A integrative approach was attempted to understand various addiction disorders. Addiction can be defined as a loss of self-regulation and substitute the dependence. Addiction can be understood as a syndrome with common genetic and psychosocial vulnerabilities, temporal stages, and neurobiological basis. Results of recent cognitive neuroscientific studies, which show underlying disregulatory neural mechanisms of learning and memory that under normal circumstances serve to shape survival behaviors related to pursuit of rewards and cues that predict them, were presented. Pathology, prevention and treatment of addiction were discussed at bio-psycho-social levels. A new model to explain changing processes from addiction to self-regulation are needed. Roles of psychology to overcome for new coming technological addiction was emphasized.
This review article illuminates gender differences in smoking and its related factors and suggests intervention strategy for women's nicotine dependence. Generally, women are more vulnerable than men to smoking related diseases and they have female-specific harmful effects. Smoking behaviors of Korean women are influenced by social norms which think ill of female smokers and make them difficult to find social support. Women are more reliable on cigarettes to cope with stress and negative affects, such as sadness, anger and frustration and concerns about weight gain than men are. So, they tend to relapse in situations involving negative affects while men in social events with positive emotions. Well structured cognitive behavioral intervention program with pharmacological treatments including nicotine replacement therapy may help to women addicted to nicotine. There are new therapeutic options for female smokers such as psychopharmacological treatment with antidepressants. Clinician should consider its adverse effects and the condition of female smokers. It is needed to develop specific treatment strategies that address both the physiological and psychological aspects of female smokers who want to quit smoking.
The aim of this study was to apply Eastern Self-discipline for the treatment of drug addicts. This study examines the characteristics of drug addiction such as the cause of drug addiction and classification, the drug abusers' characteristics, and treatment intervention. Confucianism and Buddhism are the two representative Eastern self-disciplines. Confucian principles value morals and courtesy by emphasizing benevolence and morality. On the other hand, the purpose of Buddhist principles is showing mercy to neighbors and emancipating oneself. Confucian principles that can be applied for the treatment of drug addicts are the practices of mindfulness by controlling one's body and attitude, the Nine manners and the Nine mental attitude as well as overcoming oneself to recover one's true nature. Buddhist principles that can be applied for the treatment of drug addicts are the Noble Eightfold Path, mindfulness meditation, and an approach with predisposition. Constant and sustainable work is needed to succeed with Eastern Self-discipline. In this study, the desirable attitude of the therapist to treat addicts was identified and the limitation and future study for the treatment of drug addicts using Eastern Self-discipline was discussed.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of variables which have been related in Internet Addiction and Game Addiction using a method of meta-analysis. For this purpose, this study calculated over the 66 effect sizes from 29 studies using the means and SDs of selected studies published in Korea from 1998 to 2005. The 66 variables falled under the 6 categorized variables. And then, The 41 studies were divided into the internet addiction group and the game addiction group. It was to analyze the difference between Internet Addiction related variables and Game Addiction related variables using the p-value. The results were as follows: The overall of mean effect size in target theses was found to be 0.49(t=4.27, p< 0.5). It is showed that the effectiveness of variables related Internet and Game Addiction was effective. The variable related peer relation is most effective variables. The significant difference variables between Internet addiction and Game Addiction were the variables related self. Finally, we discussed the limitation of this study and the direction of future research.
This study was designed to contribute to the validation of scores on the Brief Outcome Questionnaire(BOQ) which has been bound to be useful for examining the effectiveness of psychotherapy over time. Participants in the current study were 224 alcohol dependent patients. As has been intimated in past research, it was found that the one- and three-factor models conventionally associated with scores on the OQ45(Outcome Questionnaire 45) did not fit the data. This led to a rather rigorous shortening of the scale resulting in the ultimate deletion of 25 of the 45 items. Four related dimensions appeared to explain responses to the remaining 20 items. This Brief Outcome Questionnaire(BOQ) displayed a high reliability and good convergent validity.
This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between married womens' life stress and depression, especially the mediating and moderating effects of self-esteem. The structural equation models were tested by setting married womens' life stress as a prediction variable, their depression as an outcome variable and their self-esteem as mediator and moderator variables. The subject were 541 women (aged 20-59) from Seoul, Gyeonggi, Cheonnam & Cheonbuk province. The data was analysed by correlation analysis in order to find out the correlation coefficient of those variables among housewives' life stress, self-esteem & depression, and Structural Equation Model(SEM) was used in order to investigate the relationship among the four variables. Covariance structural analyses were done by AMOS software. SEM was used to investigate mediating effects of self-esteem. Multiple group analysis were done in order to investigate moderating effects of self-esteem. The results of this study are as follows: First, it was proved that the correlation coefficient of those variables among married womens' life stress, self-esteem & depression were statistically significant. Second, it was proved that married womens' self-esteem exerted as mediating variables. That is, married womens' life stress appeared to affect their depression via their self-esteem. Therefore, their depression could be evident when their self-esteem is low. Third, it was proved that married womens' self-esteem exerted as moderating variables. That is, those with low self-esteem experienced high life stress and much depression, and those with high self-esteem experienced low life stress and less depression. Therefore, in order to help married women to cope with their depression, various counseling strategies are required in terms of improving their self-esteem.
The effects of life event stress, temperament and coping style on negative emotional experiences were analyzed by the method of structural equation modeling. Two hundred and ninety nine students who attended on-line psychology class were surveyed. As a result dual mediating model is approved superior than the other alternative two models. Which means the effect of life event stress on negative emotional experience is mediated by neuroticism and the effect of neuroticism on negative emotional experience is mediated by problem-solving coping style and avoidance coping style. The avoidance coping style aggravating the experience of negative emotion and the problem-solving coping style relieving the experience of negative emotion. Based on these results the possibilities of using the temperament and coping style as a tool of intervention and the limitation of this study were discussed.
This study examined the path in which the three traits of emotional experience ; emotional clarity, emotional intensity and emotional awareness, influence depression. The assumption that stress coping style would serve as a mediating variable, and the assumption of the existence of gender difference in the path were tested through administering a set of questionnaire to a total of 411 college students. The data were analyzed through path analysis using the AMOS 4.0 program and the results were as follows. Emotional clarity and emotional intensity had significant effects on depression. Emotional awareness had no significant effect on depression. Gender differences in the patterns of results were found. In the male group only emotional clarity had significant effect on depression, whereas in the female group emotional intensity along with emotional clarity had signficant effect on depression. In the male group, emotional clarity had significant effect on depression through both direct and indirect path; negative effect through mediation of task-oriented coping and positive effect through emotion-oriented coping. Whereas in the female group emotional clarity had only direct influence on depression. Emotional Intensity had significant effect on depression in the female group through the mediation of emotion-oriented coping variable. Based on the results, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed
This study examined the path in which the three traits of emotional experience ; emotional clarity, emotional intensity and emotional awareness, influence depression. The assumption that stress coping style would serve as a mediating variable, and the assumption of the existence of gender difference in the path were tested through administering a set of questionnaire to a total of 411 college students. The data were analyzed through path analysis using the AMOS 4.0 program and the results were as follows. Emotional clarity and emotional intensity had significant effects on depression. Emotional awareness had no significant effect on depression. Gender differences in the patterns of results were found. In the male group only emotional clarity had significant effect on depression, whereas in the female group emotional intensity along with emotional clarity had signficant effect on depression. In the male group, emotional clarity had significant effect on depression through both direct and indirect path; negative effect through mediation of task-oriented coping and positive effect through emotion-oriented coping. Whereas in the female group emotional clarity had only direct influence on depression. Emotional Intensity had significant effect on depression in the female group through the mediation of emotion-oriented coping variable. Based on the results, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between among stress, personality characteristics, and depression. Specifically, this study focused on the moderating effect of the self-directedness between life stress and depression. In this study, the self-directedness which was proposed by Cloninger(1994) as one of the seven-factor model was assumed to play an important role in depression. The subjects were 447 college students(258 males, females 189) who were recruited from fourteen different universities in South Korea. Self reported questionnaires such as Cloninger's the Temperament and Character Inventory based on Cloninger's psycho-biological model, Beck Depression Inventory and Delongins, Folkman & Lazarus(1988)'s Daily Stress Scale were administered to them. The findings were as the follows: First, The female subjects were significantly more depressed than the male subjects. Second, the depressed groups obtained higher scores in harm avoidance, novelty seeking and self-transcendence scales, as well as lower scores in self-directedness, cooperativeness, and reward dependance scales than those of the control groups. Third, the self-directedness among seven factors of the TCI was identified as the most powerful variable for prediction of depression in female subjects. Finally, the moderating effect of self-directedness between stress and depression was significant in female subjects. This results were suggestive that psychological intervention focusing self-directedness would be effective for the depressed woman.
In this article, we have developed the Korean version of mindfulness-based stress reduction(K-MBSR) and examined the effects of the program. The review of previous studys about the mindfulness and mindfulness-based stress reduction(MBSR) has shown that K-MBSR can be effectively based on 4 stages of body, feeling, mind and mental objects and daily meditation after session 6. Examined the effects of the 8 session program, K-MBSR reduced effectively the various symptoms of SCL-90-R of students at graduate school, adults and somatoform patients. This results suggests that K-MBSR can influence positive on the psychological and physiological symptoms and have application to different groups. In discussion we pointed out necessity of following studies, especially using of randomized control design to bring to a proper conclusion.
This study investigated the influence of diabetes stress on depression, and examined the moderating effects of individual variables, such as coping skills, self-efficacy, health locus of control. Participants were 117 diabetes patients by arbitrary sampling. The employed statistical methods were a series of hierarchical regression analyses were applied. The results showed that diabetes stress was significantly related to depression. Main effects revealed that the more experience of diabetes stress and perceive of external health locus of control, the higher level of depression. and the lower of self-efficacy, the higher level of depression. The interactive effects of diabetes stress and two sub-dimensions of self-efficacy(efficacy of self-management /efficacy of specific situation) on depression were confirmed. Finally, external health locus of control was shown to be a moderator in a relationship between diabetes stress and depression. Implications and limitations were discussed.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a school based smoking cessation program for college students. The onegroup pretest-posttest design was used. Fourty five smoking students who were required to participate in smoking cessation program received 5 sessions of smoking cessation education consisted of small group discussion led by smoking cessation leaders. Twelve weeks of follow up care, consisted of telephone counseling and short message service was given. Student's smoking amount, smoking cessation rate, attitude, intention, knowledge, stress, temptation, and satisfaction of school policy was measured. Student's smoking amount was decreased. The smoking cessation rate was 42.2% after the 12 weeks . The attitude became more negative, the level of knowledge, satisfaction on required attendance of campus based smoking cessation program was increased after the education. The level stress, smoking temptation was decreased. This school based smoking cessation program was effective for increasing smoking cessation rate, knowledge, and satisfaction on school policy, decreasing the level of stress and temptation. In the future, more efforts should be given to develop campus based smoking cessation program.
This study aimed at examining the effects of a cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation program for mentally disordered smokers living in an institution. It also aimed at investigating the role of motivation in the successful cessation of smoking. A total of 96 smokers with mental disorders participated in this study. Of the participants 64 were intervened by the cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation program(intervention group) and the rest were not(control group). The intervention group consisted of two groups; one group had attempted previously to quit smoking and the other had not. The results of this study were as follows. First, self-reported cigarettes per day and nicotine dependence decreased to a greater extent for intervention group than for control group. However, the amount of decrease in carbon monoxide in expired air, irrational thoughts about cigarette smoking, self-efficacy for smoking cessation, and the level of depression did not differ between the two groups. Second, carbon monoxide, nicotine dependence, cigarette smoking per day, and irrational thoughts about smoking decreased to a greater extent for smokers with previous experience of stopping smoking than for those without such experience. The implications of the results were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to find the effect of emotional labor(surface acting, deep acting) on burnout(exhaustion, cynicism) and to examine the moderating effect of job resources(autonomy, social supports) in hotel service job. Exhaustion and cynicism were influenced by surface acting. The relation between surface acting and exhaustion was moderated by autonomy, while the relation between surface acting and cynicism was moderated by support of coworkers. But, deep acting did not influence on exhaustion and cynicism. This results consist with previous studies that deep acting bring more positive effect than surface acting and suggest that autonomy and social supports influence on exhaustion and cynicism separately. Research limitations and several suggestions are discussed.
This study evaluated subjective and physiological responses in according to using acceptance and suppression of emotion regulation strategies to negative emotion-provoking stimulus. 37 college students were randomly assigned to two groups. One group listened to a rationale for suppression emotions, and another group listened to a rationale for acceptance emotions. After that, participants watched an emotion-provoking film and applied the instructions. Subjective distress and skin conductance Response were measured before, during, and after watching the film. Both groups reported similar levels of subjective distress during the film in VAS. Suppression group was less distressed than acceptance group in PANAS-N after the film. However the suppression group's skin conductance level was higher than the acceptance group. According to the result, suppression group reported lower subjective distress, but they have higher physiological arousal. Theoretical and clinical implication of these results are discussed with the limitation of the present study and the suggestions for the future study.
Behavioral Health Questionnaire-20 is a self-report instrument assessing the status of mental health and the effects of psychotherapy. While most of the mental health assessments focus on psychological symptoms, BHQ-20 aims to monitor overall mental health over time(especially across psychotherapy sessions) by including scales of Well-Being and Life Functioning as well as a scale of Symptoms. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Behavioral Health Questionnaire-20(K-BHQ-20). We gave the K-BHQ-20 to 400 college students in Pohang. The 4 constructs of the K-BHQ-20 investigated by factor-analyzing were 'Psychological Symptoms', 'Well-Being of School Life', 'Drinking/Eating Problem' and 'Social Life Functioning'. The K-BHQ-20's concurrent validity was supported by correlations with Mt and BDI. Support was also found for the reliability of internal consistency measure(Chronbach's alpha). The present study demonstrated that the K-BHQ-20, a relatively brief questionnaire, is a valid and reliable measure for assessing university students' mental health. To further prove the validity of the K-BHQ-20 as a measure assessing the effectiveness of psychotherapy, the future research needs to determine whether the K-BHQ-20 can detect responsiveness to psychotherapy or recovery across therapy sessions in university counseling service.
This research is to examine the effects of undergraduate students purpose in life on self-esteem, problem solving aptitudes and fear of negative evaluation. At the study, 277 students completed four questionnaires; PIL test, self-esteem, problem solving aptitudes & fear of negative evaluation. PIL test if utilized to measure the level of purpose in life and High/Middle/low groups are classified from the result. Correlation, t-test, ONEWAY and Stepwise Regression were applied to analyse the data. The results of this study are as follows. First, the correlation of the PIL, self esteem and problem solving aptitudes were showed significantly positive but fear of negative evaluation was showed negative correlation with all. Second, the male and female difference in PIL, self-esteem and problem solving aptitudes were showed male students group reported the higher level than female students. At the fear of negative evaluation was showed female group reported the higher level than male. In PIL and problem solving, religious group was higher than irreligious group. Third, the classified groups from PIL level were reported significant differences at the self-esteem, problem solving, fear of negative evaluation. High level of PIL was related to high self-esteem, problem solving subscale and to low fear of negative evaluation. The high group students conceit that good problem solver for oneself. At the result, the specific and concrete purpose can increase of self efficient and more successive result.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between temperament character and depression, and the mediating effects of character on depression. 122 female college students were administered JTCI and MMPI. The correlation and regression among the subfactors of temperament such as novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, the three dimensions of character such as self-directedness, cooperativeness and self-transcendence and depression scale of MMPI were calculated. The results indicated that novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness and self-transcendence were important variables associated with depression. The results of analysis revealed that harm avoidance had both direct effects and indirect effects mediated by self-directedness on depression. The findings of this study suggests that high harm avoidance and low self-directedness are risk factors for depression, and the influences of temperament on depression may partially depend on the maturity of character in college students. Finally, the limitation and further suggestions for the future study were discussed.
This study is to examine the validity of the investment model accompanied by the altruistic delusion variable when dating violence victims maintain their violent relationships. The investment model states that dating violence victims consider their satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment level to determine their commitment level in their relationship. And those variables contribute to the maintenance of their relationship. The altruistic variable is dating violence victims' belief that they can change their partners' violent behaviors by themselves. South Korean women who were in their 20s (N=227) provided self-reported data, and 110 people were endorsed as dating violence victims according to the researcher's standard. The investment model turned out to be effective when applied to South Korea's victims of dating violence who were maintaining their relationships. Also, the new investment model which is composed of the past investment model and altruistic delusion variable had a better prediction to explain the reasons victims' did not leave their violent relationships. In the following studies, the investment model should be applied to homosexuals, married couples, male victims, and other participants who have a different social economic status to generalize the investment model's validity.
This study is to test the restorative environment model (Lee, 2007a) of the emotion-improving effects of the Index of Greenness (IG) according to the context of “home" or “places other than home." During a day, cellular phone text messages were sent to South Korean undergraduates (n = 301) twelve times. On receiving each message, participants took a photograph of their surroundings, marked if they were either “at home" or “in places other than home", and then rated stress scale, the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), and Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) with reference to “here and now." Three samples were drawn through a series of data processing. These samples consisted of the data only in case that the participants saw the leaves of plants (1) at home or in places other than home (sample 1; n = 233); (2) at home (sample 2; n = 54); and (3) in places other than home (sample 3; n = 219). The restorative environment model was tested with sample 1, 2, and 3, and then compared. A series of path analyses showed that: (1) the fit indices were better for the data from the sample 3 than the sample 1 and 2; (2) the causal path from ‘IG' to ‘restorative environment' was statistically significant only in sample 3; and (3) the causal paths from ‘restorative environment' to ‘emotion' were statistically significant in all three samples. Hierarchical multiple regressions showed that stress × restorative environment interaction was statistically significant only in sample 2. In other words, the negative effect of stress on emotion was present only at high level of restorative environment. These results indicate that in spite of the low level of IG, home is an important setting for psychological restoration, which enhances emotion. In contrast, these results indicate that in places other than home, higher IG is associated with higher psychological restoration, which enhances emotion.