This study investigated the relationship between the mindfulness and body image variables-body esteems, body satisfaction, and objectified body consciousness(OBC) - based on the survey data drawn from female yoga teachers(n=153) and ordinary females(n=167). The results are as follows. 1) It was revealed that mindfulness level had positive correlations with body esteem and body satisfaction, and a negative correlation with OBC. All of mindfulness factors showed significant positive correlations with body image variables and negative correlation with OBC, except 'non-judgement' factor. A multiple stepwise regression revealed that 'acting with awareness' and 'non-reactivity' factors were significant predictors of body image variables. 2) The yoga professional group showed relatively positive body esteem, body satisfaction, and OBC compared to ordinary female group. 3) There was no difference in the overall mindfulness level between the two groups, but the yoga group showed higher observation score than the ordinary group as expected, while the ordinary group showed higher non-judgement score than the yoga group. 4) The length of yoga practice showed a positive correlation with mindfulness when the age effect was controlled. Based on the results, the possibility of enhancing mindfulness and correcting negative body images in female through yoga practice was discussed.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy(ACT) on menstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes, and qulity of life in college women. Five hundered women students of colleges located in Chonbuk province completed Mentrual Discomforts Symptom Scale, Menstrual Attitudes Scale, Qulity of Life Scale and Acceptance & Action Questionnaire-16. Thirty students who selected by those scales were randomly assigned to 15 in the ACT group and 15 in the waiting-list control group. ACT program for 15 people was administered for 10 sessions. Menstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes, and quality of life were assessed at pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up periods. The results of this study were as follows: Menstrual discomforts of therapy group was decreased more than those of the waiting-list control group, and menstrual attitudes, qulity of life were increase in therapy group. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future study were also discussed.
The purpose of the present study was to test the effect of the Korean Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction(K-MBSR) program on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) symptoms, experiential avoidance, and shame in North Korean Defectors. Trauma Scale for North Korean Refugee(TSNKR), Acceptance and Action Questionaire(AAQ), White Bear Thought Suppression(WBTS), and Personal Feeling Questionnaire-2(PFQ-2) was used for selecting in pre-treatment. Thirteen peoples that had met DSM-Ⅳ criteria for PTSD in PTSD symptoms of TSNKR's subscale, and had got more than cut-off score in AAQ, WBTS, and PFQ-2 was randomly assigned to 6 in the 8-weeks K-MBSR program group and 7 in wait-list control group. The K-MBSR program for 6 peoples was administered for 8 sessions. Baseline, post-treatment and 4 weeks follow-up measures of PTSD symptoms, experiential avoidance and shame were completed. The result of this study were that acceptance and action ability of experiential avoidance in the K-MBSR program group were significantly decreased more than those in the wait-list control group. But no significant change in reexperiencing, avoidance-numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD, thought suppression of experiential avoidance and shame. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study as well as suggestions for further study were discussed.
Since the introductionof modern therapies, more children with cancer have survived their illness. As a result, an interest in the degree of adjustment achieved by cancer survivors has increased. In this study, quality of life and behavior problemsof child and adolescent cancer survivors were compared with those of healthy controls. Also, the patternsof the discrepancy between parent-report and self-report were compared. Childhood cancer survivors aged 8-18 and their mothers were participated in the study. Parent and self report versions of PedQL were administered to assess the quality of life. K-CBCL and K-YSR were further completed to assess internalizing and externalizing behavior problem. Results suggested that cancer survivors generally showed lower quality of life in physical and social domains and more internalizing behavior problem than healthy control group. However, the results were affected by the domain, age group, and informant. The pattern of discrepancy between parent and self report was similar. All parents reported higher levelsof quality of life and lower levels of behavior problems compared to the self reports of their siblings. In assessing internalizing problem behaviors, cancer survivor group showed greater discrepancy than the healthy control group.The implications, limitations, and directions for future research were also discussed.
Researches on gambling issues from neuro-cognitive perspective are keep increasing and developing as years pass by. This study was to investigate the relationship between deficiency on inhibition and gambling problems. According to the Dillon and Pizzagalli(2007) 's multi-dimensional theory, this study divided inhibition into cognitive, emotional and behavioral inhibition. The participants were 24 pathological casino gamblers who were all males as a gambling addiction group, and 21 men who were sampled in community as a control group. All participants completed K-NODS, working memory test, and 3 tasks which were designed to evaluate inhibitory functions of cognitive, emotional, and motor responses. The results were as follows; On Stroop Negative Priming Task for evaluating cognitive inhibition, the gambling addiction group slowed more than the control group on their reaction time by failing inhibiting of distractor stimulation. On Emotional Go/No-Go Task for evaluating inhibition of emotional responses, the addiction group reacted more incorrectly, made more error of false alarm, and showed faster(impulsive) reaction time than the control group on sad emotional task. And they were shorter on stop-signal delay time of Stop-Signal Task for evaluating behavioral(motor) inhibition synthesis, the addiction group showed defection for inhibiting prepotent motor responses and had difficulty for inhibiting distractor stimulation. These results suggest that gambling addiction group has comprehensive defection in terms of inhibitory function.
The present study tried to identify of predicting variables between the demographical factors, personal factors, family relationship factors and internet addiction among adolescent. A questionnaire survey was conducted 383 male and female middle and high school students. The statistics program used to achieve the purpose was SPSS/PC+ 17.0. The statistics methods applied were ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression test. The following conclusions were drawn from the data analysis. Parent's working together, internet use duration, academic records, and parents-adolescent communication function as predicting variables for internet addiction among adolescents. Especially, internet addiction level was higher for the adolescents whose parents have problem-oriented communication than those whose parents have open communication. Also, internet addiction level was higher for the adolescents those who have family structure problems than those who have not family structure problems. Based on these results, implications of the findings and directions for future research on internet addiction are discussed in relation to adolescent problems. The present study tried to identify of predicting variables between the demographical factors, personal factors, family relationship factors and internet addiction among adolescent. A questionnaire survey was conducted 383 male and female middle and high school students. The statistics program used to achieve the purpose was SPSS/PC+ 17.0. The statistics methods applied were ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression test. The following conclusions were drawn from the data analysis. Parent's working together, internet use duration, academic records, and parents-adolescent communication function as predicting variables for internet addiction among adolescents. Especially, internet addiction level was higher for the adolescents whose parents have problem-oriented communication than those whose parents have open communication. Also, internet addiction level was higher for the adolescents those who have family structure problems than those who have not family structure problems. Based on these results, implications of the findings and directions for future research on internet addiction are discussed in relation to adolescent problems.
The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, comparisons on the psychological and physical attributes of normal weight, overweight, and obese children were conducted. Second, the influence of BMI and physical fitness interaction on psychological adaptation in children with obesity was explored. Participants were 245 children between the ages of 9 and 13 years (64.5% males). Data on children considered overweight (n = 45) or obese (n = 78) were gathered from the Korean Obese Children's Physical Activity (KOCPA) projects. Normal weight children (n = 122) were recruited from two Seoul elementary schools. Psychological measurements included Weight Efficacy Life-style Questionnaire (WEL), Physical Self-efficacy Scale (PSES), Child Dietary Self-efficacy Scale (CDSS), Self-concept Inventory (SCI), and the Korean version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Intervention TM Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQLTM4.0). BMI (kg/m2) and physical fitness (e.g., aerobic endurance, flexibility) were recorded by experts in exercise physiology. Results showed that children in the high BMI group reported poorer psychological adaption and demonstrated lower physical fitness when compared to the remaining groups. Compared to normal weight children, children considered overweight and obese were found to have lower physical self-efficacy, more negative self-concept, and poorer quality of life. Further, these children also had significantly lower physical fitness levels than their normal weight counterparts. Physical fitness was found to have a significant main effect on weight efficacy (WEL), physical self-efficacy (PSES), and quality of life (PedsQL) in children considered overweight or obese. A significant BMI-physical fitness interaction effect was found for self-concept (SCI) only. Children with higher BMI reported poorer self-concept regardless of fitness level whereas children with lower BMI and higher fitness reported more positive self-concept. Implications and limitations are discussed.
This study tried to examine the characteristics of attention deficits in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apenea(OSA) with different age levels, and to examine which indices of polysomnograms might be related to the indices of attention deficits in OSAs. Two age-level groups and a normal control group were subjected to two computerized attention tests, including a continuous performance test(CPT) and a change blindness task(CBT). In addition, the three groups were subjected to a Polysomnography to extract several sub-indicators of polysomnogram, and an Epworth Sleepiness Scale which measures subjective sleepiness. As results, the OSAs showed significantly more omission and commission errors in CPT, and they showed lower accuracy in CBT compared to the normal group. The results of a correlational analysis showed that attention deficits in OSA are significantly correlated with arterial oxygen saturation among sub-indicators of polysomnograms. In conclusion, OSAs seems to be less attentive, having difficulties in response inhibition, and having deficiencies in noticing important environmental changes. Age seems to make these deficiencies even worse. Especially, the relationship between attention deficiency and hypoxia which could cause irreversible cerebrum damage has an implication in cognitive impairment prevention through early treatment.
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of counterfactual thinking and thought control strategies on posttraumatic growth. According to previous research, counterfactual thoughts could be categorized into upward versus downward with respect to the direction and functions. Upward counterfactuals serve preparative functions, and Downward counterfactuals serve affective functions. Based on this viewpoint, counterfactual thoughts were divided into two types(upward versus downward) in this study. We examined whether counterfactual thoughts and thought control strategies could predict posttraumatic growth, and whether there were interaction effects between counterfactual thoughts and thought control strategies on posttraumatic growth. For this purpose, the questionnaire including Traumatic Experience Schedule, Counterfactual Thinking for Negative Events Scale(CTNES), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory(PTGI), Thought Control Questionnaire(TCQ) and Social Desirability Scale(SDS) were completed by 438 adults(138 men and 300 women) who had experienced traumatic events before. The results were as follows. First, thought control strategies predicted posttraumatic growth significantly, but upward counterfactuals did not. And, there were no interaction effects between upward counterfactuals and thought control strategies on posttraumatic growth. Second, thought control strategies and downward counterfactuals predicted posttraumatic growth significantly, and there were no interaction effects between the two. In this light, this study suggests that preparative functions of upward counterfactuals can not demonstrate in traumatic events which happen very rarely and arouse severe psychological distress. However affective functions of downward counterfactuals can help posttraumatic growth by considering reason and meaning of the traumatic event in a positive direction to decrease negative emotions.
This study investigated how interpersonal stresses and conflicts with parents are related to subjective well-being of college students, and examined mediating effects of resentment motivation between these relationships. The participants were 273 male and female college students, whose ages ranged from 17 to 41. The psychological tests used in this research included the following: Life Stress Scale for College Students, Negative Parent-Child Conflict Scale, TRIM (Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations) Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Emotion Frequency Test, and Subjective Happiness Scale. The correlational Analysis results indicated that interpersonal stresses and conflicts with parents were negatively correlated with subjective well-being, and conflicts with parents accounted more variance of subjective well-being than interpersonal stresses did. And interpersonal stresses and conflicts with parents were positively correlated with resentment motivation, and interpersonal stresses shared more variance with resentment motivation than conflicts with parents did. In addition, resentment motivation was also negatively correlated with subjective well-being. Resentment motivation was a mediating variable of interpersonal stresses/conflicts with parents and subjective well-being. It partially mediated these relationships. This result suggests that college students bitterly resent being maltreated by parents or having stresses in interpersonal relation may have lower subjective well-being. It was interpreted with previous studies and the concept of resentment, and discussed based on the perspective of forgiveness.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the causality between life satisfaction and domain satisfactions. For this study, data were collected from 207 respondents. They completed World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument - Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) which is self-report questionnaire asking about life satisfaction and domain satisfactions. For data analysis, the verification procedure by autoregressive crosslagged modeling of structural equation was used. The analysis results of measures showed the causal relation between the two variables, that is, domain satisfactions acted as cause of life satisfaction. There were discussions on the issues about the analysis method of the autoregressive crosslagged modeling, the implications of the results, and the limits of the research. This study ascertained the intervention direction between life satisfaction and domain satisfactions to promote life satisfaction.
Cognitive processes of somatization group are considered to be relevant to the development and maintenance of somatization symptoms. The aim of this study was to confirm cognitive biases and as well as decreased attention and memory in somatization groups. A modified Stroop task, a delayed free recall task, and a recognition task using computer-presented word lists were performed to 17 college students with somatization tendencies and 17 normal college students. The results showed that the somatization groups had the significant Stroop interference effects for somatic-symptoms words. This result suggested that the somatization group have attentional biases for the somatic-symptoms words. Also, the somatization group showed significantly lower response bias index for somatic-symptom words than the normal group. However, the number of words correctly recalled, free-recall ratio, hit rate, stimulus sensitivity index of somatic-symptom words were not more or higher than those of positive words or neutral words, and the response bias index of somatic-symptom words was not lower than that of positive words or neutral words in the somatization group. Therefore, the hypothesis that the somatization group would have memory biases for the somatic-symptoms words was partially supported. In addition, the somatization groups had the decreased attention and memory. Finally, the significance and limitations of this study and the directions for future study were also discussed.