The specific innate modular theorists have claimed that men are innately more upset by a mate's sexual infidelity and women are more upset by a mate's emotional infidelity because the sexes faced different adaptive problems(for men, cuckoldry; for women, losing a mate's resources). The present study examined the replicability of the results of JSIM(Buss et al., 1992) for Korean adults(including college students) sample. Another purpose of the study was to rule out the explanations of the double-shot hypotheses(DeSteno & Salovey, 1996). Additionally, moderating effects of age, educational level, religion, occupation, marriage status, and attachment style based on the social-cognitive hypotheses(Harris, 2003b) were examined. 300 adults men and women completed forced-choice hypothetical measures. Results of the study replicate the findings of JSIM. Men more frequently chose the sexual infidelity scenario as most upsetting than women, whereas women more frequently chose the emotional infidelity scenario as most upsetting than men. Contrary to the double-shot explanation, choice of scenario was unrelated to two for one possibility. Interaction effects of sex with demographic and psychological factors also were not found. Results of the study were discussed in relation with JSIM and social-cognitive theory and previous studies. Alternative view of jealousy was suggested for the future research.
This study is performed to identify what factors make the North Korean Defectors be able to live along with the South Koreans in South Korea. For this purpose, we surveyed 181 North Korean Defectors' individuality and relatedness. First of all, the North Korean defectors showed the nearly similar level of individuality and relatedness to those of the South Koreans, and relatedness was significantly higher than individuality in both groups. Interestingly, however, though there was sexual difference for the South Korea undergraduates, there was not for the North Korean Defectors. And then we analyzed the data to see if the individuality and relatedness can be changed after defecting from the North Korea. the results is that when stay period in the third nation such as China is very long(ex, about 4 years), relatedness is significantly high. Considering on the occupation factor, employees and students demonstrated significantly higher scores on relatedness than unemployees. Also we analyzed the correlation of individuality and relatedness with perceived discrimination, feeling of trust and self-efficacy, to find out how individuality and relatedness of the North Korean Defectors work on social interaction with the South Koreans. The results indicate that individuality is correlated significantly positively with feeling of trust, and relatedness is correlated negatively with perceived discrimination and positively with self-efficacy.
The purpose of this study is to investigate job stress of operators in the nuclear power plant, the effect of behavioral unstabilitythat is a common personality character of the operators who have accident proneness and coping style. The objects of study were 379 operators. According to the results of this study, behavioral unstability has a negative effect on their job stress, and active-cognitive coping decreases this effect. Active-behavioral coping has no effect on their job stress. But avoidance coping has a negative effect on their job stress independently of behavioral unstability.
The purpose of this study was to examine whether there were individual differences in emotion regulation strategies and to find out the effective strategies for job performance and psychological well-being in workplace. We also examined the moderating effects of the emotion regulation strategies upon the relationship between specified negative emotion, job effectiveness, and psychological well-being. The sample of the study was 390 workers in 59 workplace. Results showed that men tended to use problem solving on emotion regulation while women preferred neglect, and that personality, such as extroversion, achievement orientation, and neuroticism, was significant factor in selecting the strategies. While the problem solving strategy was found to be most effective in task performance, and positive thinking as well as support seeking in psychological well-being, the neglect strategy turned out to be most ineffective in psychological well-being. The results revealed the significant mediating effect of the emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between specific negative emotion, job effectiveness, and psychological well-being. It was found, however, that the frequently used regulation strategies were not necessarily effective in a highly negative emotional experience (anger, frustration), which gave rise to a strong stress. Finally, we discussed potential its limitations and potential implications in a workplace.
The aim of this investigation was to examine the clinical utility of the Korean California Verbal Learning Test (K-CVLT) as a staging measure for dementia. The participants were 19 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 55 age- and education- comparable healthy control (HC) elderly adults who were sampled in Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul. The results of retrieval related quantitative indices revealed significant mean value differences between HC and AD groups. In the detailed comparison of quantitative indices which measured the process of memory, HC used more semantic clustering than AD. In comparing the serial position effect, AD's recent effects were remarkable than HC. The result of discriminant analysis showed that long term cued recall and recognition scores can be the most efficient indices for discriminating AD to HC with sensitivity and specificity. These results suggest that the K-CVLT has clinical utility in the diagnosis for dementia of Alzheimer type.
This study regarding the sexual attitudes, sexual behaviors, effect of sexual abuses and self-esteem was conducted by using 407 male and 692 female Korean college students recruited from 11 universities in South Korea. The sexual attitudes and activities scales, and the self-esteem scale were administered to the subjects. The results showed that the male and female college students were more permissive about the attitude for premarital sex than the previous subjects. For example, about thirty one percent of female students and seventy six percent of male students admitted that they had premarital sexual experiences. However, more female students felt guilty about their sexual intercourse than male students. While they were negative attitudes for homosexuality, women showed more lenient attitudes homosexuality than men, and also more female students tend to accept homo sexuals than men. As expected, more female college students experienced sexual abuses including rape, and sexual harrassment than male counter parts. There was negative relationship between low self-esteem and sexual abuse experiences. More specifically, the earlier women experienced sexual assault, the more negative side effect they experienced. Over all, the subjects who have permissive attitudes about sex, tend to have more sexual experiences, and felt less guilty and more homosexual feelings than the conservative ones. More discussions about the current college students and further research ideas were suggested.
This study examined the effect of mood awareness on psychological adjustment indices. Mood awareness is conceptualized into two dimensions : mood monitoring and mood labeling. 516 university students completed Mood Awareness Scale(MAS) to measure mood monitoring and mood labeling. Dependent measures were Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire(OHQ). The results of correlation and multiple regression analyses indicated that mood labeling predicted the happiness significantly, but mood monitoring wasn't. And there was no interaction between mood monitoring and labeling. However mood monitoring predicted depression and anxiety significantly. In order to produce a path model of between mood awareness constructs and three adaptational indices (happiness, depression and anxiety), Amos analyses were practiced. The results indicated that mood labeling affect on three adaptational indices significantly, but mood monitoring did only on maladaptive indices. Especially, mood labeling directly affect on happiness without mediating maladaptive indices.
This study aims to investigate predictors of long-term (2 years) abstention from smoking with demographic profiles, physical and physiological variables, smoking behaviors, and psychological variables. Participants were 73 smokers (65 males, 8 females) participated in a hospitalized smoking cessation program whose mean age was 44.89 (SD=9.61). Participants completed questionnaires and psychological tests including: Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Multidimensional Coping Scale, and Jerusalem and Schwarzer's Self-Efficacy Scale. And data from variety of clinical measurements were included for analysis. To identify participants abstention, researchers followed them for 2 years. Data Mining Decision Tree was performed with 43 variables by Answer Tree 3.0v. Decision Tree model included significant variables for abstention as predictors, such as active coping, neuroticism, psychoticism, self-criticism, High Density Lipoprotein (HLD), seeking social support, level of glucose. Decision Tree model showed that those who coped actively, were less neurotic and psychotic, had abstained for average of 646.25 days/2 years, while those who coped unactively, had low level of HDL, were unlikely to sought social support, had abstained only for average of 17.83 days/2 years. These results suggest roles of biopsychosocial variables for long-term successful smoking cessation.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of affect intensity and neuroticism on stress experiences. Affect Intensity Measure(AIM), Emotional Intensity Scale(EIS), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ), Thermal Pressure Stress, and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) were administrated 72 college students. The results showed that significant main effects of affect intensity and neuroticism influenced on stress threshold and stress tolerance, but not interaction. With regard to stress displeasure report, only neuroticism showed the main effect but meaningful effect of affect intensity and their interaction were not found. Clinical implication of these results and limitations of this study were discussed and were also considered suggestions for further studies.
This study investigated the effects of stress vulnerability and task on cardiovascular activity. Experiment involved a 2(stress vulnerability) × 2(task condition) design. Heart rate variability and peripheral vasoconstriction were recorded by means of electrocardiograph and finger plethysmograph during baseline, mental arithmetic and recovery periods. Results revealed that high vulnerability group exhibited significantly higher heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction than low vulnerability group before, during and after arithmetic task. Compared to baseline, both heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction were significantly increased during mental arithmetic. There was no significant group difference in vagal tone during three periods, but resting vagal influence and the capacity to suppress this influence during mental arithmetic were founded to be related. Participants who anticipated to participated in a second task after recovery period showed poorer recovery from heart rate aftereffect following stress than those who did not. These results suggested that stress vulnerability mainly impacted on heart rate variability through increasing sympathetic activation. Autonomic correlates of both stress reactivity and the self-reported personality variables were discussed.
This study examined the effect of depressive response styles on the relation of stress and depression with male and female college students. The results confirmed that ruminative and distracting response styles were important factors which had contrasting influences on the depression. There was a reflective response style that had positive aspects within self-focused response. Female college students had more stress and were more likely to engage in ruminative and distracting response than male, but there was no sex difference in depressive levels. However there was no difference between ruminative and distracting response style in both male and female students. Regression analyses showed that ruminative and distracting styles of response to depressed mood had significant effect on depression, but unexpectedly moderation effects computed by interaction effects of stress and depressive response style were not found. Mediation effect analyses indicated that ruminative response style mediated indirectly the relation of stress and depression in male and female students and ruminative response style had very important effect on depression. This mediation effect suggested that intervention would be effective if it is focused on ruminative response style. Finally, suggestions for present and future study and the limitations of present study were discussed.
This article examines factors that influence the overall quality of life and factors that influence quality of life at home, school, work and leisure settings. Using the indigenous psychological approach, a total of 3,406 participants (1,331 adolescents 2,075 adults) completed an open-ended questionnaire developed by the present authors. First, for the overall quality of life, factors that raise quality of life for adolescents are self-regulation, academic achievement, and harmonious interpersonal relations. For adults, they are financial security, self-regulation, and harmonious family life. Second, adolescents report higher levels of the overall quality of life and also for the quality of life at home and leisure settings than adults. Third, males respondents report higher quality of life at leisure settings than female respondents. Fourth, those respondents with higher levels of achievement report higher quality of life. Within the home setting, factors that influence quality of life for both adolescents and adults are harmonious family relationships and financial security. Within the school setting, factors that influence quality of life are relationship with friends and academic achievement. Within the work setting, the most important factor that influence quality of life is harmoniousinterpersonal relationships. With the adult sample, those respondents with a high level of achievement report their occupational achievement as the most important factor that influence quality of life at work. Those respondents with moderate level of achievement report harmonious interpersonal relations as the most important factor. Those respondents with low levels of achievement report financial security the most important factor. As for the leisure setting, adolescents report personal hobbies and adults report financial security as being the most important factor.
This study searches for the possibility that Sakhim of Han as a mature suppressive mechanism may play a useful role in emotional coping of cancer patients. The preponderance of the growing literature suggests that emotional inhibition, that is, suppression or repression would increase vulnerability to stress-related diseases such as cancer. However, although emotional inhibition and cancer may be clearly related, the inhibition hypothesis has weaknesses: the existence of experimental counter evidence, the partiality of suppression-related discussions, and the overlooking of cultural influences. This article criticizes the conceptual underpinnings of emotional inhibition theories and provides a rationale for successful suppression. The psychological process of Sakhim and presuppositions for successful Sakhim are analyzed. Implications for cancer patients' emotional coping are discussed.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS) is a functional disorder of the lower gastrointestinal tract in the absence of structural abnormalities. Psychological factors play a role in the etiology and maintenance of IBS. This study evaluated the efficacy of mindfulness meditation for the treatment of symptoms of IBS in middle school students. Twelve subjects were selected from a middle school in Seoul, Korea and assigned to either an 8 week group meditation condition(n=6) or a wait list symptom monitoring condition(n=6). The meditation group participated in 10 breathing-mindfulness meditation sessions 1-2 times a week, for about 8 weeks. Measures included symptom diaries, Academic Stress Test, Self-efficacy Scale, STAI(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and Children's Depression Inventory. The results were as follows. The differences between two groups on relief of abdominal pain, constipation, bloating and total symptom score were statistically significant, but there was no difference on psychological measures. These results suggest that mindfulness meditation is efficacious in reducing symptoms of IBS.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS) is a functional disorder of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract in the absence of structural abnormalities. Psychological factors play a role in the etiology and maintenance of IBS. This study examined the effect of mindfulness meditation on symptoms and psychological states in patients with IBS. Twenty patients with IBS were referred by a local physician or self-referred and assigned to either a meditation condition(n=10) or a wait list symptom monitoring condition(n=10). Patients(n=8) of the meditation group participated in a 7-week group mindfulness meditation sessions and were instructed to practice 10～25 min of meditation daily. The wait list group did not receive any treatment. Pre-and Post intervention data were collected by using IBS symptom diaries, STAI(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), ASI(Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory), BDI(Beck's Depression Inventory), and Multidimentional Health Locus of Control Scale(MHLC). Results showed that the difference between the mindfulness meditation group and waiting group on CPSR(Composite Primary Symptom Reduction) score failed to reach statistical significance but the ratio of clinically improved partipants in the mindfulness meditation group was higher. In addition, within-subject improvements of mindfulness meditation group were noted for abdominal tenderness, constipation, bloating, nausea, flatulence, and average degree of general symptoms at post-treatment. Significant within-subject changes of mindfulness meditation group were noted for state anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, Internal health locus of control in IBS patients at post-treatment. There was no statistically significant improvement in the wait list group.
The purposes of this study were to examine the influence of the risk-taking personality trait on gambling severity and gambling behavior in terms of gambling frequency and to find out if a risk-taking personality trait and gambling motives can differentiate social gambling from problem gambling and problem gambling from pathological gambling. The participants were 240 university students and 239 gamblers who were participating in legal and illegal gambling. The results showed that the risk-taking personality trait had a positive influence on gambling severity, and the risk-taking tendencies of pathological and problem gamblers were stronger than that of social gamblers. Differences in risk-taking tendencies was not observed between problem and pathological gamblers. Excitement and monetary motives were the unique indicators for differentiating pathological gambling from problem gambling. However, the discriminating power of the risk-taking personality trait was not significant. It was suggested that motives such as pursuit of monetary gain or stimulation seeking have stronger effects than the risk-taking trait in terms of explaining pathological gambling behavior.