The purpose of this study is to test the effects of the combined treatment problem of medication, gestalt art therapy, and parent training on reducing problem behaviors, improving self-esteem acceptance of children with ADHD, and improving parenting stress and mother-child interaction of mothers. The study comprised of two groups : Combined treatment group of medication, gestalt art therapy with parent-child, and parent training(N=10), and Medication only group(N=7) to 10 weeks has been performed once a week. In order to test the effects of training, they were subjected to measuring problem behaviors, self-esteem and parenting skill scale. Result of this study revealed that the compared group, the combined treatment group children was showed decrease in problem behaviors, and the combined treatment group children showed a significant improvement in their self-esteem. The combined treatment group's mothers showed statistically significant in their parenting stress compared to the control group that showed a significant difference. The effectiveness of the combined treatment of gestalt art therapy and parent training was maintained, which means that the therapy still had an effect on reducing problem behaviors, improving self-esteem acceptance and parenting stress of mothers. In conclusion, this study presented a Combined treatment of Gestalt art therapy program that can be applied to reducing problem behaviors and improving self-esteem acceptance and parenting stress of mothers of children with ADHD-disposition. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study, as well as suggestions for future study were also discussed.
The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on self-esteem, interpersonal problem, and ego resilience of adolescent with childhood trauma. A total of 460 adolescents in middle school and high school of Chonbuk province completed Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (CROPS), Self-Esteem Scale (SES), Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER), and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP). Twenty-eight patients who selected by hose scales were randomly assigned to the ACT group(n=14) or the control group(n=14). ACT program was administered for 8 sessions. All participants completed CTQ, CROPS, SES, ER, IIP at pre-test and at one month follow-up period. Our result resealed that ER in the therapy group was increased more than that in the control group. However, post-traumatic symptom, and interpersonal problem in the therapy group were decreased. Implications, limitations of this study, and suggestions for future research were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Acceptance-Commitment Therapy (ACT) on mental health of inpatients with alcohol dependence. The study was designed so that the therapy focused on the theory that alcohol use and its pathology are primarily caused by experiential avoidance, which is the tendency not to experience unwanted private events. ACT has core components including acceptance, cognitive defusion, self as context, being present, values, and committed action. We expected the effects on mental health factors to not only increase acceptance-commitment but also to change psychological well-being and pattern of alcohol use. Twelve inpatients with alcohol dependence were in the ACT group and 12 participants were in the control group. The ACT program comprised eight 90-minute sessions. Repeated measure of ANOVA was used to compare pre-test mean to post-test mean. Positive changes appeared in emotional acceptance, positive emotion, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and drinking outcome expectancy. These results confirm ACT as and effective psychotherapy for mental health of inpatients with alcohol dependence. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed with suggestions for future study.
The purpose of this study was to 1) explore the effectiveness of a college-level self-management (SM) course in improving a target behavior and reducing impulsivity, 2) investigate improvements in other non-target self-control behaviors(generalization of self-control), and 3) determine whether change in impulsivity could predict the generalization of self-control. A total of 128 College students who took the SM course were included. Participants completed the computerized delay-discounting task, self-report impulsiveness scale, and general self-control behavior questionnaire at the beginning and end of the course. After participants had defined their target behaviors, they self-monitored and recorded their behaviors everyday throughout the course. Results revealed that 63% of the participants successfully changed their target behaviors after the course. Although differing depending on the type of target behavior, thoes who successfully changed their target behaviors reported decreases in impulsivity and increases in other self-control behaviors such as physical exercise, healthy diet, study habits, and time management, after the course. Furthermore, the decrease of impulsivity significantly predicted the generalization of self-control in the exercise and diet groups. The results indicate that reduced impulsivity is related to improvements in a target behavior and general self-control behaviors in other spheres. Implications and limitations are also discussed.
We developed the Korean Version of Testable Assumption Questionnaire-Eating Disorders(TAQ-ED) originally by Hinrichsen, Garry and Waller(2006). We identified the reliability and validity of TAQ-ED which assess the negative beliefs related with eating disorders. TAQ-ED was administered with Eating Disorders Inventory(EDI) and shortened version of Young Schema Questionnaire(YSQ-S3A) for female undergraduate students(N=589) who lived in Daegu, Korea. Among them, 100 students were conducted TAQ-ED repeatedly after 4 weeks. As a result, Cronbach's α were .76∼.85 and test-retest reliability coefficients(r) were .75∼.84 for total and subscale scores. Factor analysis showed three-factors structure which accounted for 46.3% of the total variance. These results showed some difference with the original questionnaire but three subscale factors were classified into similar pattern. So, negative beliefs about other person's perspective on obesity(23.0%), negative beliefs about weight control(12.2%) and negative beliefs about emotion dysregulation(11.1%) were founded. The results of the correlation analysis between TAQ-ED and EDI were significant(r=.13∼.51, p<.01). The correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted with TAQ-ED and YSQ-S3A. The results of the correlation analysis were significant(r=.09∼.35, p<.01). The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that Eating disorder beliefs were predicted partially by the negativity/pessimism, approval-seeking/recognition-seeking, emotional deprivation, self-sacrifice, subjugation, defectiveness/shame schema. The TAQ-ED can be used as objective instrument for assessing negative beliefs of clients who have eating problems. Finally, several limitations, implications and the necessity of future study were discussed.
This study describes the characteristics of complex PTSD symptoms displayed by North Korean refugees, including the explanation of the adaptive factors depicting complex PTDS symptoms and depression, anxiety, and development of PTSD with time flow. South Koreans were presented as a comparison group. The study is based on the research on 8 North Korean refugees who live in Kyeongbuk. Below are the conclusions. First, the factors contributing to PTSD, depression, and anxiety were shown as the degree of satisfaction on their settlement funds, assistance given on immigration, period since the escape, and difficulties in language. The PTSD tends to increase just after their escape from North Korea and then decrease, and there is a peak at 8~10 years after the escape. Among them, mental instabilization and somatization tend to develop into chronic status, and personality is particularly affected. Second, compared to South Koreans, North Korean refugees without PTSD have notable differences in re-experience, avoidance-numbing, and somatization. The meaning of this study lies in that the research had been done on the development of PTSD with regard to the period elapsed since the escape, with that the North Korean refugees' experience was analyzed by PTSD aspect. The Results of the study suggest potential requirement/need for a treatment plan that considers the chronic symptoms of North Korean refugees and the time elapsed since the escape.
This study examined the effects of intolerance of uncertainty and perceived parental overprotection on anxiety with excessive reassurance seeking (ERS) as a potential mediator of those processes. Previous studies have suggested that ERS may be associated with depression rather than anxiety. However, many of these studies were limited in that they typically adopted a scale for measuring ERS more specific to depression. To clarify the relation between ERS and anxiety, a scale for assessing ERS in a wider range of situations was used. Participants were 290 college students who completed a set of questionnaires assessing intolerance of uncertainty, perceived parental overprotection, ERS, depression and anxiety. A mediational model was tested using hierarchical regression models with gender and depression as covariates. The findings indicate that the scale for assessing depression-specific ERS did not mediate the effects of intolerance of uncertainty and perceived parental overprotection on anxiety. However, the scale for measuring ERS in various situations did mediate the effects of intolerance of uncertainty and parental overprotection on anxiety. The results suggest that ERS may be an important mechanism by which lower levels of tolerance of uncertainty and higher levels of perceived parental overprotection lead to higher levels of anxiety. As participants of this study were college students, it is difficult to apply the same mechanism in a high-risk sample. However, based on these findings, we put great emphasis on use of various scales of ERS for future studies. In addition, we expect that early intervention aimed at people who have higher levels of intolerance of uncertainty and/or ERS could be effective.
The study examined if there are group differences in female teenagers’ school adjustment and character strengths according to the states of mind analysis model. Female students from a high school in Seoul, South Korea, volunteered to participate. The 192 students were assigned to Positive Monologue (PD), Internal Dialogue of Conflict (ID), and Negative Dialogue (ND) groups. We investigated group differences in dysfunctional beliefs, emotion, school adjustment, life satisfaction, and character strengths. Differences were evident in dysfunctional beliefs, school adjustments, and life satisfaction according to the ratio of state of mind. Compared to ID and ND students, PD students who had a more positive state of mind were more likely to have lower levels of dysfunctional beliefs and to more readily adjust to school. Compared to ID and ND students, PD students recorded significantly higher scores in character strengths, such as curiosity, wisdom, love, social intelligence, persistence, honesty, and vitality. However, there were no significant group differences in character strengths of creativity, open-mindedness, love of learning, kindness, modesty, prudence, and spirituality. Limitations of the current study are discussed.
The current study analyzed the posttraumatic growth process based on the posttraumatic growth model developed by Tedeschi and Calhoun(2004). In particular, the internal mechanisms at work within individuals who experienced traumatic events were examined with the aim of identifying the triple mediation effects on posttraumatic growth and establishing whether optimism has a moderation effect on posttraumatic growth. A total of 450 adults, including undergraduates, completed questionnaires. From these, 384 were considered to have had experienced trauma and were recruited for the current study. In order to analyze posttraumatic growth process, all participants completed a basic survey questionnaire, a trauma questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory(PTGI), the Korean version of the Event Related Rumination Inventory(K-ERRI), the Korean version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale(K-DERS), and the Life Orientation Test-Revised(LOT-R). The results are as follows. First, an examination of the triple mediation effects between trauma and posttraumatic growth indicated that trauma had a positive effect on posttraumatic growth through difficulties in emotion regulation, the next intrusive rumination, and then deliberate rumination. In addition, trauma influenced posttraumatic growth through intrusive rumination and deliberate ruination. Accordingly, it can be said that intrusive rumination and deliberate rumination are necessary to posttraumatic growth. Second, an examination of the mediating role of optimism on the effect of trauma on posttraumatic growth indicated that optimism has a moderation effect between deliberate rumination and posttraumatic growth. However, no moderation effects of optimism were found between trauma and posttraumatic growth, difficulties in emotion regulation and posttraumatic growth, or between intrusive rumination and posttraumatic growth. The practical significance and limitations of the current study were discussed, and suggestions for future research were provided.
Self concealment and maladaptive perfectionism have been known to impair psychological health, but there has not been sufficient generalized research and underlying factors have not been identified. On the assumption that the two factors cause the maladaptive cycle that basic psychological need satisfaction, which is essential for psychological health, is suppressed and continuous attachment takes place in the process, this study designed a mediation model based on the self‐determination theory and conducted two experiments. Experiment 1 tested the model by surveying university students and ordinary people (n=386) using the structural equation method, and examined the mediating effect of basic psychological need satisfaction on the effect that self concealment and maladaptive perfectionism have on psychological health. Based on the results of Experiment 1, Experiment 2 measured the change of daily state in university students (n=50) repeatedly for 21 days using a hierarchical linear model based on the model tested in Experiment 1 in order to explain the causal relationship among the variables according to the daily state. The daily state of self concealment and maladaptive perfectionism was found to mediate the effect of daily psychological health on daily basic psychological need satisfaction. This suggests that basic psychological needs such as autonomy, competence, and relationship are impaired by the characteristics and daily state of self concealment and maladaptive perfectionism, and this, consequently, causes negative psychological health. Furthermore, the meanings and limitations of this study and future research tasks were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relations of the attitudes toward life, such as life satisfaction, motivation and expectancy for future life, to internet game addiction and health in adolescence, and to examine the mediating effects of internet game addiction between the attitudes toward life and health. The participants were 478 male and female college students, whose average age was 16.62 (SD=.74). Life satisfaction, life motivation, life satisfaction expectancy, internet game addiction, depression, subjective health, and physical symptoms were measured. The results indicated that life motivation and life satisfaction expectancy were negatively correlated with internet game addiction. Life satisfaction and life satisfaction expectancy of high school students were negatively correlated with depression and physical symptoms, and positively correlated with subjective health. On the contrary, internet game addiction was positively correlated with depression and physical symptoms, and negatively correlated with subjective health. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that internet game addiction partially mediated life satisfaction expectancy and depression or physical health of high school students. The relationships between life satisfaction or life satisfaction expectancy and maladaptive behaviors or health as well as the roles of expectancy toward future life of adolescents were discussed with some theoretical concepts and results of this study. And, the direction for further studies and clinical meaning of this study were recommended.
The study investigated difficulties in emotion regulation and temperament characteristics of compulsive consumers, and examinee inhibitory function related to emotion regulation in young compulsive consumers compared to a control group. In the first part of the study, compulsive consumers (n=75) and controls (n=76) were selected among 370 male and female university students. Variables influencing compulsive buying tendencies were verified. The compulsive consumers had high scores in novelty seeking and harm avoidance and low scores in persistence compared to the control group. They also had high scores in difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control difficulties. The important explaining the compulsive buying tendencies were novelty seeking, harm avoidance and impulse control difficulties. The second part of the study involved an experiment using the neuropsychological tasks that measured the inhibitory function related to emotion regulation targeting 26 compulsive consumers and 26 controls who had participated in the first part of the study. The neuropsychological tasks used the negative priming task and the directed forgetting task. The compulsive consumers scored low in inhibitory ability in the context of inducing a negative emotion, compared to the control group. In addition, in the directed forgetting task, the compulsive consumers scored lower in inhibitory ability in the word context of inducing compulsive buying along with the negative emotional words. Overall, compulsive consumers displayed tendencies for exploration of new stimuli, avoidance of penalties and low level of persistence. Considering that the compulsive consumers displayed difficulties in emotion regulation including impulse control, it is suggested that these individuals have difficulty in quelling information-related negative emotion.
This research intends to look into direct aggression and anger expression mode of adolescents showing a propensity of depressive-conduct disorder and to verify characteristics of such adolescents by considering displaced aggression. Based on CES-D scores and K-YSR externalizing problem scores, these four groups were divided for comparison: the depressive-conduct disorder tendency(DCT) group, depressive tendency group(DT), conduct disorder tendency(CT) group and control group. The result of this study was summarized as follows: first, DCT group showed the highest displaced aggression. Second, DCT group showed the highest level of direct aggression. Third, DCT group showed the highest level of anger expression and that of CT group was higher than DT group. Furthermore, DCT showed the highest rate of anger suppression. Conclusively, adolescents in DCT group show the highest level of direct aggression as well as displaced aggression and use the most maladjusted way to express their anger which suppresses the anger and expresses it at the same time and also are considered as experiencing more psychological problems than group with single disorder. Finally, characteristics of DCT group have been considered for the explanation and significance and limitation of this research and suggestion for follow-up research have been discussed.
The current study was conducted to compare the underlying motivational orientations of individuals who possess secure self-esteem vs. fragile self-esteem. It was hypothesized that, under psychological threat, fragile self-esteem (i.e., high on explicit self-esteem but low on implicit self-esteem) would be associated with prevention focus, whereas secure self-esteem (i.e., high on both explicit and implicit self-esteem) would be associated with promotion focus. In contrast, under low threat we expected that both types of self-esteem would be associated with promotion focus. In Study 1, we surveyed one hundred Korean college students and found that explicit self-esteem was positively correlated with both promotion focus and narcissistic tendency. In addition, we found that fragile self-esteem was positively correlated with narcissistic tendency, whereas secure self-esteem was unrelated to narcissism. In Study 2, we tested the effects of a fit between regulatory focus and the two types of self-esteem under psychological threat using a 2 (secure vs. fragile self-esteem) × 2 (promotion vs. prevention focus) × 2 (high vs. low threat) between-participant design. Results revealed that, under psychological threat, participants with fragile self-esteem showed higher performance in the prevention focus condition than in the promotion focus condition, whereas the opposite trend emerged under low threat. In contrast, no significant effect was observed among participants with secure self-esteem. We found the same pattern of results on narcissism. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine if proactive coping mediated the association between two dimensions of perfectionism(personal standards perfectionism and evaluative concerns perfectionism) and satisfaction with life. Two hundred forty-nine undergraduate students participated in this study and were asked to complete the Frost’s Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(FMPS), Revised Almost Perfect Scale(APS-R), Proactive Coping Scale(PCI) and Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS). Structure equations analysis revealed a full mediating effect of proactive coping between two dimensions of perfectionism and satisfaction with life. Finally, the implications and limitations of the present study, and directions for future study were discussed.
This study aimed to identify the process of smartphone addiction among youth using the progressive model of risk-taking behavior. It was noted that Korean youth mainly used smartphones to satisfy their desires for relationships and they generally lacked awareness of the existential aspect due to the excessive competition in college admissions. Taking these factors into account, social support and existential spiritual well-being were chosen as the variables with an impact on smartphone addiction. To be more specific, it was hypothesized that existential spiritual well-being plays a mediational role between social support and smartphone addiction. In order to test the hypothesis, a survey was conducted with 705 male and female students in their second year in high school in "S" city, "D" city, and "P" city. The structural equation model was employed to test the appropriateness of the model and the direct and indirect impacts of the variables. The result of the tests showed that social support completely mediated existential spiritual well-being and had an indirect impact on smartphone addiction. In other words, These results showed that the deficiency of social support, which influence existential spiritual well-being, finally have effect on smartphone addiction. This showed that the absence of social support was not the direct cause of smartphone addiction, and rather, smartphone addiction was more likely when youths became engrossed in their smartphones as a means to compensate for the low existential spiritual well-being caused by the lack of social support. Based on these results, the implications and suggestions were made to enhance social support and existential spiritual well-being.