Korean Health Psychological Association Ethics Code set forth enforceable rules for conduct as health psychologists in professional roles. In order to resolve ethical problems health psychologists encounter in various situations, they need to examine and understand the particular situations and their risks as well as the Ethics Code. In this article, ethical problems that occurred or are bound to occur in a variety of situations such as caring the elderly and terminally ill patients, telehealth, conflicts with organizations were discussed in terms of their nature and approaches toward resolution reviewing relevant principles and guidelines. This study intends to help health psychologists take an ethical course of action in difficult and complicated situations or when there are conflicts between the ethical and realistic demands.
This study reviewed the characteristics of calligraphy and its influence on the mind-body health in terms of physiological, cognitive, and emotional aspects. It was also included in the review, whether the calligraphy can improve the quality of life of people who have emotional, cognitive, developmental, or psychosomatic dysfunctions. Based on the findings (particularly, concentration and relaxation effects) resulted from researches investigating the effects of calligraphy, application of calligraphy, as an intervention technique for health psychology, was explored. Finally, the qualities of specialist who designs and manages an intervention program using calligraphy were discussed.
The verb "relax" comes from a Latin word relaxare, meaning "to loosen". Today, the word "relaxed" is used to refer either to lex muscles or to peaceful thought. Many people practiced relaxation procedures from ancient to modern era. Thus, a number of relaxation techniques and theories were derived. In this review article, five major relaxation techniques (Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training, Autogenic Training, Breathing Exercise, Meditation, and Behavioral Relaxation Training), relaxation theories, and relaxation states were explored. These are to stimulate further research and to aid in the development of more effective relaxation techniques. Finally, the summary and future directions of the article were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on Body Image Satisfaction, Anxiety, and Self-Esteem in University Students with negative body image. Five hundred ten university students who lived in Chonbuk province completed the Body Esteem Test, Body Cathexis Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory Scale and Self Esteem Scale. Eighteen patients who selected by those scales were randomly assigned to 9 in the MBCT group, and 9 in the waiting-list control group. All participants completed Body Esteem Test, Body Cathexis Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory Scale and Self Esteem Scale at pretreatment, end of treatment, and at 4 weeks follow-up periods. MBCT program was administered for 8 sessions. The results of this study were as follows: Body Image Satisfaction(Body Esteem, Body Cathexis), Self-Esteem of therapy group were increased more than those of the waiting-list control group, and Anxiety was decreased in the therapy group. Finally, implications and limitations of this study and suggestions for future study are also discussed.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on binge eating behavior, emotional eating, difficulties in emotional regulation, and alexithymia of the binge eating-prone university students. University students who lived in chonbuk province completed Binge eating scale (BES), Emotional Eating Scale (EES), Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS), and 20-Item Alexithymia Scale. Twenty participants who gained more than 18 point score by binge eating scale and have higher emotional eating, difficulties in emotional regulation and alexithymia were screened. Twenty participants were randomly assigned to 10 in the MBCT group and 10 in the control group. All participants completed Binge eating scale (BES), Emotional Eating Scale (EES), Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS), and 20-Item Alexithymia Scale at pretreatment, end of treatment, and at 6 weeks follow-up periods. MBCT program was administered for 9 sessions. The results of this study were as follows: the Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy has positive effects on the reduction of binge eating, difficulties in emotional regulation, and alexithymia after therapy and 6 weeks later follow-up period. Emotional eating was decreased by eating in response to anxiety in the MBCT group. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future study were also discussed.
This study aimed at developing an intervention program to improve maladjusted behaviors of addicted adolescents and build up the ability to self-regulate game behaviors, and verifying the effects of the program. The intervention program consists of 8 sessions, which are focused on the improvement in personal strengths and virtues. Based on the self-determination theory, the program includes the modification of lifestyle to meet autonomy, competence, relationship and pleasure needs in daily lives, which leads to psychological growth and development. Every session includes parent education to obtain assistance from primary caregivers. To verify the effects of the program, this study observed 9 adolescents who are addicted to games in the intervention group, and 10 adolescents in the comparison group. Their level of game addiction before and after the intervention program, and weekday and weekend hours of gaming were observed. With the level of game addiction before the program as a covariate, the study evaluated the difference in the level of game addiction after the program between the two groups. The result shows that the level of game addiction and hours of gaming for the intervention group became lower compared to that of the comparison group. On the basis of the verification results, the improvement in the program and practical use were discussed.
This study investigated the effect of impulsivity, chance recognition and big-win on the gambling behavior. For this research, 526 male and female university students were asked to answer the K-NODS, Behavioral Inhibition and Activation System Scale(BAS/BIS). In experiment study, 149 male and female participant were selected and divided into 8 groups, representing the possible combinations of BAS; low or high impulsivity, chance recognition; coincidence or skill, and big-win; none or not. Parcitipants were asked to play the slot machine game in 5 minute and we measured the amount of game time, amount of beting money, and number of time for game. The results were as follows; there were significant interaction between big-win and chance recognition in only high impulsivity group. This result is shows that the high impulsivity groups overestimate their ability for gamble when big-win is, and they underestimate the loosing the money when big-win is not. Finally, the limitations and suggestion for further research were discussed.
This study was performed to analyze the characteristics and effect sizes of intervention studies on psychosocial intervention for alcohol addiction. For meta-analysis, electronic literature searches were conducted for PubMed, CINAH, RISS, Naver academic, KISS, NDSL, Nanet, Kci, DBpia, and KoreaMed. Of the 495 studies identified, 31 were used to estimate the effect size with the RevMan 5.0 program of Cochrane library. The kinds of intervention were music therapy, art therapy, motivational program, cognitive behavior therapy, solution-focused program and relapse prevention program. The effect size of the intervention studies that showed higher effect size were in the following order: anger (d=-1.95), social problem solving (d=1.69), depression (d=-1.66), self-efficacy (d=0.94), stress (d=-0.89), and self-esteem (d=0.39). This study suggest that psychosocial interventions can increase social problem solving, self-efficacy and self-esteem, and decrease anger, depression and stress.
This study was conducted to describe teenagers internet gambling behaviors and investigate the relationship between internet gambling behaviors and their psychological characteristics (impulsivity, gambler's cognitive distortion, anxiety). This study also examined psychological differences between those who are involved in gambling behaviors and those who are not. From Feburuary to May in 2009, 409 male teenagers between ages of 16 and 18 in metropolitan S, Choongnam D, and Geyoungbuk D cities participated in this study. The surveys used in this study were demographic information questionnaire, types and severity of gambling behaviors, addictive gambling, impulsivity, gambler's belief, depression, and anxiety scales. The results showed that first of all, 115 boys got involved in general gambling and 110 boys were involved in internet gambling. From those who are involved in internet gambling, they tended to try gambling once a month and for 30 minutes. The most frequently involved gambling were Hwatoo (Korea Poker), and Poker. Most of teenagers were involved in recreational gambling, 27 were habitual gambling, and 2 were addictive gambling. Second, there was a significant correlation between gambling frequency and anxiety. Third, there were significant differences in impulsivity and gambler's belief between those who were involved in gambling and those who were not involved. This study provides descriptive data of teenagers and their gambling behaviors and meaningful information for future studies.
The purpose of the present study was to develop and standardize the Korean version of the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnarie (K-CEBQ). The parents of preschool and elementary school children (N=687) ranging in age from 2 to 9 years and parents of children with developmental disorders (N=71) completed the CEBQ. A subset of these participants were retested for reliability and also completed the Children's Eating Behavior Inventory-Korean Version (K-CEBI) and Child Behavior Checklist-Korean Version (K-CBCL) to examine the validity of the scores. Based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, a theoretically-supported 8-factor structure fit the data best, comprising the following factors: Enjoyment of Food, Satiety Responsiveness, Food Fussiness, Food Responsiveness, Emotional Overeating, Emotional Undereating, Slowness in Eating, and Desire to drink. Reliability was supported by high internal consistency and test-retest reliability estimates. Validity was also supported as evidenced by positive andsignificant correlations between the K-CEBI and K-CBCL and differences in K-CEBQ scores between the developmental disordered and normal (school-based) samples of youth. T-test results showed no significant differences in K-CEBQ scores between gender, and a one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences across ages. Clinical and research implications and limitations are discussed.
The primary purpose of this study is to identify female high school students' diet behavior and the correlation between psychosocial pressure and abnormal eating behavior. Participants were 320 female high school students of Kyeonggi Province. A total of 55.3% of participants answered that they were on a diet. Even among those who have an average weight, 62.84% of participants were on a diet. Correlation analyses showed statistically significant relationship between the psychosocial pressure and abnormal eating behavior. Among the sub-types of psychosocial pressure, media was highly correlated to spare eating and bulimia. A multiful regression analysis showed that psychosocial pressure could explain just 22% of spare eating. However, in case of bulimia, stress experiences explain 36% of bulimia. In considering so many variables related to abnormal eating behavior, psychosocial pressure affect significantly to abnormal eating behavior. The findings by this study demonstrate psychosocial pressure closely related to abnormal eating behavior. In the future, we should articulate psychosocial pressure on female high school students' eating behavior. Moreover, future research should include behavioral index as a dependent variable. The discussion addressed implications of the findings for future research and for clinical practice.
This study tested Becker, Maiman, Heafner's(1977) health behavior model(HBM) and Ajzen's(1991) the theory of planned behavior(TPB) and explored an alternative model which accounts for breast cancer screening behavior. The data was collected from 514 female test subjects from the National Cancer Screening Program(NCSP) in J city. The main results were as follows. The Fitness of HBM was not satisfactory, however all path coefficients including perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, health motivation and cue to action demonstrates a strong relationship that predicts breast cancer screening behavior. In the case of TPB, the fitness was good but attitude and subjective norm did not significantly predict breast cancer screening behavior. Although perceived behavior control did not explain the direct path to behavior, it was significant to predict intention. Intention showed a significant path towards explaining breast cancer screening behavior. An alternative model was suggested by combined the model adding TPB to perceived barrier of HBM. The Fitness of this model was acceptable and the significant variables that explain intention are perceived barrier and perceived-behavior control. Breast cancer screening behavior was only predicted by intention in this model. From the result of comparing models, this study shows that TPB was relatively better. Finally, the limitation of this study and the implications for future studies were discussed.
The purpose of the present study was (1) to compare anxiety and depression levels of cancer survivors to healthy controls; and (2) to identify significant predictors(including demographic and treatment-related factors) of survivor's depression and anxiety. A total of 71 childhood cancer survivors and gender and age-matched healthy controls completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). One-way ANOVA results revealed no group differences for anxiety and depression. For survivors, the prediction model of anxiety was significant, and age and relapse were identified as significant predictors. No significant predictors were found for depression. The interaction effect of sex and age on depression was significant. Clinical implications and limitations are also discussed.
This study aims to examine the relation among stress hardiness, positive automatic thought, and musculoskeletal symptoms concerning increasing musculoskeletal disorders of motor vehicle repair workers(MVRWs). With participants of 124 MVRWs in Pusan area, the study investigated the current status of their symptoms, followed by conducting correlation and regression analysis on both the three factors and their subscales. 76.7% of the participants complained of high ache frequency, particularly on their shoulder, waist, legs, and neck. It was also found that stress hardiness and positive automatic thought showed a negative correlation with pain intensity. Lastly, an overall attitude toward life, heathy living habits, positive expectations, and positive daily function were significantly associated with the pain intensity. A wide variety of psychological approaches to care musculoskeletal symptoms suffered by MVRWs and the needs of detailed behavioral psychological approaches for a further stress management were discussed.
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between parentification, ego-resilience and subjective well-being. Further, to examine the moderating effect of ego-resilience on parentification and subjective well-being among high school students. Participants were 434 (260 males and 204 females) high school students, whose average age was 16.18 (SD=1.00). Parentification, ego-resilience, negative/positive emotion, life satisfaction, and subjective happiness were measured for this study. Results revealed that parentification of high school students was significantly correlated with subjective well-being. Physical and emotional parentifications were positively correlated only with negative emotion. Unfairness, a sub-factor of parentification, was closely related with subjective well-being of high school students. Besides, all sub-variables of ego-resilience were significantly correlated with all variables of subjective well-being. Interaction effects of parentification and ego-resilience in positive emotion, life satisfaction, and subjective happiness were also found. This means that ego-resilience could moderate negative effects of parentification on subjective well-being. The influences of parentification and the roles of ego-resilience in adolescents’ well-being were discussed with previous studies, and the direction for further studies and clinical meaning of this study were recommended.
This research examined the changes in the symptoms of psychological maladjustment of residents in Taean for three years after oil spill so as to explore the changes in the symptoms of psychological maladjustment of people who have experienced a disaster in South Korea by referring to preceding studies of Kim Kyoheon and Kwon Sunjung (2008, 2009). The findings and the interpretations of the symptoms at 2 months and 8 months after the incident followed the results of preceding studies. Through quota sampling, 407 and 403 residents aged 20 or over were chosen for this research. And a telephone survey was carried out in September 2009 (20 months after oil spill) and in October 2010 (32 months after oil spill). According to the survey results, they still suffered from considerable psychological distress in spite of the elapse of 32 months. Post-traumatic stress disorder, animosity and depression at 32 months after the incident reduced their level compared to those at 8 months after the incident, but still were higher compared to the general public. On the other hand, anxiety and paranoiac thinking at 32 months after oil spill remained the same level as those at 8 months after oil spill. And suicidal thoughts showed the highest level at 32 months after the incident. With respect to regional differences, the other symptoms excluding PTSD and suicidal accidents showed no regional differences at 20 months and 32 months after the incident. The results of this study were discussed in terms of the disaster understanding and measures in Korean society.
This study aims to investigate the relationships between religious orientations, religious fundamentalism, spiritual well-being, and subjective well-being among religious people, and to examine the interaction of religious orientations and the religious fundamentalism on their well-being. The participants were 317 religious people who were living in Seoul and the suburb, whose age were ranged from 20 to 81 (M=52.00, SD=11.16). The psychological tests used in this research included the following: I/E-R, the Religious Fundamentalism Scale, the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, Emotion Frequency Test, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Subjective Happiness Scale. Results revealed that the religious orientation was closely correlated with spiritual well-being, and it was also positively correlated with subjective well-being of religious people. However, extrinsic religious orientation with social conformity was not significantly correlated with spiritual well-being and subjective well-being, and inversely, it was negatively related to feeling of meaningfulness of existential well-being. Religious fundamentalism was positively correlated with subjective well-being, as well as spiritual well-being. Yet, results of stepwise regression analyses indicated that religious fundamentalism, as it was adjusted by intrinsic religious orientation, was positively related to negative emotion and negatively to subjective happiness. Spiritual well-being, which is related to subjective well-being, was a satisfying feeling of existential well-being. Moreover, if religious well-being was adjusted by satisfying feeling of existential well-being, it was negatively related to life satisfaction. On the other hand, interaction effects of religious orientation and the religious fundamentalism on spiritual well-being and subjective well-being. Simple main effect analyses revealed that people with higher religious orientation showed higher spiritual well-being than those with lower religious orientation in only people with lower religious fundamentalism; whereas people with higher religious orientation showed higher subjective well-being than those with lower religious orientation in only people with higher religious fundamentalism. This finding suggests that religiosity variables with interactions could affect human well-being.
Traditionally, pathogenic models of mental health assumed that positive mental health and mental disorders are polarized on a continuum. However, the most recent view of positive psychology has demonstrated that positive mental health and mental disorders are two separate factors in a general population. If this two factor model of mental health is also appropriate to psychiatric patients and clients in counseling, this assertion will be consolidated against the pathogenic model. Confirmatory factor analysis of 112 patients and 108 clients revealed the correlated two-factor model of mental health had the higher goodness of fit than the one-factor model or the independent two factor model. As a result, the two-factor model of mental health was validated in a clinical population. Finally, the importance of positive mental health intervention for a clinical population, as well as a general population, was discussed.