The adaptive regulation of emotion is critical for social functioning and psychological well-being. Also, it is being considered as a transdiagnotic factor. The purpose of the present study is to review the emotion regulations of child and adolescent from developmental perspectives and to emphasize the importance of development perspectives for emotion regulations during this period. To achieve this, definitions of emotion regulation, developmental aspects of emotion regulations of brain developments of emotion regulations, relationships between emotion regulations of child and adolescent, parents’ emotion regulations and emotion expressions, emotion regulations of children and adolescents’ psychopatholoy with the current state of counseling and psychological interventions were all examined. Finally, further research tasks on the children and adolescents’ emotion regulations according to the base of previous contents were suggested.
Recently, mindfulness has received a great deal of attention among psychologists, psychiatrists, and mental health practitioners. This article explores how mindful yoga and yoga nidra affect the level of mindfulness, perceived stress and psychological well-being. Fifty nine female yoga practitioners were divided into three groups; mindful yoga group (16), yoga nidra group (16), and control yoga group (27). The 2 experimental groups (EG) had 8 weeks of one-hour sessions (one session per week) and the control group (CoG) had a general yoga practice during the period. The results show that the EG has significantly improved the level of "non-judging of experiences" when comparing to CoG and its effects were maintained after four weeks. With regards to the psychological well-being, EG have shown significant effects on the factor of “personal growth”. This study suggests that both mindful yoga and yoga nidra are similar in their effects of mindfulness, perceived stress and psychological well-being.
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Mindfulness Based Relationship Enhancement(MBRE) training for marital satisfaction levels. Middle-aged married women were assigned to either the training or control group. MBRE training consists of 8 sessions. Participants have completed Mindfulness Scale, Social Readjustment Rating Scale, Marital Intimacy Scale, Dyadic Adjustment Scale at pre-training, post-training and 4 weeks of follow-up test periods. The MBRE training significantly increased marital satisfaction, mindfulness, and marital intimacy whereas it significantly decreased marital stress. The effects were still maintained at the follow- up test. These results suggest that MBRE has positive effects on marital satisfaction levels through changing the mindfulness, marital intimacy and marital stress. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are being discussed.
This study aims to examine the effects of well-being cognition on stress and psysical well-being among professional bus drivers. Participants consisted of 14 bus drivers from two bus companies in Seoul, all being randomly assigned to either a well-being cognition active treatment group [n=7, mean age=50.86 years, SD=5.27] or a waitlist control group [n=7, mean age=45.71 years, SD=11.12]. The bus drivers in the well-being cognition group were guided to engage in well-being cognitions which involved positive and optimistic self-talks in order to generate a state of positive effects within themselves. They were given water bottles written with well-being cognition statements and were instructed to read and recite the statements each time they drank water while driving. They also received text message reminders to recite the well-being cognitions three times a week over a period of 6 weeks. Results revealed that overall job stress and the majority of job stress-related sub-scales (including role conflicts, overload, and work environment-related stress) significantly decreased within the well-being cognition treatment group. The well-being cognition treatment group also showed significant increases in life satisfaction levels and significant decreases in negative effects and stress response behaviors. There were, however, no significant differences between groups with respect to the role ambiguity, job stress due to interpersonal relations, job satisfaction, job commitment, life satisfaction expectancy, or positive effects of well-being cognitions. The implications and limitations of the study were also discussed.
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness meditations for reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and Hwa-Byung(a cultural-specific Korean disorder) among middle-aged Korean females with Hwa-Byung. The present sample consisted of 18 participants (mean age=41.33 years; SD=3.53) living in the Seoul metropolitan area who met the criteria for Hwa-Byung. Participants were randomly assigned to either a mindfulness meditation group (n=9) or a waitlist control group (n=9). The women from the mindfulness meditation group participated in 8 weekly sessions in s small group format (3-6 participants per group), which lasted for approximately 20 minutes per session. Symptom changes were monitored by using the Hwa-Byung symptom scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies- Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Stress Response Index. Results revealed that the mindfulness meditation group was significantly associated with larger pre-post difference scores than the control group for all outcomes of depression, anxiety, stress, and Hwa-Byung symptoms. These results suggest that mindfulness meditations can be effective for the alleviation symptoms associated with Hwa-Byung, depression, anxiety, and stress. Implications and limitations of the current study, as well as suggestions for future research, were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Positive Psychotherapy (PPT) on Depression, Self-Esteem, and Optimism of Adolescents with School Maladjustments. One hundred students fome the Mental Health Center located in the Chonbuk province completed the School Adjustment Scale (SAS), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and Children's Attribution Style Questionnaire (CASQ). Twenty selected patients were randomly assigned to the PPT group and the control group evenly. The PPT program was administered for 8 sessions. All participants completed the School Adjustment Scale (SAS), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and Children's Attribution Style Questionnaire (CASQ) at the pre-test, post-test, and at 4 weeks of follow-up periods. The results of this study were as follows: for self-esteem, the optimism of therapy group was significantly more than the control group, and the depression from the therapy group was significantly less than the control group. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study together with, the suggestions for future study were also discussed.
In the present study, we made several necessary improvements of the Knowledge of Evidence-Based Services Questionnaire (KEBSQ)— a measure designed for measure Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) knowledge across various youth problem areas. First, we identified the presence of “bad” items that need to be discarded. Second, we identified the presence of two distinct KEBSQ item types: (1) items associated with “high coverage” and (2) items associated with “low coverage”. Results based on exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and internal consistency estimates clearly showed that these “low coverage” and “high coverage” items have unique properties and should not be combined together to form a total score. Instead, their contrasting properties suggest that “low coverage” and “high coverage” items should comprise of two different versions of the KEBSQ tests. We also significantly reduced the length of KEBSQ by eliminating the “bad” items which create two separate 12-item and 18-item tests to assess knowledge on “low coverage” and “high coverage” treatment practices, respectively. Study implications and additional necessary research efforts are also discussed.
The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the 'SNS Addiction Proneness Scale for College Students', which can be used to measure the SNS addiction proneness. First of all, we have to clarify the concepts of SNS addiction, and derive at the eight factors: salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, conflict, disturbance of adaptive, and virtual life orientation. Then, 52 items were developed, based on 7 factors. We extract 6 factors from the SNS Addiction Proneness Scale after the Exploratory Factor Analysis at the preliminary item analysis. In the main survey, data from 331 male and female undergraduates (ages: 17-29) were analyzed. Item analysis, reliability analysis, and exploratory factor analysis are performed and we reach the final 4 factors composing of 24 items. The 4 factors were disturbance of adaptive life and control failure, preoccupation and tolerance, avoidance of negative emotions, and virtual life orientation and withdrawal, and reliability (Cronbach's α) was .92. Concurrent validity was conducted with other instruments such as the Smart phone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults: Self-diagnosis, Loneliness Scale, and Depression Scale in order to confirm the newly developed instrument. The results demonstrated that the SNS Addiction Proneness Scale had appropriate degree of correlations with the existing smart phone addiction scale and related variables. And, loneliness and depression were used as the variables to predict the SNS addiction proneness. Lastly, based on these results, we discussed several values and limitations of this study and provided suggestions for further researches.
This study investigates the effects of parental knowledge for peer network and peer influence on adolescent substance use. Analyses were conducted by using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health dataset, being collected between 1994 and 1996. For the purpose of the present study, a supplemental sample of datasets (N = 2,841), including European American, African American, and Asian American adolescents, were used. Regarding the supplemental sample that was being used in the present study, the average age of participants was 15 years old (SD = 1.56) and the sample was evenly distributed between males (50%) and females (50%). In this study, two hypotheses were being tested: 1) parental knowledge of peer networks predicts adolescent substance use, and 2) peer adolescent substance use predicts adolescent substance use. The results of this study showed that there was a direct influence of peer substance use on adolescent substance use, which suggests that adolescents who reported that their friends used more substances were at increased risks of using more substances themselves. This result is consistent with previous findings. On the contrary, there were no significant findings in the relationship between parental knowledge for peer networks and adolescent substance uses. Additional analyses were conducted to investigate ethnic differences. Some interesting differences between European American and African American adolescents were also identified. The findings suggest that peer adolescent use is less related to adolescent substance use for African American adolescents when compared with European American adolescents. Based on these findings, this paper discusses suggestions related to adolescent substance use preventions and intervention programs, together with ethnic differences in parent and peer influence on adolescent uses, and later, suggests future directions.
The purpose of the study is to verify the roles of experiential avoidance as a mediating variable between emotional dysregulation, intolerance of uncertainty and worrying. A total of 530 university students participated in the study and have completed the intolerance of uncertainty scale (IUS), Korean version on difficulties of emotional regulation scale (K-DERS), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II (AAQ-II), and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). First, the correlation between intolerance of uncertainty, emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance were being investigated. We also examined the unique effects for intolerances of uncertainty, and emotional dysregulations of worrying. Next, we verified the assumption that the intolerance of uncertainty and emotional dysregulations should have positively direct effects on worrying as well as through the mediating effects of experiential avoidance, where the data are analyzed by the Structural Equation Model. The results indicate the following: first, all the variances show positive correlations to each other. And, both the intolerance of uncertainty and emotional dysregulation significantly predicted worrying. Next, intolerance of uncertainty and emotional dysregulation both showed direct and indirect effects on worrying. This study discovers how the intolerance of uncertainty and emotional dysregulation lead to worrying in detail by identifying the roles of experiential avoidance. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study discussed for future research directions.
Rejection sensitivity is the disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection. People high in rejection sensitivity are at risk for interpersonal and personal distress. In present study, the authors investigated the question whether or not the cognitive emotion regulation strategies would have therapeutic effects on the relationship between rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms. In order to answer the question, hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. The results of analyses showed that the cognitive emotion regulation buffered high rejection sensitive people from depressive symptomatology. Specifically, among cognitive emotion regulation strategies, acceptance and other blame are interacted with rejection sensitivity. These findings suggest that it may serve as a protective factor particulary in rejection sensitive people with depressive symptoms. Finally, the authors discussed the implications of present study in theoretical and clinical manner. and, the limitations of this study were discussed along with suggestions for further research.
This study has been implemented to discover the differences of the emotional recognition ability between alcoholic group and regular group, and to figure out how the alcoholic’s emotional recognition ability is associated with self-conception and interpersonal problem. For this purpose, after executing a test pertinent to the emotional recognition test, self-conception, and interpersonal problems targeting at patients diagnosed with alcoholism and to 35 normal people, the test results were analyzed. The conclusion from this study is as follows. From the alcoholic and normal people according to the emotional recognition, self-conception, and interpersonal problems from the ERT, it was shown that alcoholic group has lower emotional recognitions than the normal group, especially in emotions such as sadness, revulsion, and fear. It was also revealed that the two factors of physical self-concept and home-parent self-concept, were more negative in the sub-variables of self-conception. However, the differences between two groups were not related to interpersonal problems. And, as a result from investigating the relations of sub- variables for the emotional recognition, self-conception, and interpersonal problems, the two groups were related to emotional recognitions. The more positive the self-concept, the less the interpersonal problems occur. Finally, the limitations and suggestions for further research were also discussed.
Emotional and external eating distinctly constructs each other, and were considered as having different psychological mechanisms. This study aims to examine the influences of dietary behavior, eating attribution style, and early maladaptive schema for emotional and external eating. Dietary behaviors were classified as unhealthy diets and repeated dieting attempts. We selected four scales: defectiveness/shame, emotional inhibition, unrelenting standards, and insufficient self-control from early maladaptive schema. The authors distributed questionnaires to 250 female college students and 216 of them were included in the data analysis. They completed the Dutch Eating Behavior questionnaire (DEBQ), the Eating Attributional Style Questionnaire (EASQ), and the Young's Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that repeated dieting attempts, stable attributions for indulgent food consumptions, emotional inhibitions, and unrelenting standards predicted emotional eating; and only repeated dieting attempts predicted external eating after controlling other patterns of eating. These results suggest that the mechanisms which underly emotional eating might differ from the ones that underly external eating. The limitations and implications of the present results were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of smoking urges and the withdrawal symptoms on maintenance of smoking cessations, together with the coping and perceived smoking cessation effects which moderate smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms of smoking cessations. In addition, this study also verified if the smoking cessation maintenance group and the failure group have differences in the sample's demographic profiles and smoking behaviors. 144 subjects (68 maintenance and 76 fail) were participated in this study. The results showed that low smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms predicted the maintenance of smoking cessations. Moreover, the interactions between smoking urges and coping, and withdrawal symptoms and coping were rather significant. Particularly, coping affects maintenance of smoking cessations even if the smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms are high. Based on these investigations, the clinical implications and several limitations of the study were discussed.
The monetary factors have been considered as a role of reward and reinforcement in gambling behaviors, especially the Big-win experience is main influencing factor. This study investigated the effects on experience for Big-win and Big-loss on the problems in gambling behaviors. For this research, 160 participants who had visited the KL Addiction center were asked to answer the KCPGI, the irrational beliefs scale, depression and anxiety scales, which investigated the daily average money for gambling, Big-win amount money, and Big-loss amount money. The participants were divided into four groups according to the experiences of Big-win and Big-loss. In the study, there were significant main effects in Big-loss and significant interactions between the Big-win and Big-loss experiences. These results showed that the severity of problematic gambling increases in the Big-loss experience group and further increases in the Big-win and Big-loss interaction groups. Finally, the limitations and suggestions of further research were discussed.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of imagining one's own to-be-delivered speech from either a 1st-person or a 3rd-person's perspective for anxiety and subsequent speech performances. It was hypothesized that the effects of visual perspectives on speech anxiety would be mediated by self-focused attention. We also examined a strategy which aimed at reducing the speech anxiety based on the main premise of the construal level theory. Results showed that participants in the 3rd-person's perspective condition reported higher levels of anxiety than those in the 1st-person's perspective condition. And, as expected, this relationship was mediated by self-focused attention (study 1). In addition, participants, who had imagined their speech behaviors based on the 'why' construal (i.e., high-level construal), experienced an abstract mind-set and reported with higher levels of relaxation than those who had imagined the same behavior based on the 'how' construal (i.e., low-level construal) (study 2). Implications and limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
This study investigated institutionalized children's cognitive characteristics and their relationships with behavioral problems. Subjects composed of 110 children from 32 child-welfare facilities in Seoul (Average age: 11.31; 66 boys and 44 girls). Children's cognitive abilities were measured by using the K-WISC-IV, and their emotional and behavioral problems are evaluated with K-CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist 6-18). Data were analyzed by the mean, standard deviation, and correlation for descriptions. The K-mean cluster analysis was employed to investigate subtypes of cognitive patterns, and the one-way ANOVA was employed for finding differences among various age groups. Results showed that institutionalized children's average intelligence was 83.26 years (SD=14.36) which was lower than the standardization group. There were no differences in perceptual reasoning index, working memory index, and processing speed index of K-WISC-IV among the different age groups. In case of verbal comprehension index, however, the 13-16 years old adolescents showed lower scores than the 6-9 years old children. As a result of the K-mean cluster analysis, participants were divided into four groups (average group, low average group, borderline/mental retardation group, low verbal ability and attention problem group). The children from the borderline/mental retardation groups were reported to have more problems with regards to social immaturity and inattentiveness as compared to the average group. Finally, the implications and limitations of the present study were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among adult attachment according to two dimensions (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance), breakup distress and growth following dissolutions of romantic relationship. For this purpose, the research model and alternative models with various paths among attachment dimensions, together with the breakup distress and growth was set and they were further tested on whether the research model was the best fit by using structural equation modeling. The second purpose of this study is to verify whether contingencies of self-worth (CSW) has moderating effects between adult attachment and breakup distress, upon the research model comparing adult attachment and growth. 1,524 university students responded to the survey and data of 233 students experienced breakups within 6 months were used for statistic analysis. The results were as follows: First, it was shown that attachment anxiety positively affects breakup distress, meaning that the higher the level of attachment anxiety, the higher the breakup distress. Second, it was shown that attachment avoidance negatively affects growth, indicating that attachment avoidance hinders growth. Third, the relationship between breakup distress and growth was identified to be independent. Fourth, others’ approvals of CSW moderated the relationships between attachment anxiety and breakup distress. Theoretical and clinical implications as well as the limitations were discussed.
This study aims to examine the relations of stresses and self-disclosures to physical health together with the subjective happiness of the elderly, and to investigate the roles of self-disclosure in stresses and physical health or subjective happiness of the elderly. Participants were 250 elderly men and women living in Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, who were at least 65 years of age with the average age of 76.87 (SD=7.38). For this study, stresses in senescence, self-disclosure, physical symptoms, perceived health and happiness were measured. Results indicated that the stresses in senescence was positively related to physical symptoms, and negatively related to subjective health and happiness. Stresses in senescence shared 28% of variances in physical symptoms and 16% of variances in subjective happiness. There were no significant relationships between stresses in senescence and self-disclosures. Self-disclosure was positively related to subjective happiness, while not significantly related to physical symptoms and subjective health. Stepwise regression analyses showed that stresses of health issues were accounted for most variances of physical symptoms and subjective health, and stresses with financial issues were accounted for most variances of subjective happiness. In the 2-way ANOVA, interaction effects of stresses in senescence and self-disclosure were significant in the physical symptoms, especially in insomnia and stomach symptoms. Old people with high stress levels showing less self-disclosures had noticeable insomnia and stomach symptoms. Finally, it was discussed the roles of stress in senescence and self-disclosure with previous studies and the characteristics of Korean senescent.
This study aims to confirm whether perfectionism comprises of two different factors, adaptive or maladaptive, and to investigate whether these factors cause opposite effects on depression, and also to explore whether mediation of rumination acts differently in relation to perfectionism and depression. Three questionnaires were put forward for a sample of 735 (705 samples used) university students, by using MPS, RDQ and CES-D, and the resulting data were analyzed by using the Factor Analysis and Regression Analysis. Results of the analysis showed that perfectionism was comprised of adaptive and maladaptive factors. While adaptive perfectionism does not correlate with depression, the maladaptive factors appear to have meaningful correlations with depression and the rumination partially mediated the relationship between perfectionism and depression. The study also showed that sexual differences exist, as in males, the rumination fully mediated the relationship between perfectionism and depression while only showing partial mediation effects in females. It was especially noted that under the sub-criterion of “parental criticism and depression”, males have shown to have full mediation effects from rumination as opposed to females only showing a partial effect. Furthermore, results of this study showed that from the two factors of perfectionism, adaptive and maladaptive, only the maladaptive perfectionism was correlated with depression. Rumination is identified as a cognitive factor which mediates the effects of depression from maladaptive perfectionisms.
This study verified the mediating effects of self-esteem and self-concept clarity between separation-individuation and indecisiveness. For this study, the correlation between the separation-individuation, self-esteem, self-concept clarity and indecisiveness of undergraduate students were investigated. After assuming the mediating effects of self-esteem and self-concept clarity between separation-individuation and indecisiveness, the structural equation model validation was conducted. For these purposes, 477 college students (male 150, female 327) were asked to respond to the survey used in this study. All subjects were tested with Frost's Indecisiveness Scale (FIS), Separation-Individuation scale (SIS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory (RSE), and Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCC). This study used the SPSS 18.0 program and the AMOS 18.0 program for establishing the analysis of study questions. The results are summarized as follows: First, the study suggested that there was a significant negative correlation between separation-individuation indicating that the more difficult the separation-individuation, the higher the grades and self-esteem, together with separation-individuation and self-concept clarity. There was a significant positive correlation between separation-individuation and indecisiveness, and a significant positive correlation between self-esteem and self-concept clarity. There was also a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and indecisiveness, and significant negative correlation between self-concept clarity and indecisiveness. Second, structural equation modeling analyses supported a structural equation model affecting the self-esteem and self-concept clarity between separation-individuation and indecisiveness. Finally, the clinical implications and limitations of the study were discussed.
In this study, a Korean abbreviation scale to measure love and compassion toward other person was developed based on a critical review on Compassionate Love Scale(CLS; Sprecher, & Fehr, 2005). In the study 1, 12 items were selected from the original version of 21 item CLS by surveying a sample of 207 college students on the basis of several psychometric characteristics (i.e., discriminability, coefficient of factor loading, and contribution to internal consistency). In the study 2, the validity of 12 item version, ACLS (Ajou Compassionate Love Scale), was confirmed by examining the factor structure, reliability, and correlations with other related scales. The results clearly showed that ACLS not only had a sufficient psychometric properties as the CLS, but also superior to the CLS in terms of parsimoniousness. Limitations and implications for future research of ACLS were discussed.
The purpose of the present study is to examine relationships between ego strength, stress-coping, and positive mental health in adolescents using structural equation modeling. The present study suggested a proposed model in which stress-coping exerted a partial mediating effect on the relation between ego strength and positive mental health. Goodness of fit tests were used to compare the proposed model against competing models. The participants were 249 high school students (161 males, 88 females). They completed the Stress-Coping Style Scale, the Ego Strength Scale, and the Positive Mental Health Scale. The results showed that the proposed model had a better goodness of fit. Based on these findings, it is suggested that psychological interventions for positive mental health in adolescents should consider strategies to enhance their ego-strength.
This study aims to investigate qualitative psychological problems, which are experienced by injured workers, according to phenomenological methods. Interview data from eight injured workers, living in Seoul and the suburbs, were analyzed. Participants composed of 5 male and 3 female patients who had industrial accidents, which ages ranging from 32 to 66 years old. They received a series of recorded Schütze’s narrative interviews after obtaining their informed consents. Collected data were analyzed with Giorgi’s phenomenological analysis procedures. The analysis highlight their problems when experiencing medical treatments and the stresses on uncertainties of future life after medical treatments and convalescences due to the reality of industrial accidents. And, psychological problems were divided into 3 domains, such as emotional torments, cognitive and emotional experiences, and cognitive problems. Emotional torments were being expressed as anger, depression, and fear. Injured workers had nightmares as their cognitive and emotional experiences, where they showed potentials of suicides and regard themselves to be blamed by family members and co-workers. These results were hereby discussed for further studies and some implications are suggested for healthy psychological interventions for injured Korean workers.
The present study tested a motivational sequence in which integrated self-determination theory and the theory of planned behavior using Vallerand(1997)’s hierarchical model of motivation in dieting behavior. participants were 230 female college students, data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Goodness-of-fit for measurement model are reasonable level, χ2=463.779, df=263, ρ=.000 and CFI=.900, TLI=.876, RMSEA=.058. In contrast to precedent study, psychological need satisfaction of self-determination theory at global level did not predicted relative autonomy index at contextual level. Also, relative autonomy index significantly predicted attitude and perceived behavioral control of the theory of planned behavior, but not subjective norm. Finally, last section include limitations and suggestions for future direction.