Coercive treatment in mental health has undergone an immense period of philosophical and clinical debate and yet it remains as a highly important issue in which ideology and practice contradict each other. this study focused on the perceived coercion of the persons with mental disorder and analyzed how the characteristics of mental disorder(psychiatric symptoms, psycho-social functions, insight, and the degree of awareness on the need for treatment) and experiences in the process of hospitalization (legal status, coercive measures, and procedural justice) can predict perceived coercion. The participants of this study were 302 patients that has been hospitalized in the psychiatric ward within the period of 4 weeks. 195 participants(64.6%) were male and 106(35.1%) participants were female. MAES, BPRS, GAF, Insight, Legal Status, Coercive Measures, and Need for Treatment were measured. Regression analysis was used to analyze how much perceived coercion can be predicted by characteristics of mental disorder such as the patients' BPRS, GAF, insight, and need for treatment. As a result it showed that among the characteristics of mental disorder insight and awareness of the need for treatment were the main predictors and the characteristics of experiences during hospitalization such as procedural justice, coercive measures, and legal status all displayed significant predictability. As well as implications of results in a practical method of intervention to reduce perceived coercion, the paper discussed issues for limitations and future consideration.
Coercive treatment in mental health has undergone an immense period of philosophical and clinical debate and yet it remains as a highly important issue in which ideology and practice contradict each other. this study focused on the perceived coercion of the persons with mental disorder and analyzed how the characteristics of mental disorder(psychiatric symptoms, psycho-social functions, insight, and the degree of awareness on the need for treatment) and experiences in the process of hospitalization (legal status, coercive measures, and procedural justice) can predict perceived coercion. The participants of this study were 302 patients that has been hospitalized in the psychiatric ward within the period of 4 weeks. 195 participants(64.6%) were male and 106(35.1%) participants were female. MAES, BPRS, GAF, Insight, Legal Status, Coercive Measures, and Need for Treatment were measured. Regression analysis was used to analyze how much perceived coercion can be predicted by characteristics of mental disorder such as the patients' BPRS, GAF, insight, and need for treatment. As a result it showed that among the characteristics of mental disorder insight and awareness of the need for treatment were the main predictors and the characteristics of experiences during hospitalization such as procedural justice, coercive measures, and legal status all displayed significant predictability. As well as implications of results in a practical method of intervention to reduce perceived coercion, the paper discussed issues for limitations and future consideration.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy(ACT) on anger, stress, and binge eating behavior of the binge eating disorder-prone college students. Four hundred college students who lived in chonbuk province completed the Binge Eating Scale, the Emotional Eating Scale and the Stress Scale. The students who gained more than 18 point score by Binge Eating Scale and have higher anger eating than depression eating and anxiety eating were screened. Fourteen patients who selected by those scales were randomly assigned to 7 in the ACT group and 7 in the waiting-list control group. All participants completed Binge Eating Scale, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Korean version and Stress Scale at pre-treatment, end of treatment, and at 4 weeks follow-up periods. ACT program was administered for 8 sessions. The results of this study were as follows: State anger, anger control, stress, and binge eating of therapy group were decreased more than those of the waiting-list control group but, trait anger was not decrease in both group. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future study were also discussed.
This longitudinal study was to investigate the eating behaviors influencing emotional happiness amongst female university students based on their change of BMI over one year. The changes in category of BMI were composed of three groups, which were 'average-average weight', 'average-overweight', and 'overweight-overweight'. In 'average- average weight' group, the level of bulimic behavior negatively influenced the emotional happiness after one year, otherwise, healthy dieting behavior negatively influenced the one-year-later emotional happiness in 'average-overweight' group. In addition, the effect of anorexic behavior on one-year-later emotional happiness was moderated by self-discrepancy between ideal and actual body shape in 'overweight-overweight' group. In other words, the people with low level of self-discrepancy between ideal and actual body shape, anorexic behavior predicted emotional happiness positively, despite of their maintained problematic overweight. On the other hand, the people with high level of self-discrepancy experienced less emotional happiness as higher level of anorexic behavior. Previous emotional happiness positively influenced the emotional happiness only in 'average-average weight'. The results described above can be interpreted that in the case of the people who have accomplished desired goal in the area of weight and shape, the behavior not fit with the goal influenced emotional happiness significantly, otherwise the behavior fit with the desired goal did the similar role in the case of people who have not.
This study was aimed to examine whether or not self critical students are more vulnerable to depression and negative emotional response when they are asked to recall after read the three hypothetical scenarios related to failure or mistakes. Furthermore, the research was to investigate the relationship between self-criticism and depression is mediated by perceived stress, and is moderated by self compassion. 233 participants were college students, who were divided up into 25% of highly critical students and 25% of low critical students. They were asked to complete the questionnaires of depression, perceived stress, and self compassion. The results revealed that the highly self-critical students were more vulnerable to negative emotions, perceived stress, depression and low self-compassion compared to students who were less critical of themselves. Also, it were presented that the relationship between self-criticism and depression is mediated by perceived stress moderated, and is moderated by self compassion. These findings suggest that self-criticism has more negative affect including depression through perceived stress, but it can be overturned by the practice of loving-kindness meditation to one's self. Finally, we discuss limitations of this study and suggest future directions for this research.
This study is designed to examine the effects of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy(MBCT) for aggression and impulsiveness of adolescent offender. MBCT was reconstructed for aggression and impulsiveness in other to adapted for adolescent offender, in which the session stretched 10th. After 10 sessions, participant group with 13 participant was compared with waiting group(n=13). To reach the goal we evaluated effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for aggression, impulsiveness and depression of adolescent offender. Results were that participant group have shown reduced their aggression and depression, but not impulsiveness. and they advanced mindfulness skill, particularly observation and acceptance. The last, the directions for future research and the methods for maintenance of effect were suggested.
We tested the cognitive vulnerability from hopelessness theory of depression for specificity in predicting depression compared with anxiety. In the study, we sought to provide a more rigorous prospective test of cognitive vulnerability-stress model with a long-term(3 months) longitudinal data from female employees. Results showed that negative events were the general risk factors for both anxiety and depression. Cognitive vulnerability for depression interacted with negative events to predict future hopelessness depression specifically but not anxiety. These results suggest that depressed women were more likely than nondepressed women (1)to attribute negative events to global and stable causes (2)to perceive negative events as having many disastrous consequences, and (3)to view themselves as flawed or deficient after the occurrence of negative events. The clinical implications and limitations of this study were also discussed.
This study is performed to trace personality change patterns of cadets in Korean Military Academy. To achieve this, we analyzed results of the Standardized Personality Diagnostic Inventory of 199 cadets at three times: before entrance(the first wave), beginning of junior cadet year(the second wave), before graduation(the third wave). The result shows that activity and dominance decreased steadily from the first wave to the third wave. Reflectiveness decreased at the second wave and then there was no change until the third wave. Change pattern in emotional stability was simliar to reflectiveness but the amount of decrease at the second wave was larger. There were similar reductions in sociability, autonomy and achievement at the second wave, but those traits showed small increases at the third wave, although the levels were still lower than the first wave measurement. In case of the clinical scales, neurosis scale was increased at the second wave and the level was maintained to the third wave. Psychosis and anti-social behaviors were increased at the second wave, but those measures decreased to the initial level by the third wave. Regarding gender difference, no mean difference was observed in activity, dominance, reflectiveness, sociability, autonomy, achievement scales, except for emotional stability. In addition, clinical scales showed some differential changes by sex. This study also discusses the significance and limitations of result.
This study aims to investigate the roles of social comparison and social comparison copings in stresses and the subjective well-being of the elderly. Participants were 270 elderly men and women who were at least 60 years of age whose average of age was 76.59 (SD=8.35). For this study, stresses in senescence, social comparison, social comparison copings, negative/positive emotion, life satisfaction, subjective happiness were measured. Results indicated that the stress in senescence was positively related to social comparison and social comparison copings, and negatively to the subjective well-being. Stresses in senescence accounted for around 14% variance of subjective well-being. The upward comparison coping accounted more variance of stresses in senescence than the downward comparison coping did. Relationships between variables indicated the possibility of mediating effect of social comparison and social comparison copings rather than moderating effect on stresses and the subjective well-being of the elderly. And regression analysis revealed that only the upward comparison coping had mediating effect on those two variables. This mediating path was also confirmed with structural equation model. This study suggested that the upward comparison coping among social comparison copings, not social comparison itself, may plays an role of mediating variable in the relationship between stresses in senescence and the subjective well-being, and had negatively influenced on quality of life in senescence. It was discussed the mediating effect of the upward comparison coping with Korean collectivism and previous studies.
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Neurofeedback Training on pain reduction, quality of sleep, and quality of life in patients with Temporomandibular disorders. Temporomandibular Disorder Questionnaire, Visual Analog Scale(VAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI), and Oral Health Impact Profile(OHIP) were used for selecting in pre-test. 14 people who took a Temporomandibular Disorder diagnosis and experienced a jaw pain participated in this study. They got a relatively high score in PSQI and OHIP. Then, 14 people were randomly assigned to a 10 weeks Neurofeedback Training group(n=7) or wait-list control group(n=7). The Neurofeedback training for 7 people was administered for 20 sessions. Jaw pain, quality of sleep, and quality of life were assessed at pre-test, post-test, and 1-month follow-up periods. The results of this study were that scores of jaw pain, quality of sleep and quality of life in the Neurofeedback Training group were significantly decreased more than those in the wait-list control group. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study as well as suggestions for further research were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of character strengths on the well-being and adaptive coping style among 267 Korean adolescents using the Values in Action Inventory for Youth(VIA-Youth). It is found that the character strengths of vitality, gratitude, hope, and love predicted life satisfaction, the character strengths of vitality, hope, love, and integrity predicted emotional well-being, the character strengths of hope, love, gratitude, love of learning, self-regulation, and bravery predicted psychological well-being, and the character strengths of hope, bravery, love of learning, and fairness predicted adaptive coping style significantly. We discussed similarities and differences between the results of precedent studies and this study. In this study, the character strengths that Korean adolescents need to build for enhancing well-being and the adaptive coping were specified and confirmed. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
The present study explored psychosocial characteristics of infants with genital anomalies (GA) and their caregivers against normal controls. Participants were female caregivers and infants between the ages of 6to38months diagnosed with hypospadias(HS;n=103) or cryptorchidism (CR;n=49). Normalcontrols(n=131) were recruited and selected via Internet. Caregivers completed measures on parenting stress, coping style, social support, and infant temperament. Within the GAgroups, HScaregivers reported their greatest parental concerns as infant urination/bodily functioning difficulties whereas CRcaregivers reported worries related to surgical anesthesia issues. Both groups reported concern about their children’s potential reproductive problems. Per caregiver report, infants with GA had lower ability to self-soothe. HS infants in particular were perceived as exhibiting greater negative emotion. Compared with controls, HS and CRcaregivers overall employed coping strategies more frequently and had lower interpersonal sensitivity and parental distress. However, HScaregivers emerged as experiencing higher stress when compared to the CRgroup. There were no differences in to tal parenting stress and social support scores between groups. Further, CRcaregivers reported lower levels of family discord than controls. Despite temperament-related differences between infants with GA and normal controls, HS and CRcaregivers reported lower parental distress and greater use of coping skills as compared to controls. Clinical implications are discussed.
This study have qualitatively analyzed the process of the people addicted to gambling in psychosocial perspective. For this purpose the 33 gamblers' depth interview data were analyzed in ground theory by various experts including problem gambling, clinical psychology, qualitative analysis, and research methodology area. The sociodemographic aspects of participants were as follows, 23 males and 13 females, the most prevalent age is from 30 to 40(17 people), and office workers and self-employers are majority in their occupation. As the results of analysis, the categories were divided into early experience of gambling, the process of gambling addiction, and the consequences of gambling addiction. The sub-categories of early experience of gambling were the momentum of starting gambling, the outcome of first gambling, and strong emotional experience due to gambling. The momentum of starting gambling was the invitation of acquaintance. The 23 people among 33 participants remembered the outcome of first gambling was win the money and appraised the experience positively. When they started the gambling they experienced very strong emotion such as ecstasy, thrill, or fun. In the process of gambling addiction, the motivational thought and inability of control were extracted as sub-categories. The motivational factors were big-win, chasing, and indefinite expectation. Also they reported the typical symptoms of gambling addiction such as the inability of control, irresistible gambling thought, anxiety, irritation, and failure of stopping gambling. As a result of gambling addiction, various harmful consequences had been appeared, the sub-categories of consequences of gambling addiction were personal, familial, and occupational or economical. The personal consequences due to gambling were negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, feeling of isolation, shame, and regrets. Additionally character change, crime impulse, or health threat were also reported. Familial consequences were conflict with family, severance in relations, and only gambling friends were remained. The consequences of occupational or economical were inability to keep working, bad credit, or bankruptcy. Compromising above results, the new model of gambling addiction was suggested. The discussion, significance, proposal for future research, and limitation of the study were also suggested.
This study investigated impairments in frontal lobe's executive function in internet addiction like pathologic gambling in impulse-control disorder. 40 undergraduate students(20 Internet addictive tendency group and 20 control group) participated in four executive function task: Gambling Task(measuring decision-making), Continuous Performance Task(measuring impulsivity), Stroop Test(measuring response inhibition), Word Fluency Test(measuring cognitive flexibility). The results indicate that there was no significant difference in decision-making and response inhibition ability between internet addictive tendency group and control group. But, internet addictive tendency group was more impulsive and poor cognitive flexibility than control group. In conclusion, these findings support some executive dysfunction in internet addiction group. The limitations of this study and suggested directions for future research were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Gambling Urge Scale(Raylu & Oei, 2004a). The urge or craving to gamble is a physiological, psychological, or emotional motivational state, often associated with continued gambling. The factor structure, reliability, item property and criterion-related evidence of validity are analyzed for 1,158 adults including local casino employee and customers. The Korean version of the Gambling Urge Scale, in a similar way as the original version, displays a stable one factor structure and high reliability(Cronhach's alpha=.93∼95), showing good convergent validity(level of gambling addiction r=.258∼.587, frequency of gambling behaviors r=.336, irrational gambling belief r=.397, gambling motivations r=.420∼.614, all ps<.001). Findings suggest that the K-GUS is reliable and valid in assessing gambling craving during a gambling addiction studies. Implications of the findings and directions for research on gambling addiction are discussed.