQL correlated significantly with the Child Depression Inventory and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. The PedsQL total score also significantly differed between the school-based sample and the cancer survivor sample. One-way ANOVA examining the PedsQL scores revealed that there are significant group differences between boys and girls as well as across grade levels. The means and standard deviations of the PedsQL scale scores are provided for each gender and grade level. Clinical and research implications as well as limitations are also discussed.
The purpose of this study was to identify the relevant predictors and to analyze the effect size of intervention studies in reference to acculturative stress. Electronic literature searches are conducted for PubMed, CINAH, RISS, Naver academic, KISS, NDSL, Nanet, Kci, DBpia and KoreaMed. Of 482 studies identified, 38 meet the inclusion criteria, and 8 are used to estimate the effect size. A total of 62 factors have been considered as possible predictors for acculturative stress. Of these, 54 factors have been identified as statistically significant factors. The 12 factors that are identified most often as predictors are monthly household income, ability to speak Korean, duration of residence in Korea, nationality, social support, number of children, duration of marriage, marital satisfaction, couple’s age difference, spouse and family support, depression, and type of acculturation. Types of intervention include art therapy, dance therapy, horticultural therapy, and music therapy. The effect size using the random model effect is high (d=-.83, 95% CI:-1.34-0.32), even though the numbers of intervention studies and randomized controlled trials are very rare. This study is an initial step in developing an effective intervention for married immigrant women in Korea. The next steps will be to construct a questionnaire consisting of relevant variables based on these study results and to develop an actual intervention program.
The purpose of this study was to find out the longitudinal impact of psycho-social factors (social relationship and personal) as well as the illness history and economic status on physical health and subjective well-being among the retired Korean elderly. Here, the social relationship factors include marital satisfaction, satisfaction with offspring, expectation from offspring, and social-support, personal factors consist of satisfaction of self-respect need, positive affect, negative affect, religion, and health behaviors(drinking). Consistently integrated data were collected from 836 elderly men and women (mean age = 68.16yrs/base on 2003 year) residing in the Seoul and Chuncheon regional areas via interviews(Time 1). They were then re-interviewed two years later (Time 2, Time 3, Time 4). In the results of the general linear model analysis (repeated measure), the eight factors, including illness history, appeared to have an upward tendency or a downward tendency by linear type. The five factors, including social-support, appeared to have an upward tendency (U) or a downward tendency (reverse U) by quadratic type. Moreover, the results of this study showed that only the five predictable factors of economic status, marital satisfaction, negative affectivity and physical health were significant factors for predicting the subjective well-being during the short term (2 yrs), middle term (4 yrs) and long term (6 yrs) periods. Also, in physical health, only the four predictable factors of illness history, economic status, and positive affectivity were significant during the short term, middle term and long term periods. The implications of this study and the suggestions for future study were discussed.
This study examined how obsessive beliefs, such as threat overestimation and intolerance of uncertainty, experiential avoidance, and AIDS-related knowledge/attitude are related to AIDS phobia among nurses. Participants were 326 nurses at general hospitals, whose ages ranged from 21 to 54. The psychological tests used in this research included the following: Multicomponent AIDS Phobia Scale, Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-87, Acceptance and Action Questionnaires-16, and Questionnaire for AIDS-related knowledge and attitude. The results indicated that attitude toward AIDS was closely correlated to the nurses’ AIDS phobia, whereas knowledge of AIDS was not significantly correlated. Both threat overestimation and intolerance of uncertainty among obsessive beliefs were positively correlated to the nurses’ AIDS phobia. Emotional avoidance and emotion-focused inaction factors of experiential avoidance were positively correlated to the nurses’ AIDS phobia; yet, those variables were not significantly correlated to the fear of AIDS infection among those with AIDS phobia. A stepwise regression analysis revealed that attitude toward AIDS was a determinant variable of the nurses’ AIDS phobia, and accounted for around 20% of the variance. Additionally, threat overestimation accounted for more than 5% of the variance in the nurses’ AIDS phobia. Moreover, intolerance of uncertainty and emotional avoidance had partial covariance with the nurses’ AIDS phobia independently. Moreover, attitude toward AIDS partly mediated the relation of the threat overestimation as well as emotional avoidance and the nurses’ AIDS phobia. These results was discussed with previous studies as well as with the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior.
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of cognitive processing strategies on explicit/implicit memory dissociation and post-traumatic stress symptoms for students in junior high school at Taean disaster site. This study involves sixteen subjects who experienced the oil-spill accident. The control group involves twenty subjects who live in Daejeon and hence did not experience the oil-spill accident. The results indicate that data-driven processing was related to the enhanced implicit memory and explicit memory deficit (memory dissociation) with trauma related cues in the trauma group compared to the non-trauma group. Moreover, data-driven processing increased PTSD severity in the trauma group compared to the non-trauma group, whereas conceptual processing reduced PTSD severity. The results support the viability of the distinction between data-driven/ conceptually-driven processing for the understanding of memory quality and the development of PTSD(Brewin et al., 1996; Conway, 1990; Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Foa et al., 1989). These results were discussed in terms of relevance to the previous studies. And the limitations of the present study were suggested for further study.