Previous studies in self injurious behavior based on self-report have severe limitations in predicting and explaining self injurious behavior. To overcome the limitation of self-report and improve risk assessment, this study seeks more objective markers of suicidal risk via a computerized behavioral test such as the Implicit Association Test(IAT) which measures implicit associations. Studies measure implicit associations organized into suicidal behavior(suicide attempt) and non-suicidal self injurious behavior(NSSI) category. Implicit measures of self injurious behavior-relevant associations were consistent with hypothesis for the existence of behavior. Therapeutic interventions affected implicit measures for self injurious behavior. Implicit measures had incremental predictive value for certain self injurious behaviors. Limitations with implicit measures are discussed and future study direction are suggested.
Although religiosity has many positive functions for human’s well-being, there is also dysfunctional religiosity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop the dysfunctional religiosity scale and examine its validity in this study. Previously, researcher interviewed religious people about which they believed to be dysfunctional in terms of well-being. And, items of dysfunctional religiosity scale based on the result of the interviews, previous studies, and the expert’s consultation were developed. First, developed items of dysfunctional religiosity were provided to 170 male and female religious college students for item analysis and examining test-retest reliability. And, 349 religious people were surveyed to measure the 52-item dysfunctional religiosity scale obtained after item analysis. Subjective well-being including life satisfaction and positive/negative affects, psychological well-being, feeling of happiness, and psycho-pathological factors such as anger, anxiety, frustration, and depression, and religious coping strategy for examining criterion validity were administrated. With this procedure, the 52-item dysfunctional religiosity scale and the 17-item short form scale were finally developed. The 52-item scale consisted of seven factors, and the 17-item short-form scale consisted of four factors. Factors of the Dysfunctional Religiosity Scale negatively correlated with subjective well-being, feeling of happiness, and psychological well-being, while they were positively correlated with psycho-pathological factors. The Dysfunctional Religiosity Scale could be practical for diagnosing mental problems and counseling religious people.
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) that measures an individual’s global appraisal of stress is one of the most commonly used stress scales. The purpose of this study was to revise and validate the Korean Version of Perceived Stress Scale for adolescents. The translation was conducted with reference to a Korean language dictionary for elementary school students in consideration of early adolescents’ fluency with words. A total of 1,090 middle and high school students (520 males and 570 females) participated in this study. The item-total correlation and factor analysis of PSS revealed that the 10-item scale and two-factor structure were most suitable for adolescents. The internal consistency and the test-retest reliability for a duration of three months were acceptable. Also, according to the result of correlation analysis to confirm the criterion-related validity, the PSS had significantly positive correlations with daily stress, mental illness, depression, and anxiety, while significantly negative correlations with mental well-being and self-esteem. In comparison of the PSS with the Daily Stress Scale, the explanation power of PSS to each criterion variable significantly increased after considering the Daily Stress Scale. Last, these results were compared with the findings of previous research and the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
The capability for suicide (CS) is the capacity to engage in lethal suicide attempts. According to the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (IPTS), CS is enhanced by painful and provocative experiences(PPE). However, most of the empirical literature on CS suggested that the relationship between PPE and CS is not as strong as expected and other variables that could affect CS should be examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among CS and other variables including PPE using network analysis. Network analysis has been used in many studies when examining relationships among variables that are closely related to each other. Two-hundred ninety-nine college students participated in this study and responded to measures assessing fearlessness about death, pain tolerance, PPE, suicide ideation, depression, anxiety, loneliness, emotional distress tolerance, interpersonal needs, meaning in life, and attitudes toward life. The results showed that the relationship between PPE and CS was mostly not significant when effects of other variables on CS were considered. Suicide ideation was related to CS and emotional variables such as anxiety and emotional distress tolerance were also associated with CS. Also, cognitive variables such as meaning in life and attitudes toward life were related to CS. These relationships are markedly different between males and females. These results suggested that IPTS should consider modifications of concepts and principles related to CS. Several directions for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to systematically clarify the profile of character strengths by age groups and to empirically identify the strengths that can contribute to mental health. Also, the author identified Korean adults' key strengths by comparisons with those in other countries. In this study, it was suggested that the profiles of character strengths by age groups were generally similar, because the correlations between ipsative scores of character strengths were statistically significant over moderate levels. In all age groups, love, optimism, and gratitude were in the top five, and love of learning was in the bottom five. The character strengths with the largest deviation by age groups were authenticity and curiosity. Authenticity that increased with age ranked first in the late-middle-age group. Curiosity that decreased with age was in the bottom five in the middle-age and the late-middle-age group. The character strengths of Korean adults were most similar to those of East Asian countries, whereas the similarities with European countries were the least similar. While love, gratitude, kindness, authenticity, and fairness were the top five in Korea as in other countries, optimism is in the top five only in Korea. In all age groups, optimism and gratitude were significantly associated with the high level of satisfaction(or happiness) and the low level of depression. Finally this study's limitations and the suggestions for further research are discussed.
A majority of studies conducted in Western cultures suggest that emotion suppression has a negative effect on physical and psychological health. However, recent studies indicate that such negative effects may differ depending on one’s self-construal. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of emotion suppression on physical and depressive symptoms and to determine if self-construal moderates this effect in a community adult sample in Korea. Results demonstrated that emotion suppression significantly affected participants’ physical as well as depressive symptoms. Independent self-construal showed a significant moderating effect only on the relationship between emotion suppression and physical symptoms. Whereas previous studies conducted with Koreans failed to examine the significant effect of emotion suppression on individuals’ adjustment, the results of this study demonstrated the effects of emotion suppression in Koreans. The results highlight the role of independent self-construal in explaining the effect of emotion suppression on physical health.
Unstable interpersonal patterns and aggressive behavior are central characteristics of the borderline personality disorder. Behavioral problems of borderline personality disorders are often caused by negative interpersonal events and/or experiences such as abandonment. For this reason, it is crucial to examine aggressive behavior during such negative interpersonal events. Participants who participated in the experiment were divided into two groups, borderline personality trait group (n=35) and control group (n=34), according to the PAI-BOR score. They were randomly assigned situations emulating social acceptance or exclusion during a cyberball game. The Point Subtraction Aggression Aggregation Paradigm (PSAP) was used to measure reactive-overt aggression, and the scenario, developed by Lyle (2010), was used to measure reactive-relational aggression. According to this study, borderline personality trait groups generally expressed more aggression than control groups. In particular, when the borderline personality trait group experienced a strong sense of alienation, reactive-relational aggression markedly increased.
This purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the psychological and social factors on Non-PTSD group, PTSD-only group, and PTSD cormorbid group. The subjects of this study were 572 participants who experienced natural disasters recruited as a part of the ‘Disaster Victim Panel Survey (wave 2)’ collected by the National Disaster Management Research Institute. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the effects of psychosocial factors on PTSD groups using the SPSS Statistics Program 23 version and the Non-PTSD group was set as a reference group. First, ‘physical illness before the disaster’ significantly increased the likelihood of belonging to the PTSD comorbid group and ‘psychiatric problems before the disaster’ significantly increased the likelihood of belonging to the PTSD-only and the PTSD comorbid group. Second, ‘perceived life threat during the disaster’ and ‘injury or illness experience because of the disaster’ significantly increased the likelihood of belonging to the PTSD-only and the PTSD comorbid group. ‘Witnessing injury or death of family members or friends’ significantly increased the likelihood of belonging to the PTSD comorbid group. Third, ‘perceived social support’ and ‘satisfaction with disaster aid’ significantly decreased the likelihood of belonging to the PTSD comorbid group. Last, males had significantly less likelihood of belonging to the PTSD comorbid group and higher monthly incomes significantly decreased the likelihood of belonging to the PTSD-only group. It is important that consider that the PTSD comorbid group has found that more risk and protection factors are affected than those with PTSD-only symptoms.
The purpose of this study was to investigate if proactive coping can act as a protective factor to reduce the possibility of problem gambling in consideration of gambling related environments. In terms of accessibility, we present the presence of acquaintances who gamble and the degree of contact to gambling advertisements either online or offline. In terms of acceptability, we present subjective norms for gambling. In terms of availability, we present awareness of gambling occurring in the vicinity, money, time, and opportunity for gambling. In other words, by examining the effect of the gambling-related environment and proactive coping on problem gambling, we examined the social, cultural, and psychological factors affecting problem gambling in an integrated manner. Online surveys were conducted on adults and hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to analyze the moderating effects of proactive coping. As a result, the moderating effect of proactive coping was significant in the relationship between accessibility, acceptability, and availability and problem gambling. These results suggest that proactive coping can act as a protective factor in the social, cultural, and physical environment that negatively affect problem gambling. Finally, we discuss how the results of this study can be used in the prevention and intervention of gambling addiction.
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of mediating effects of Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT), worry, and rumination on the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU), and anxiety and depression among Korean adults. Specifically, it was hypothesized that RNT would mediate the association between IU and anxiety and depression, whereas worry was expected to mediate the relationship between IU and anxiety, and rumination was anticipated to mediate the relationship between IU and depression. Participants were 300 Korean adults (188 males, and 112 females) who completed a series of self-report questionnaires assessing IU, worry, rumination, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed using structural equation models in Mplus7. Results indicate that RNT fully mediated the relationship between IU and anxiety, whereas in contrast, RNT partially mediated the relationship between IU and depression. Worry mediated the relationship between IU and anxiety, However, worry did not mediate the relationship between IU and depression, whereas, interestingly, rumination did not mediate the effects of IU on either anxiety or depression. Theoretical and clinical implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to explore risk factors which increase the likelihood of change from non-addiction gambling to gambling addiction and recovery factors which increase the likelihood of change from gambling addiction to recovery. To this end, longitudinal studies were conducted at two time points with a 12-month interval on an Internet panel consisting of adults. Groups were assigned according to the changes to the level of gambling addiction. To explore risk factors, we compared the ‘gambling addiction group’ which showed increased gambling addiction levels at time point 2 compared to time point 1, and the ‘entertainment/social gambling group’ that showed gambling levels maintained at non-addiction levels. To explore recovery factors, we compared the ‘recovery group’ which showed decreased gambling levels at time point 2 compared to time point 1, and the ‘gambling addiction group’ which showed gambling levels maintained at addiction levels. Logistic regression analysis was performed using the mean values of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, impulsivity measured over two time points as predictors and the group as reference variables. Additionally, mixed variance analysis was performed to examine the changes in time and group. The results indicate that the risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing a gambling addiction are low conscientiousness, low agreeableness, high neuroticism, and high impulsivity. While the recovery factors that increased the probability of recovery of gambling addiction were high conscientiousness, high agreeableness, low neuroticism, and low impulsivity. Finally, we discuss the importance of considering individual personality differences during interventions in clinical and counseling settings.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary restraint on binge eating through disinhibition and the difference in mediating effect of disinhibition by neuroticism. A total of 254 female adults were asked to complete the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Korean version of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Neuroticism, and Binge Eating Scale. Results reveal significant positive correlations between dietary restraint, neuroticism, disinhibition, and binge eating. Additionally, the effect of dietary restraint on binge eating was fully mediated by disinhibition. The effect of neuroticism on disinhibition was significant in high, but not low, neuroticism. Also, the mediating effect of disinhibition on the relationship between dietary restraint and binge eating was significant in high, but not low, neuroticism. That is, dietary restraint has a greater risk of binge eating due to disinhibition, and this risk may increase in the high level of neuroticism. This study explains the psychological mechanism that restrained eating contributes to binge eating, and suggests that interventions for binge eating should strongly consider risk factors.
The purpose of this study is to examine the mediation of self-esteem in the relationship between multidimensional support and happiness of adolescents. To this end, the data of 339 male and female teenagers in the Seoul metropolitan area were collected by SPSS 18.0 We applied the simple regression method to the statistics to examine the mediating effects. The results are as follows. First, self-esteem is partially mediated in relation to multidimensional supportive happiness. Second, self-esteem is partially mediated in relation to emotional support of parents' happiness satisfaction. Third, self-esteem is completely mediated in the relationship between teacher's emotional support and happiness satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects on happiness by subdividing emotional support and satisfaction of parents and teachers. These findings can increase happiness by increasing parental and teacher multidimensional support in adolescents with low emotional support and satisfaction in positive relationships with parents and teachers, and by imbuing them with self-esteem. implying that it can facilitate them adjustment to life. On the basis of this, the limitations of this study and directions for future research are presented.