Abstract
A client's suicide is fearful and painful experience for the counselor. Although every effort is made to prevent client suicide, client suicide does occur and this is a limitation that must be accepted in the counselor's professional field. Although it is important to recognize counselors who meet suicidal clients as suicide survivors and to expand study on the counselor's experiences, domestic studies have not been actively conducted. Therefore, this study attempted to provide suggestions for future study by reviewing the domestic and overseas study literature on the experiences of counselors who met suicidal clients. For this purpose, studies were selected to explore the experiences of counselors after client suicide. According to the subject, the following points were discussed: 1) The actual situation of the client's suicide experience; 2) The effect of the client suicide on the counselor; 3) Coping and overcoming(recovery) after the client's suicide; and 4) Summarization of the contents as the necessary support and post-intervention measures for counselors who have experienced client suicide. Based on these contents, a research method was proposed for the counselor who experiences client suicide in the domestic counseling scene.
Abstract
Following the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in telepsychotherapy has increased. Therefore, we aimed to examine the topics related to telepsychotherapy that were of public interest, by analyzing posts containing the keyword ‘telepsychotherapy’, after text mining. Furthermore, our study investigated any changes in the topics before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. We collected data from Naver, a representative portal site in Korea, from before (T1) and after (T2) the spread of the COVID-19 (as of January 20th, 2020), when the first case was reported in Korea. Frequency analysis, co-occurrence word analysis, and topic modeling were conducted. Three topics were derived from the data in T1: the prospect of the mental health care field, the understanding of human psychology based on IT technology, and the psychological problems of individuals. Meanwhile, five themes were derived in T2: support and provision of mental health services, psychological services related to children's development, psychological problems experienced in relationships, experience of psychological problems, and services delivered non-face-to-face. Our results revealed that interest in telepsychotherapy has increased after the COVID-19 outbreak, and expectations for telepsychotherapy have led to the actual services and experiences. Moreover, our findings also highlighted caregivers’ concerns for the impact of prolonged COVID-19 on child development. We discussed the implications and limitations of our study.
Abstract
Two terms, ‘자기자비’ and ‘자기연민’, have been used as translations for self-compassion, causing confusion in communication. This study addressed the translation issue of self-compassion in three ways. First, we argued that ‘자기연민’ is an inappropriate translation for self-compassion due to its negative connotations, which are supported by examples from dictionaries, daily usage, and academic/cultural/artistic contexts. We searched for examples in ‘Naver’, ‘Google’, ‘RISS (Research Information Service System)’, ‘the National Library of Korea’, and ‘Google Scholar’. The search results revealed that ‘자기연민’ is used with a negative connotation, not only in dictionaries and common usage but also in academic/cultural/artistic contexts. However, we found that the positive usage of ‘자기연민’ emerged after it was introduced as a translation for self-compassion, causing confusion in its meaning. Second, we presented several pieces of evidence to support the translation of ‘compassion’ in self-compassion as ‘자비(慈悲)’ because the term ‘compassion’ includes not only ‘karuna(悲)’ but also ‘metta(慈)’. We provided evidence from Buddhist literature showing that metta(慈) and karuna(悲) are interrelated, and from compassion-related programs or therapies developed in Western countries showing that the term ‘compassion’ includes both karuna(悲) and metta(慈). Third, we argued that ‘연민’ is not a suitable translation for "compassion" because it is difficult to interpret ‘연민’ as ‘karuna(悲)’ in the Buddhist context. If you believe that ‘연민’ has been used to mean ‘karuna(悲)’, it is not the case. Rather, ‘자비’ has been used as the meaning of ‘karuna(悲)’. We concluded that ‘자기자비’ is a more appropriate translation for self-compassion than ‘자기연민’.
Abstract
Despite positive changes in the cultural notion of unwed mothers in Korea, they still experience numerous challenges in their child-rearing efforts. In this research, we explored unwed mothers’ experiences and perceptions about their own resilience in wider contexts and the facilitative factors that may contribute to it through interviews and community genograms. Participants included 18 unwed mothers raising one or more children with the youngest child aged 0–6 years. Results revealed six themes in which these mothers drew on their resources to overcome challenges when navigating new social contexts as unwed mothers. Based on these findings, we proposed the Korean Unwed Mothers’ Ecosystemic Resilience model to conceptualize resilience and its facilitative factors. Implications on social programs and policies, as well as implications for the training of and support for counselors and health professionals, are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the dual-mediation effect of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and internalized shame in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and mental health, to help improve the mental health of call center agents. A total of 165 call center agents who work in central metropolitan governments, completed a questionnaire assessing the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale(IUS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(CERQ), Internalized Shame Scale(ISS), and Brief Symptoms Inventory-18(BSI-18). As a result, IU was found to directly increase depression, anxiety, somatization, and the path through which maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and IS were sequentially mediated were significant. Specifically, the indirect effect of the maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy in the relationship between IU and mental health was not significant, but the path through which maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy and IS were sequentially mediated was significant. The implications and limitations of this study were also discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of illegal internet gambling behavior on the relationship between speculative experience in internet games and gambling problem, and to confirm the moderating effect of exposure to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk on the relationship between speculative experience in internet games and illegal internet gambling behavior. For this purpose, data from 733 adults who regularly performed illegal gambling, collected through online survey companies, were used. As a result, illegal internet gambling behavior was found to mediate the relationship between speculative experience in internet games and gambling problems. and the moderated mediating effect of exposure to COVID-19 risk on the relationship between speculative experience in internet games and illegal internet gambling behavior was confirmed. In other words, the higher the exposure to COVID-19 risk, the stronger the effect on the relationship between speculative experience in internet games and illegal internet gambling behavior, which was found to affect gambling problems. Based on the research results, the significance of this study was discussed and follow-up studies were suggested.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the moderating effect of defensive verbal on the relationship between deliberate rumination and post-traumatic growth based on the Janus face model of self-perceived growth. The subjects of the study were 245 students of K university, and trauma experience, defensive verbal, deliberate rumination, and post-traumatic growth were measured. For the analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were conducted, and the time of experiencing the trauma event was divided into four points to verify the moderating effect of defensive verbal on the effect of deliberate rumination on post-traumatic growth; point 1 (‘within one month'～‘within seven months to one year'), point 2 (‘one to two years ago’～‘two to three years ago'), point 3 (3 to 10 years ago), and point 4 (‘10 to 20 years ago'～‘more than 20 years ago’). The results of this study were as follows: At point 1, deliberate rumination showed a pattern of promoting post-traumatic growth as the moderating effect of defensive verbal; but at point 2, the moderating effect of defensive verbal was found to hinder post-traumatic growth. At points 3 and 4, the moderating effect of defensive verbal was not confirmed. These results reflected the Janus face model of self-perceived growth; in the early stages of trauma, a large proportion of illusory (defensive) aspects of post-traumatic growth, such as distortion and self-deception, was shown, whereas the adoptive character grew over time. Finally, the significance and implications of this study and suggestions for future research were discussed.
Abstract
The present study investigated whether body shame and restrained eating would mediate the relationship between sociocultural pressure, covert narcissism, and binge eating among college students. College students completed Tripartite Influence Scale-Revised (TIS-R), Covert Narcissism Scale (CNS), the Korean version of Objectified Body Consciousness (K-OBCS), and Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26). The results indicated that there were significant positive correlations among sociocultural pressure, covert narcissism, body shame, restrained eating, and binge eating. Through structural equation modeling (SEM), the results showed that sociocultural pressure and covert narcissism have a significant indirect effect on binge eating which is mediated by body shame and restrained eating. Finally, limitations and future research directions were discussed.
Abstract
This study investigated the mediating effect of deliberate rumination and meaning making on the relationship between intrusive rumination and post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth. Participants were 293 college students (109 males and 184 females) who completed a set of online self-report questionnaires that measured trauma experience, post-traumatic stress symptoms, post-traumatic growth, event-related rumination, and meaning making. The results of path analysis indicated that intrusive rumination positively predicted deliberate rumination, and deliberate rumination positively predicted both post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth. Moreover, intrusive rumination negatively predicted meaning making, and meaning making negatively predicted post-traumatic stress symptoms and positively predicted post-traumatic growth. Furthermore, there was a sequential mediating effect of deliberate rumination and meaning making on the relationship between intrusive rumination and post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth. In other words, the higher the intrusive rumination, the higher the deliberate rumination, which led to a higher level of meaning making, and meaning making was negatively associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms and positively associated with post-traumatic growth. Based on these results, implications and limitations of the study were discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of brief mindfulness induction on memory bias for emotional stimuli. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two groups (mindfulness group (n=30) vs. control group (n=30)), and the experiment was conducted for two days at a weekly interval. In the day-1 experiment, treatment was performed according to the group, followed by the photo-learning task. In the photo-learning task, an emotional picture (positive or negative) and a neutral picture were presented at the same time. One week later, in the day-2 experiment, the recognition task was performed. In the recognition task, the participants distinguished between the pictures they had learned in the day-1 experiment and the pictures that they saw for the first time. As a result, in the positive-neutral pair condition, the recognition accuracy of positive pictures in the mindfulness group was significantly higher than that in the control group, but neither group showed any memory bias for positive pictures. In the negative-neutral pair condition, both groups showed a memory bias for negative pictures, but the mindfulness group showed a tendency to decrease the memory bias for negative pictures compared to the control group. These results suggest that brief mindfulness induction improves the overall learning task performance for positive-neutral pairs, while partially reducing memory bias for negative pictures. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
Abstract
App-based psychological interventions are expected to become a new alternative for psychological services, but little is known about their usage and effectiveness in children and adolescents. This study examined the usage behavior of app-based psychological interventions created and commercialized for children and adolescents and tested their effectiveness. The researcher developed Yface (a sociality enhancement app) and Ycog (a cognitive rehabilitation app) for autistic children and adolescents, and distributed them on the Google Store for free. From the data collected for 34 months, data obtained from 196 users of Yface and 389 users of Ycog were used in analysis. The results showed that both Yface and Ycog had a 100-day persistence rate of approximately 7~13% after the first day of usage, and both apps had higher usage rates among younger users. Except for a few behaviors, there were no differences in the usage behavior of Yface. In terms of effectiveness, the autistic group in Yface showed a significantly higher improvement in responsibility under social skills than the non-autistic group. In addition, the neurodevelopmental disorder group in Ycog showed significantly greater alleviation in planning and organizational challenges than the non-neurodevelopmental disorder group. Implications and limitations were further discussed.
Abstract
As the effects of mindfulness meditation (MM) are being revealed in various areas, there has been an increase in the number of studies showing that MM can even enhance altruism. On the other hand, lovingkindness-compassion meditation (LKCM), a unique meditation that is distinct from MM, can also be considered to be highly related to altruism. Several studies have compared the effects of the two types of meditation on altruism, but the results vary from study to study. Therefore, this study attempted to determine whether the altruistic effect of MM is somewhat limited, and whether LKCM has a better effect on altruism. Furthermore, we tried to clarify whether these differences appear due to the difference in the core mechanism of the two types of meditation. In order to clarify this, LKCM and MM were organized into an 8-week program to compare the effects of each other, and an untreated control group was additionally created to control for the time effect. As a result of the analysis, the interaction between the group and measurement period was not significant in stress and implicit altruism, and significant or marginally significant results were found in loving-kindness and compassion, mindfulness, altruism, altruistic behavior, affective empathy, and de-self-centeredness. In the LKCM program, there was an increase in loving-kindness and compassion, mindfulness, altruism, altruistic behavior, affective empathy, and de-self-centeredness over time. In the MM program, there was an increase in mindfulness and de-self-centeredness. As a result of path analysis, LKCM predicted altruism and altruistic behavior through affective empathy and de-self-centeredness, and had a tendency to predict implicit altruism through affective empathy. MM predicted altruism and altruistic behavior through de-self-centeredness, but it did not predict implicit altruism. In other words, LKCM could affect an individual's inner altruism by increasing affective empathy for others, whereas MM could reduce attachment to oneself and cause actions for others, but could not raise an individual's inner altruism. In the discussion, the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research were addressed.
Abstract
Although various psychological factors along with biological factors are known to contribute to premenstrual symptoms, only few studies have focused on the role of psychological factors. This study aimed to investigate whether neuroticism and emotion suppression significantly predict premenstrual symptoms using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and to examine the interaction effect of neuroticism and emotion suppression on premenstrual symptoms. In this study, neuroticism was assessed through a self-report questionnaire prior to EMA. Emotion suppression and premenstrual symptoms were measured using EMA for up to 10 days. Data from 80 women in their 20s whose premenstrual data were collected for three days or more were included in the analysis, and a hierarchical linear model was applied. At the within-person level, emotion suppression positively predicted premenstrual symptoms. At the between-person level, neuroticism positively predicted premenstrual symptoms. However, the interaction effect of neuroticism and emotional suppression on premenstrual symptoms was not significant. These findings suggest the importance of psychological factors, such as personality traits and emotional regulation strategies, in premenstrual symptoms and the need for further research on the relationship between these factors. Finally, limitations of this study and suggestions for future research were discussed.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop the Korean adaptation of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), which is designed to measure state anger (15 items), trait anger (10 items), anger expression-in (8 items), anger expression-out (8 items), anger control-in (8 items), and anger control-out (8 items). An attempt was made to construct a pilot scale based on a variety of resources (e.g., the STAXI-2, open-ended questionnaire on anger, existing anger scales, literature review on anger, and the Korean adaptation of the STAXI). In Study 1, we examined the psychometric properties of the pilot scale in an adult sample nationwide (N = 718). Exploratory factor analyses and item-total correlations showed clear-cut factors for the experience of anger: state anger and trait anger. With respect to anger expression, however, factor analyses resulted in loss of many items from the pilot scale. Thus, we deleted the inappropriate items and included new items, resulting in 110 items for the second pilot scale. In Study 2, we examined the psychometric properties of the second version of the Korean adaptation of the STAXI-2 in an adult sample nationwide (N = 806). Exploratory factor analyses showed clear-cut factors not only for the anger experience (i.e., state anger and trait anger), but also for the anger expression (i.e., anger expression-in, anger expression-out, anger control-in, and anger control-out). Internal consistencies of the subscales revealed a satisfactory level of reliability. Additional analyses with correlation analyses and t-test also supported the validity of the STAXI-2. In conclusion, our results provided support for the reliability and validity of the Korean adaptation of the STAXI-2, suggesting that the Korean adaptation of the STAXI-2 is a useful instrument in the fields of psychology, medicine, nursing, education, coaching, organization, and criminal justice.
Abstract
In this study, the Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale(DOS), a tool for screening orthorexia nervosa, was validated according to the domestic situation. A questionnaire was administered to 535 adults who were in their 20s and 40s and were not currently dieting due to chronic diseases or specific food allergies. The scale was translated into Korean with the consent of the author, and then, an exploratory factor analysis (n=300) and a confirmatory factor analysis (n=235) were performed to examine the factor structure and model fit. As a result of the factor analysis, two sub-factors of ‘daily life problems caused by healthy nutrition preoccupation’ and ‘concern of healthy nutrition' were derived, and the fit of the two-factor model was good. In addition, convergence and discriminatory validity were verified through correlation analysis using the dysfunctional Eating Attitude Test(EAT-26), the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory(OCI-R), and the illness attitude test(IAS), which are measures that assess the related construct. Reliability was ensured as the internal consistency of all items in K-DOS and the internal consistency of subscales as well as split-half reliability were good. Finally, the significance and limitations of this study were investigated, and further studies were suggested.
Abstract
This study was conducted to introduce the concept of nomophobia and validate the nomophobia scale developed by Yildirim and Correia (2015). Nomophobia from smartphones. In the first study, we translated the nomophobia scale consisting of 20 questions into Korean. Then, data from 143 adults in Korea were collected and descriptive statistical analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability analysis were performed. In the second study, data from 245 adults were investigated online using K-NMP-Q and five scales. For analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis were conducted. Also, four factors (Not being able to communicate, Not being able to access information, Giving up convenience, and Losing Connectedness) were established and a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. The factor analysis showed that K-NMP-Q had good fitness and appropriate factor coefficients that could prove the stability of the model. Additionally, the internal consistency of K-NMP-Q and sub-factors through reliability analysis was identified as .81 to .93. To confirm the criterion and convergent validity, correlation analysis was conducted using K-NMP-Q, K-PS, and SAS-SV, and highly significant correlations were identified. STAY-Y and K-SI-R were conducted to verify the divergent validity, and low correlation was reported, indicating that it has unique concepts. Implications and ideas for further research were suggested