The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a relationship addiction scale at Korean early adulthood. After thoroughly reviewing studies, a relationship addiction scale of 58 items was developed. Among 324 early adults, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, resulting in four factors consisting of 16 items each. Factor 1 ‘craving’ is related to be excessive immersed in intimate relationship and Factor 2 ‘withdrawal’ is related to psychological distress when not in a relationship. Factor 3 ‘lack of control’ is related to failing repeatedly when controlling, reducing, or ending a relationship. and Factor 4 ‘damage’ is focused on losing an opportunitye or endangering other relationships such as a, job or obtaining an education. In sequence, a confirmatory factor analysis and a validity analysis were conducted on data obtained from 301 of the selected early adulthood subjects. The result of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the goodness-of-fit for the model, and convergent, discrimination, and incremental validity of it were confirmed. When a retest was conducted four weeks later, the test-retest reliability of the model was confirmed as well. Finally, the academic significance, suggestions and limitations of this study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to explore and understand the situation and impact of the emotional labor experience. In this study, paramedics with emotional labor experience were chosen by using the snowball sampling-peer recommendation method. In all, 10 participants were interviewed once and analyzed by the phenomenological approach of Giorgi(2009). To summarize the primary results of the research, 28 of semantic meanings, 11 of sub-topics, and five of themes were derived from the categorization of the interview data through semantic process. The themes experienced by paramedics are the following; repeated states of the wounds, poor conditions which can't be relied on, rigid state of mind, strained relations, state of being sick of working. The causes of emotional labor experienced by paramedics are the following: indiscriminate words and actions, organizations and systems that leave deep scars on my body and mind, which are traumatized, and negative experiences proceeding with trauma that lead to skepticism of the work. These emotional labors are led to the psychological awakening state, negative personality, disjointed human relationship, shrinking family relationship, and loss of passion. In this study, thus, we are proposing a program to reach out to paramedics at a personal level to relieve the stress from emotional labor and discussion of supporting job resources. Also, there are meanings and limitations of the study in the following passage.
The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of overt narcissism and reports of wins on gambling behavior and overestimation in gambling. In this study, 320 male students completed surveys that measured the levels of overt narcissism. Some were later classified in the high overt narcissism group (n=29) and the low overt narcissism group (n=30) and were randomly assigned based on two conditions: absence or presence of reports of wins. The gambling behavior and overestimation in gambling of each group were measured. The results show that the main effect of overt narcissism and reports of wins on the number of gambling and overestimation in gambling. It was found the main effect of overt narcissism is based on the number of charges. Also, the main effect of reports of wins and the effect of interaction between overt narcissism and reports of wins on the number of charges have significant tendency. In this study, the influence of overt narcissism and reports of wins was confirmed as a risk factor of gambling addiction suggesting that overt narcissists may be more vulnerable if exposed to reports of wins. After discussing the significance of this research, its limitations and suggestions for future research are described.
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of extraversion, social network size, and social interaction on loneliness among the elderly. To examine our hypothesis, we used data from the “Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project; KSHAP”study, which included authors of this study. A total of 122 older adults completed the Big Five Inventory, the UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the General Social Survey. These data were analyzed through structural equation modeling. The results were as follow. First, loneliness was negatively correlated with social interaction, and extraversion, while the social network size was not significant. Second, the relationship between loneliness and the social network size was significantly mediated by social interaction after adjusting for extraversion. The results of this study indicate that social interaction which reflects frequent meetings and communication is crucial in predicting loneliness among the elderly. It is also meaningful in understanding the path of loneliness.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the well-being cognition technique using thesmartphone app on the Depression and Subjective Well-bing of Mid-life Adults scale. The participants of this study were age 4059. They were allocated to the experimental group of 23 participants and the wait-control group of 25 participants. The experimental treatment was four weeks. The experimental group used the well-being cognition technique smartphone app and instructed to complete the app at least once daily. Measurements in this study included the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (K-CES-D), Korean version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (K-CERQ), the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Life Satisfaction Expectancy (LSES). The results of study are as follows. The scores of depression in the experimental group were significantly decreased compared to the wait-control group. For the K-CERQ, the scores of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation in the experimental group were significantly increased compared to the wait-control group. But the scores of mal-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation were not different between the groups. However, the difference between pre-post in the experimental group was statistically significant. In subjective well-being, the scores of Positive Affect, SWLS, and LSES in the experimental group were significantly increased compared to the wait-control group. And, the scores of the Negative Affects in the experimental group were significantly decreased compared to the wait-control group. In the RCI, the treatment response rate was approximately 55.3% in the experimental group and 14.3% in the wait-control group. The RCI is significant between the groups. The meaning of this study and subsequent research are discussed.
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic intervention for posttraumatic growth with 205 effect sizes of 32 studies conducted in Korea until July, 2019. The effectiveness was evaluated on dependent variables categorized with posttraumatic growth, positive variables, and negative variables. The moderating effect was also analyzed with moderator variables which included participants’ age, type of trauma, type of intervention, major intervention, number of sessions, and duration per session. The average effect sizes were large for posttraumatic growth (g = 1.141) and positive variables (g = .979), and moderate for negative variables (g = -.618). The moderation analyses revealed that significant different effects were found in negative variables according to type of trauma and major intervention, but no significant differences were found in posttraumatic growth and positive variables. The real effect sizes maybe smaller than estimated effect sizes because of the publication bias in our results. However, the corrected values of effective sizes were still significant. These results suggest that the therapeutic intervention for posttraumatic growth is effective in faciliating growth as well as increasing adaptive aspect and decreasing maladaptive aspect for the mental health of Korean clients with trauma. Based on these findings, implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.