Researchers and practitioners increasingly perceive evidence-based treatment (EBT) as essential for improving treatment effectiveness in the health and addiction fields. Although, historically, it has not been a standard of care in behavioral health, there are sound scientific and ethical reasons to learn and deliver an EBT as it becomes available. This article examined the conclusions of reviews of EBTs from several research group. Best EBTs were brief intervention, motivational approach, cognitive-behavior therapy, community reinforcement approach, behavioral self-control training, social skills training, GABA Agnoist. The study findings provide important information regarding training and research dissemination efforts.
This study investigated whether skin conduction response(arousal) and gambling behavior(the amount of betting) is different in pathological gambling group(13) and control group(13) during the positive reinforcement(win) as well as punishment(loss). 594 undergraduates completed the K-NODS and impulsivity questionnaire(BIS-11). 594 undergraduates asked to complete K-NODS and BIS-11. They were divided two group according to th severity of gambling, the experimental subjects(N=26) were selected. 13 subjects were of pathological gambling group, 13 subjects were of normal group. In the experimental study, The two groups were administrated a slot machine game. Skin conduction response as the index of arousal and the amount of betting as gambling behavior was measured when participants played a slot machine. This Study was failed to find the differentiated effect of arousal and the amount of betting depending on gambling conditions. However, Pathological gambling group had higher SCR and the amount of betting compared to control group when was exposed to positive stimuli(win og gambling). Finally, limitations and suggestions of this study were discussed.
This study investigated whether skin conduction response(arousal) and gambling behavior(the amount of betting) is different in pathological gambling group(13) and control group(13) during the positive reinforcement(win) as well as punishment(loss). 594 undergraduates completed the K-NODS and impulsivity questionnaire(BIS-11). 594 undergraduates asked to complete K-NODS and BIS-11. They were divided two group according to th severity of gambling, the experimental subjects(N=26) were selected. 13 subjects were of pathological gambling group, 13 subjects were of normal group. In the experimental study, The two groups were administrated a slot machine game. Skin conduction response as the index of arousal and the amount of betting as gambling behavior was measured when participants played a slot machine. This Study was failed to find the differentiated effect of arousal and the amount of betting depending on gambling conditions. However, Pathological gambling group had higher SCR and the amount of betting compared to control group when was exposed to positive stimuli(win og gambling). Finally, limitations and suggestions of this study were discussed.
This study intended to divide gambling into different categories and to understand actual condition and participation rate of gambling and the prevalence of the pathological gambling in south-korea through an examination of the whole country. 1,805 survey participants were recruited by using a stratified sampling based on sex, age, and areas. Results showed that most frequent gambling activities were whatu/card games, lotto, and online gambling games. A yearly prevalence of pathological gambling was 3.0%(K-NODS)～3.8%(K-MAGS). Among the gambling types, the prevalence of pathological gambling of whatu/cards, lotto, online games, and other lotteris was 2.1～3.9%. The prevalence of stocks and illegal gambling was highly significant with 21.1%, 9.1～40%. Results of whole social loss from gambling showed online games, lotto and whatu/cards to be in order from low to high respectively. When stocks were included, stocks were the highest in the social loss. The suggestions, significance, and critical points of the current study have been discussed as well.
This study investigated the responses of the autonomic nervous system of individuals with Type D personality during an acute stressful situation. Twenty-three female students of Type D personality and 23 female students with non-Type D personality. Stroop Color-Word Task was used to induce a stressful situation, heart rate variability (HRV) was used to measure the responses of the autonomic nervous system during the baseline, acute stress, recovery periods. To analyze the data, the repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the autonomic nervous system of the Type D group to that of the non-Type D group. Regression analysis is used to determine if the Type D scale and stress vulnerability predicted the activities of the autonomic nervous system during the baseline period. The results of this study demonstrated that the Type D group's normalized low frequency (LF norm) and ratio of low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF ratio) were higher than those for the non-Type D group, while its normalized high frequency (HF norm) was lower than that for the non-Type D group in all three periods. There were no statistically significant differences among the three periods in terms of LF norm, HF norm, and LF/HF ratio in the Type D group. The study demonstrated that the total scores of the Type DS-14 and scores of social inhibition and negative affect were independent predictors of LF norm and HF norm during the baseline. The Type D group showed increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system and/or decreased activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. These results support the hypothesis that the Type D personality is vulnerable to the stress. Also, the highly activated sympathetic and/or lowly activated parasympathetic nervous systems, which were observed in the Type D group during the baseline, indicated that the Type D individual is susceptible to psychosomatic disorders.
Hypochondriasis is defined as a preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea that one has, a serious disease based on a misinterpretation of one or more bodily signs or symptoms. It is well known that one's distorted attitudes and beliefs about illness are essential features in developing hypochondriasis. The objectives of this study were to examine a relationship of hypochondriacal illness attitudes, Preoccupation to Illness and Concern to Health, in connection to Five-Factor Personality Model and Anxiety Sensitivity. And this study was to find out the most predictive personality factor in explaining hypochondriacal illness attitudes among Korean non-clinical sample. 607 undergraduates completed the NEO-PI-R(Costa & McCrae, 1992), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index- Revised(Taylor1998), and Illness Attitudes Scale(Kellner, 1986). The results also suggest that previously observed positive associations between Neuroticism and Anxiety Sensitivity, and hypochondriacal illness attitudes, and negative associations between Extraversion, Agreeableness and hypochondriacal illness attitudes. Anxiety Sensitivity was a most significant predictor of general hypochondriacal concerns, and especially of Preoccupations to Illness, that is the higher order factor of the IAS. The results of this study strongly suggest hypochondriasis lies on a continuum and represents an individual difference variable, such as personality factors.
This study aimed at identifying the psychometric characteristics of patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). CRPS refers to neuropathic pain disorders developing as a disproportionate consequence of painful trauma or a nerve lesion affecting the limbs or a bone fracture, or as a consequence of a remote process like stroke, spinal cord injury or myocardial infarction. Although CRPS mechanism for the disease is still controversial, its onset and progress are widely known to be related to psychological factors. The subjects of this study included 102 patients suffering from CRPS. Their demographic data, responses to the illness behavior questionnaire (IBQ), multidimensional health locus of control scale (MHLC) and coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ), and their MMPI T scores were analyzed. Multivariate clustering analysis divided the patients' MMPI profiles into three homogeneous subgroups. Group I was characterized by 'conversion V' pattern with elevated Hs and Hy scores. Group II showed relatively normal profiles, but had more internal control than group III. Group III showed simultaneous increases in Hs-D-Hy scores and Pa-Pt-Sc scores. It also acquired higher scores than the other two subgroups in illness behavior characteristics, such as the hypochondriasis, disease conviction, affective inhibition and affective disturbance. Besides, with respect to a way to handle the pain, group III displayed more disastrous thinking than group II. In conclusion, an appropriate therapeutic approach that takes into account the characteristics of each sub group should be considered in the psychological treatment of patients suffering from CRPS.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of social anxiety with concern for offending others and sociocultural variables. 563 undergraduate and graduate students were asked to complete the questionnaires such as Tajin Kyofusho Scale(TKS), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale(SAD), Che-myeon Scale, Nun-chi Scale, Self-Construal Scale(SCS), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS). The results were summarized as follows: First, Pearson correlation analyses showed that TKS was correlated significantly with all variables, and SAD was correlated significantly with all variables except bo-neon nun-chi. Second, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that che-myeon, ju-neon nun-chi, and interdependent self-construal predicted the variance of TKS. On the contrary, Che-myeon, independent and interdependent self-construal predicted the variance of SAD. Overall these findings suggest that che-myeon and nun-chi, esp. nun-chi may be an important sociocultural factor to influencing social anxiety with concern for offending others. Finally, the implications and limitations of the present study were discussed.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the factors affecting the death and the existence of elders in Korea in the stream of the rapid change into the aging society. The results indicated that not different about the experience of 17 diseases discriminated between the group of the death and of the existence. When 14 factors, such as, fulfillment of social and self-esteem need, positive emotional experience and etc., the correct classification rate increased upto 67.9%. To explain the subjective well-being and physical health for both the death and the existence groups, hierarchical regression analysis for 13 factors was implemented. Economic status, negative emotional experience, and fulfillment of social and self-esteem need significantly explained the subjective well-being (70.9%) for the existence group, and past illness was added (60.8%) for the death group. The perception of the physical health for the existence group was explained by only economic status and marital satisfaction (44.7%), whereas illness, economic status, and negative emotional experience had the explanation variance (45.4%) for the death group. The results were discussed, and the suggestions for further study were also proposed.
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of self-focused attention in the relation between gratitude-disposition and depression. For this purpose, I collected and analyzed questionnaire data on gratitude-disposition, self-consciousness, and depression from 661 university students. Of these, 82 people with high depression scores were selected for experimental study, and randomly assigned to three groups depending on the intervention conditions (gratitude, goal, or everyday event writing). Participants in the gratitude condition performed grateful or thankful event record and letter of thanks. But participants in the goal condition wrote down accomplished goal events in life, and in everyday condition were to write down events of everyday living. Self-focus and depression were measured free-writing and Brunel Mood Scale. The questionnaire data showed that gratitude and depression are negatively correlated but, contrary to expectation, gratitude and self-focused attention are positively correlated. The A multiple-regression analysis revealed that self-focused attention did not show moderating and mediating effects of gratitude and depression. In the experimental data, depressive-mood scores decreased in the gratitude condition group that was given, gratitude intervention. In this group, the focus of others increased, but the focus of self was unchanged. Therefore, the current result is consistent with other studies reporting that the other-focused feature of gratitude is distinguished from other positive emotions. Overall, the present findings support the suggestion that gratitude includes self-focused and other-focused features
This study aims to investigate the relations of impulsivity as a personality trait, anger and anger regulation assessed by STAXI and NAS to violence in dating relationships. The participants were 543 Korean adults (219 males and 324 females) who had the experience of heterosexual dating relationship, whose ages ranged from 18 to 59. The psychological tests used in this research included the following: Straus' Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS), Eysenck Personality Scale (EPS), Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), The Novaco Anger Scale (NAS). Results revealed that male subjects reported more frequently experience of receiving dating violence than female did. People with experience of both inflicting and receiving of dating violence showed higher anger scores as well as more stronger impulsivity than those who never experienced it and the only victims. They revealed higher trait anger and anger-out in STAXI than those who never experienced it. In NAS, although they were cognitively more suspicious than others, there were remarkable differences on behavior and arousal domain. In addition, it was found that significant relationship between cognitive domain of anger and male's inflicting dating violence only. Anger-out in STAXI and indirect anger expression in NAS accounted for the most variance of inflicting and receiving dating violence. STAXI and NAS accounted for almost same level of the variance of inflicting dating violence, and NAS accounted little more for the variance of receiving it. The present findings suggest the useful information for prevention and intervention of violence in intimate relationships.
The purposes of this study are to investigate the differences and relationships of emotion, cognition, and behavior responses between the car accident experienced drivers and the accident-free drivers when facing car accident scenario. The respondents with driving experience above a year were asked to rate the experienced emotion, cognition, and behavior in driving scenario. Responses of 343 participants had been analyzed factor analysis, t-test, and correlation analysis. In factor analysis, 2 factors were showed in the emotion, cognition, and behavior responses, respectively: anxiety and anger in emotion, other-blame and self-blame in cognition, and aggressive responses and defensive responses in behavior. In t-test, the car accident experienced drivers have more other-blame than accident-free group. There is no significant differences in self-blame. In behavior responses, the accident experienced group reported more of defensive responses than the accident-free drivers. In correlation analysis, anger was correlated with other-blame and aggressive responses, respectively. Anxiety also showed positive correlation with other-blame, self-blame, and defensive responses, respectively. Other-blame was correlated with aggressive responses and self-blame was correlated with defensive responses. It is suggested that the appropriate level of anxiety may be effective in safe driving.
The goal of this study was to investigate the influences of overall and specific negative emotions affecting eating behaviors, especially, binge eating. This study first examined the influence of each specific negative emotion (anxiety, anger, and depression) on binge eating of bulimics through self-report questionnaires, and then conducted a laboratory experiment in order to clarify a causal relationship between binge eating and anxiety. With 357 results of BULIT-R, K-EAT, DEBQ, and EES tests, this study first showed that negative emotions had significant correlations with binge eating. Moreover, it also demonstrated that anxiety was the most influential negative emotion that affected eating behaviors by bulimic and normal eaters. The laboratory experiments were conducted with 52 participants in order to examine a causal relationship between anxiety and binge eating. The result indicated that bulimic eaters eat more when they are irritated or worried, but normal eaters eat less in the same situation.
This study was to investigate mediator effects in the influence of the parent-adolescent communication on depression. Participants were high school students in Seoul, Busan, and Gyeonggi in Korea. They completed a package of measures; parent-adolescent communication scale, self-esteem scale, irrational beliefs test, Korea depression scale. Participants who did not answer any questionnaire were excluded from the analysis. The final sample size was 339. Female adolescents scored higher on depression and male adolescents scored higher on self-esteem. This study showed that self-esteem and irrational beliefs had a mediating effect between parent-adolescent communication and depression, although parent-adolescent communication didn't have an direct effect on depression. This result suggest that parent-adolescent communication influence depression through self-esteem and irrational beliefs. The self-esteem was the most significant means of predicting adolescent depression. Finally, Implications, limitations of this study and suggestions for the future study were discussed.
The present study was designed to test the effects of EMG Biofeedback Training and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training on headache reduction in tension headache patients' absorption capacity. "Absorption" is the ability of a person to immerse his or her awareness and imaginative and ideational capacities into periods of total attention. Thirty-two subjects, proved to be tension headache patients through Diagnosis Questionnaire, were divided randomly into four groups: Biofeedback group in high absorption, and relaxation group in low absorption. Baseline frontalis EMG level of 2 sessions was measured for 2 weeks. Biofeedback groups receive contingent EMG feedback with instruction to lower there muscle activity level using the auditory feedback for 7 weeks(8 sessions). Relaxation training groups were instructed to practice taped progressive muscle relaxation training procedure for 7 weeks(8 sessions). Follow up frontalis EMG level of 2 sessions was measured for 2 weeks. All subjects were required to record their daliy headache level for all treatment stages. Groups in high absorption were significantly reduced after progressive muscle relaxation training than EMG biofeedback training. Groups in low absorption were significantly improved after EMG biofeedback training. Groups in high absorption were significantly reduced following progressive relaxation training than EMG biofeedback training. Reason for these differences in responsiveness to the treatment were discussed. Finally, implications, restrictions and suggestions of the present study were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Life Stress, State Anxiety and Dermatological Quality of Life in Adult Atopic Dermatitis Patients. Participants are Adult Atopic Dermatitis who selected by Daily Hassles Scale for Korean Worker, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Skindex-29. Patients who agreed to participate in this study were assigned to 10 in the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Group and 10 in the Waiting List Control Group. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis Patients was administered for 11 sessions. Then 4 weeks later post test was administered. The results of this study were that Life Stress, State Anxiety of therapy group were decreased more than those of the waiting list control group. Also, Dermatological Quality of Life of therapy group were increased more than control group. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study and the suggestions for future study were also discussed.