The cumulative literature of induced interpretive bias and anxiety has repeatedly demonstrated that interpretative bias is a significant element in the development and maintenance of anxiety. If interpretive bias plays a significant role in anxiety, it is expected that it may also affect the accuracy of heart rate perception, an indicator of anxiety. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the relationship between trained interpretive bias and accuracy of heartbeat perception, a physical indicator of anxiety. Participants performed interpretative bias training using Cognitive Bias Modification-Interpretation, and then conducted Mental Tracking Tasks before and after the stress task. A total of 41 participants were analyzed. As a result, interpretative bias was induced under the conditions assigned to the participants, and the negatively interpretive bias group had the lower heartbeat perception error rate after the stress task than before. These findings suggests that interpretive bias may be induced and affect heartbeat perception.
Alcohol Expectancy on the effects of alcohol may predict alcohol use in Alcohol expectancy theory. Consistent with the dual-process approach on cognition, alcohol expectancy may influence behavior in two ways. The fast associative impulsive system is characterized by unconscious and automatic processing, whereas the slower reflective systems are characterized by controlled processes related conscious deliberations, emotion regulation, and expected outcomes. Persistent, repetitive experience with alcohol establishes and strengthens associations between the behavior and its outcomes or between a behavior and the cues. Finally, Thoughts on alcohol use are activated by specific cues through repetitive experiences with alcohol. In other words, impulsive systems rather than reflective systems may frequently guide behaviors. In addictional research, addictive behavior is thought to result in the imbalance of two systems. A variety of measures used in the evaluation of implicit impulsive system is exist But measurement of false memory using DRM paradigm(Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) is not used. The current aim of this study is to develop alcohol-related DRM word lists used in the measurement of implicit alcohol expectancy. The DRM word lists is to consist of alcohol-related 5 positive word lists, alcohol-related 5 negative lists, and 5 neutral word lists. Then, experiments are administrated to college students. It was found that the primacy effect and the regency effect was in the correct recall rate of studied word lists. The incorrect recall rate of studied word lists ranged from 0% to 21.25%. The average rate of the incorrect recognition for critical lures was 57.5%. The rate of false memory were slightly different but it was considered that Alcohol-related DRM list led to false memory in this study. The data in this study will form a basis for future research.
The objectives of this study were to examine the difficulties in emotion regulation(DER) as a risk factor of binge eating (BE) in emotional eaters, and whether the mediating effect of emotional eating(EE) in the relationship between negative affect and BE differs as a function of DER in an online survey with 228 female university students. Moreover, it examined the relationship between negative affect and BE, and the moderating role of DER, using the Ecological Momentary Assessment(EMA) with 43 students with the top 25% score in EE. The group with both high EE and BE had a higher DER, particularly, more impulse control difficulties than the group with only high EE. The effect of negative affect on BE mediated by EE increased with higher DER. The EMA results showed that the BE severity increased with a higher negative affect and DER. These findings underscore the need to address DER in the prevention and treatment of BE.
The objective of this study was designed to explore the mediating effects of social support and self-resiliency on the relationship between adult attachment (anxiety, avoidance) and dysfunctional anger expression (anger-in, anger-out). A sample of 272 undergraduate students were asked to complete the Adult Attachment Scale, Dysfunctional Anger Expression Scale, Social Support Scale, and Self-resiliency Scale. The results were as follows. First, attachment anxiety significantly influenced dysfunctional anger expression including anger-in and anger-out, whereas attachment avoidance had no significant effect both of all. Secondly, the mediating effect of social support and ego-resiliency on the relationship attachment anxiety and dysfunctional anger expression was not significant. Thirdly, full mediating effect of social support on the relationship between attachment avoidance and anger-in was significant. Lastly, full mediating effect of ego-resiliency on the relationship between attachment avoidance and anger-out was significant. Based on these findings, implications for counseling and study limitations were discussed.
The objectives of this study were to confirm the mediating effect of anger rumination and the moderation effect of self-compassion in the relationship between overt and covert narcissism and character maturation, and to verify the difference in the influence of overt and covert narcissism on character maturation. 470 adults were surveyed. The findings of this study were as follows: First, anger rumination was fully mediated through the negative relationship between overt narcissism and character maturation. Covert narcissism was partially mediated only by subscales of character maturation. Secondly, self-compassion showed a moderating effect on both character maturation and subscale cooperativeness in both overt narcissism and covert narcissism. Lastly, the higher the overt narcissism, the more negative influence on the cooperativeness than the self-directedness, and the higher the covert narcissism, the more negative impact on self-directedness than the cooperativeness.
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between DSM and non-DSM events in relationships of trauma experience, psychological symptoms, PTSD symptoms, posttraumatic growth and stress coping abilities(i.e., problem-focused and dysfunctional coping). Data of 796 adults completed questionnaires that measured traumatic events, stress coping abilities, psychological symptoms, PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth was been employed for this study. The correlations between each variable were analyzed and mediation of stress coping abilities was verified. Moreover, the difference in mediation effects according to the DSM and non-DSM criteria events was compared. (1) Dysfunctional coping mediated relationships between DSM events, psychological symptoms, PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth, as well as relationships between non-DSM events, psychological symptoms, PTSD symptoms, and posttraumatic growth. (2) Problem-focused coping mediated relationships between non-DSM events, psychological symptoms and posttraumatic growth. (3) Differences between DSM and non-DSM events with regards to mediation of dysfunctional coping was statistically insignificant. Discussions and limitations of this study were provided.
The present study examines the mediating role of decentering in the relationship between post-event rumination and social anxiety. Participants were asked to complete questionnaires including Social Interaction Anxiety Scale(SIAS), Social Phobia Scale(SPS), Experience Questionnaire(EQ) and Post-Event Rumination Scale(PERS). Data from 366 university students were analyzed using structural equation model. The results of the study were as follows: First, positive and negative post-event rumination, decentering and social anxiety were significantly correlated with one another. Secondly, decentering partially meditating effect on the relationship between negative post-event rumination and social anxiety. Third, decentering appeared to have a full meditating effect on the relationship between positive post-event rumination and social anxiety. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
The Purpose of this study is to verify the double mediating effect of maladaptive and perfectionism and the achievement related self-discrepancy between parental achievement-oriented psychological control and social anxiety in high school students. Data from 387 high school students were used for analysis. In addition, the questionnaires consisted of a Korean version of Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (K-SAS-A), Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C), the Dependency-oriented and Achievement-oriented Psychological Control Scale (DAPCS), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) and Achievement Self-Discrepancy Scale (ASDS). The SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 18.0 were used in this study. Using these programs, descriptive statistics analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), bootstrapping method based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, parental achievement-oriented psychological control had a significant and a direct effect on maladaptive perfectionism and achievement-related self-discrepancy. In addition, achievement-related self-discrepancy had a significant direct effect on social anxiety. However, parental achievement-oriented psychological control didn’t have an effect on social anxiety directly. Secondly, maladaptive perfectionism and achievement perfectionism and achievement-related self-discrepancy had a complete double mediating effect between parental achievement-oriented psychological control and social anxiety. Based on the result of this study, the implications and limitations of present study were discussed with the suggestions for the further study.
The purpose of this study is to verify the validity of the Theory of Planned Behavior of a college student's fruit and vegetable intake, to explore the effects of variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior on fruits and vegetables intake, and to evaluate the roles of optimistic bias in their relationships. The participants were 249 male and female college students, whose average of age was 20.57 (SD=2.14). The psychological tests used in this research included the following: a frequency list of vegetables and fruits based on Korean nutrition standards, fruit and vegetable module, questionnaires for attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, intention, and Optimistic Bias Questionnaires. The results indicated that it is appropriate to adopt the Theory of Planned Behavior model that includes direct pathways from the perceived behavioral control to fruit and vegetable intake. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior had a 28.8% accountability for fruits and vegetables intake, in which the perceived behavioral control was a determinant variable. In addition, there was an increase of 1.9% accountability of the optimistic bias for fruits and vegetables intake. Optimistic bias also moderated the relationship between the attitude and fruit and vegetable intake. Based on the results of this study, it was reasonable to account for fruit and vegetable intake as Theory of Planned Behavior, and the optimistic bias played an important role in the relationships.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effects of loneliness in the relationship between personality and depression. According to previous studies, personality factors, especially neuroticism and extraversion are related to depression and loneliness. In this study, personality factors related with elderly were expected to influence the level of depression. Moreover, it was expected that loneliness would have a mediation effect on this relationship. We used data from the study called “Korean Social Life, Health and Aging Project: KSHAP”, which included authors of this study. The results indicated that the personality factors of the elderly did not have a direct effect on depression. However, loneliness mediated the relationship between the personality factors like neuroticism, extraversion and depression and this partly approves the previous studies. The fact that personality factors did not directly affect depression, was an unexpected result compared to previous studies. This shows that people who have different personality traits might feel lonely differently and this relationship varies depending on the development of depression. Therefore, a psychosocial program that can reduce the loneliness in elderly people should be developed to ensure successful aging. It is suggested that personality traits of the elderly should be considered when developing such programs.
The objective of this study was to test a mediated moderation model of depression with reappraisal use frequency, updating ability, and reappraisal effectiveness. In specific, the model postulated that the frequency of reappraisal use and updating ability would interactively affect depression via reappraisal effectiveness. To examine whether there is valence-specific effect, both positive and negative updating ability were considered in separate models. Out of 187 participants, only 69(50 female) of high risk participants who scored above depression cutoff were analyzed. Participants completed processes assessing reappraisal use, depression, and 2-back task designed to assess affective updating ability. Additionally, reappraisal effectiveness was measured using sad film stimuli and reappraisal instruction. According to the results, the mediated moderation effect was only significant in the positive updating model. More precisely, only in those who scored high in positive updating ability reappraisal use predicted depression through reappraisal effectiveness. Results were discussed in terms of limitations and implications.
The objectives of this study were The objectives of this study were to identify mediating effect of depression on relationship between university students’ life stress and suicidal ideation, find whether self-compassion would moderate the relationship between life stress and suicidal ideation, and finally examine moderating effect of self-compassion on relationship among life stress, depression, and suicidal ideation. University students in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, Chungbuk Province, and Daejun completed the survey composed of life stress scale, depression scale (CES-D), suicidal ideation scale, and self-compassion scale. Data from 386 students were used for final analysis. The results were as follows: first, university students’ life stress were positively associated with depression and suicidal ideation. Depression showed positive association with suicidal ideation whereas self-compassion were negatively associated with all the other variables. Secondly, partially mediating effect of depression on the process of university students’ life stress affecting suicidal ideation. Thirdly, self-compassion had moderating effect on depression affecting suicidal ideation. Lastly, self-compassion showed moderated mediating effect when life stress, mediated by depression, affected suicidal ideation. However, self-compassion did not show moderating effect on relationship between life stress and suicidal ideation. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed with suggestions for future studies.
Mindfulness, and loving-kindness and compassion (LKC) can all affect the altruistic behavior in different ways. In this study, a research model was established in which two variables were mediated by different empathy on altruistic behavior and compared with three competitive models. To compare the influence of the mindfulness and the influence of the LKC on the altruistic behavior, the mediation path analysis was conducted. As a result of the analysis, the model fit of the research model in which mindfulness predicts altruistic behavior through cognitive empathy or dual mediation of cognitive empathy and emotional empathy, and LKC predicts altruistic behavior through affective empathy was significant. It was better than the three competition models. Furthermore, through the mediation path analysis, it was confirmed that the indirect path for LKC to predict altruistic behavior through affective empathy was stronger than the two pathways for mindfulness to predict altruistic behavior. This study showed that mindfulness and LKC have different mechanisms for altruistic behavior, and in particular, that LKC has great predictive power on altruistic behavior than mindfulness. Finally, the limitations of this study and future research directions are described.