Relationship model between mindfulness, self-regulation, and wisdom was proposed. Mindfulness was defined as a 'receptive attention to and awareness of present experiences and it's antecedent motivation and meta cognition'. Attentional regulation and meta cognitive process were supposed to play a core role in mindful processes. Mindful processes closely related with different (alerting; orienting; executive control) functions of the attentional networks. Through the specific attentional regulation, clear, nonconceptual, disidentified(or decentered), open, and flexible awareness on the present moment was induced. This made sensible self-regulation of the thought, emotion, motivation, and behavior. Wisdom, expert knowledge and judgement system, was emerged through these meta systemic self-regulation based on mindfulness.
Mindfulness has lately attracted considerable attention as a psychological construct. The purpose of this study is to propose mindfulness on counselor education. This article explores the possibility of applications of mindfulness in psychotherapy field and addresses principal mechanisms of mindfulness. And relationships between mindfulness and counselor factors were reviewed. Among counselor factors empathy and countertransference were highlighted. In addition, this article suggests that mindfulness protects counselors from psychological burnout and promotes psychological health, so that it needs to be trained continually for the professional counselor education. Finally, ways to acknowledge mindfulness as a counselor's attitude were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to review research on the psychosocial interventions for cancer patients. Cancer patients experience continuing psychological problems from at the moment diagnosed, during medical treatment, and after termination of the treatment. Of course, medical treatment is the critical for them, but surgical operation, chemical therapy, and radiation therapy are not enough for caring cancer patients. Recent research indicates that psychosocial interventions for the cancer patients can not only improve the quality of life, decrease emotional distress, and enhance coping skills and interpersonal relationships, but also result in positive physiological effects such as improvement of immune functions and decrease of stress hormone. Now many researchers admit the importance of the psychosocial interventions for cancer patients. So, we described psychological disturbances of cancer patients at first, and then reviewed research for the validation of the efficacy of psychosocial intervention programs for cancer patients. We discriminated interventions according to the content and major therapeutic factors, and categorized them into 4 types such as education, supportive- expressive(experiential-existential) therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and integrative therapy. Education approach involves health education(for disease, treatment, and side effect), symptom management, and stress management skill. Supportive-expressive therapy primarily encourages emotion expression and social support, and it also involves confrontation of existential problems such as death, dying, meaning of life, responsibility, and so on. Cognitive-behavioral therapy includes cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, and problem-solving training in general. Integrative therapy is labeled in the case of utilizing different therapeutic approaches together. And we also introduced other approaches for cancer patients including art therapy. Finally, we presented recent research accomplished in Korea and suggested some future research tasks.
The purpose of this study was to examine how SOC strategy moderate to relationship between job stressors and work-family conflicts. Models of this study were developed to test role of SOC strategy as a moderator. Data for analysis were collected through surveys in March, 2005 and February, 2006. Participants for this study were 748 male and female workers. Questionnaire was made to measure the level of SOC strategy, job stressor, and work-family conflict. SOC Scale was developed in author's previous study for the validation of the SOC Scale for Korean. Participants divided into two groups according to mean of SOC score as a high or low group. SPSS 14.0 for Window was used to test models for this study. As a result, Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that interaction effect of job stressor and SOC were found on work-family conflict. And workers of high SOC group report lower work-family conflicts than those of low SOC group. Implications of these results and methodological limitations of this study were discussed. Finally the tasks and direction for future study were suggested.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of emotional intelligence, active coping and social support on PTSD symptoms through structural equation modeling. The Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale(PDS), Wong & Law Emotional Intelligence Scale(WLEIS), The Ways of Coping Checklist and Social Support Scale were administered to 369 firefighters working in Seoul. To test the hypothetical model, SPSS 13.0 and AMOS 4.0 statistical analyses are used. In the research model, it was assumed that emotional intelligence would have effects on PTSD symptoms through being moderated by social support and mediated by active coping. The results indicated that the hypothetical model was proved. Results has shown that emotional intelligence could influence PTSD symptoms both directly and indirectly through active coping. And emotional intelligence decreased PTSD symptoms through interacting with social support. These results views the model about the effects of emotional intelligence, active coping and social support on PTSD symptoms, and this model helps understand PTSD symptoms of firefighters, also can be applied to program a useful treatment and preventive interventions of PTSD symptoms of firefighters.
This research was to investigate the characteristics of domestic violence takers. Specifically, this research was to verify the motivation of domestic violence, the emotions during domestic violence and the reasons for decrease of domestic violence. For these purposes, qualitative interviews with ten domestic violators who had been accused of domestic violence were taken. Then we analyzed these interviews using the theme analysis method. The results were as follows. First, the main reasons why they do domestic violence were revealed to be three categories, namely, conflict with wife, the characteristics of personality, and environmental factors. Especially, conflict with wife was found to be most main problem. Second, the emotions during domestic violence were revealed to be three categories such as the sense of anger, short of self-control and shame. Third, the changes accompanying the decrease of domestic violence were found to be five categories, namely, increase of the power of self-control in stress situation, the change of emotion expression, the purification of sense of anger, the change of thinking style and behavior style. We discussed the role of professional counselor, and limitations of these findings were discussed.
The present study surveyed the distribution of adults’ attachment types using the questionnaire (Bielefelder Fragebogen zu Partnerschaftserwartungen) on expectation for spouse (Partner) relation developed by Hoeger and Buschkaemper (2002) in Germany, and analyzed the distribution of attachment types according to demographic variables, experience of loss that is a risk factor affecting the change of attachment quality, and experience of dating andmarriage that may work as negative factors or as positive factors. The questionnaire mentioned above is a tool that classifies adults’ attachment type as a continuous variable, so it can subdivide attachment types in detail rather than limiting them into three categories. According to the results of this study, four types of adult attachment were identified, which were secure attachment; insecure-ambivalent attachment; insecure-avoidant-cooperative attachment; and insecure-avoidant-closed attachment. The distribution of the identified attachment types showed significant differences according to age, marital status and experience of dating. That is, the percentage of security attachment was higher in those who were older, those who were married, and those who had experiences of dating.
The present study surveyed the distribution of adults' attachment types using the questionnaire (Bielefelder Fragebogen zu Partnerschaftserwartungen) on expectation for spouse (Partner) relation developed by Hoeger and Buschkaemper (2002) in Germany, and analyzed the distribution of attachment types according to demographic variables, experience of loss that is a risk factor affecting the change of attachment quality, and experience of dating andmarriage that may work as negative factors or as positive factors. The questionnaire mentioned above is a tool that classifies adults' attachment type as a continuous variable, so it can subdivide attachment types in detail rather than limiting them into three categories. According to the results of this study, four types of adult attachment were identified, which were secure attachment; insecure-ambivalent attachment; insecure-avoidant-cooperative attachment; and insecure-avoidant-closed attachment. The distribution of the identified attachment types showed significant differences according to age, marital status and experience of dating. That is, the percentage of security attachment was higher in those who were older, those who were married, and those who had experiences of dating.
This study examined sheltered adolescents' psychological adjustment and classified their type according to their adjustment style using MMPI-A data. To classify them, cluster analysis was done for 79 adolescents who were living in shelter. The MMPI-A scores showed that 57% of the adolescents had above 70T in any of 10 clinical scale. Cluster analysis can be classified the adolescents into 3 groups : normal, antisocial, distracted. Each type has significantly different scores in MMPI-A and protective/risk factor. Among 33 protective/risk factor, their scores were significantly different in 14 factors: physical health, runaway of siblings, conflict with parents, academic achievement, school activity, goal setting, depression, anxiety, aggression, anger, impulsivity, interpersonal problem, peer support. Characteristics of each type were summarized, and the limitations of this study and the suggestions for the further research were discussed.
The purpose of this study investigated the differences of depression figure according to diagnosis, and the relation of depression level and depression factors to neuro-cognitive functions. The subjects were 142 patients diagnosed as Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia and mild cognitive impairment. The patients were given brain MRI, neurological examination, the Seoul Neuro-psychological Screening Battery(SNSB), the geriatric depression scale(GDS) and the activity of daily living scale (ADL). The depression rate of Alzheimer patients were the highest compared with other group. However, the vascular dementia showed the highest depression level. In higher depression level, there were significantly lower in attention abilities, psychomotor velocities, visual memory, executive function and ADL. The results of factor analysis for the GDS was classified 4 factors such as depression, worry, dysphoria, and apathy. The depression factor of GDS was related to the attention, immediate visual recall, and executive function. On the other hand, the apathy factor was related to the core symptoms of dementia, such as recall and recognition of memory. Because the depressive symptoms of the dementia patients were often originated from both emotional reaction to their defect and neurological disease itself, the factors of depression might be affected by causes of dementia. So, it is important to ensure that the dementia patients with depression need appropriate treatment through the evaluation of depression factors.
In this study a simulated, sensitive video-based instrument for the evaluation of social cognition of schizophrenia was developed: The Assessment tool of Social Cognitive Ability for Schizophrenia (ASCAS). Realization of the instrument entailed the development of scripts, the scenes of the actual movie steering actors and post processing of the video clips with subsequent test-formating. The ASCAS was operationalized social cognition through video, approximating social interactions the way they actually happen in everyday life. The psychometric adequacy of ASCAS was investigated by the use of item-response model (two parameter logistic models). The data were analysed by LTM (latent trait models under IRT) 0.7-1module. The internal consistency, interrater reliability and convergent validity was analyzed by SPSS 12.0K for windows. Major findings of this study were as follows: Test of goodness-of-fit was revealed that items of ASCAS were fitted for two parameter logistic model. The item difficulty parameter of ASCAS expressed that the difficulty level of item is low and the discrimination parameter showed that items of ASCAS distinguished between subjects with low/high standing in this scale. According to the Test Information Curve the items asked in ASCAS provided information for subjects with low ability. The internal consistency(.91) and the interrater reliability(.78) were pertinent. Through the ASCAS factors related with social cognition were examined. Results showed that negative symptoms and general social functioning were correlated with social cognition.
This study was to investigate whether eating behavior was influenced by other's shape or thinness and attention focused on shape. For this purpose, photographs of under-weight, normal or over-weight models were presented to 193 college students and they were also manipulated to focus their attention on shape or personality dimension. Then participants were requested to evaluate the taste of new snack, and the amount of the snacks which they had eaten was used as the dependent variable. The main results were as follows. First, females ate much more amount of snacks when they were exposed to photographs of under-weight or normal models than over-weight model. Furthermore, the effect of shape of model was also moderated by the role of private self-focused attention. Specifically, at the conditions of under-weight and over-weight model, the amount was not affected by private self-focused attention. However, when females were exposed to normal weight model, attention focused on shape made them eat less. Among males, only the effect of shape of model influenced how much they ate. Interestingly, the result pattern was somewhat different from those of females which showed that males ate less when they exposed to over-weight model then under-weight or normal models. Finally, the limitations of this study and the implications for future studies were discussed.
This study aims to investigate the relationship between music preferences and subjective well-being, such as satisfaction with life, expectancy of satisfactory life, negative emotions, positive emotions, and subjective happiness. The participants were 344 college students (161 males and 183 females), whose ages ranged from 17 to 37 (M=21.35, SD=2.43). The instruments utilized in the present study were Music Preference Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Scale for expectancy of satisfactory life, Emotion Frequency Test, and Subjective Happiness Scale. Music Preference Questionnaire showed relatively satisfactory level of reliability and validity. Result indicated that students with higher music preferences showed more strong expectancy of satisfactory life than those with lower music preferences. Correlational analysis revealed that preferences of musical activity and classic music were positively associated with satisfaction with life, whereas pursuit of psychological effects in music was positively associated with negative emotions as well as subjective happiness. A regression analysis revealed that pursuit of psychological effects in music accounted for around 8.5% variance of expectancy of satisfactory life. The present findings suggest that music may have the well-being effect as well as the healing effect.
This study was performed to identify the long-term effect of the integrative group psychotherapy on the improvement of quality of life in breast cancer patients. We collected only 24 breast cancer patients in intervention group and 6 in control group, except for patients such as already dead, currently severely ill, not able to keep contact, and reluctant to participate in the investigation. At first, we compared the change patterns during 3 years after program termination between intervention and control group. And then we analyzed the mean differences between two groups at 3-year follow-up. The results are as follows. First, in intervention group, there is relatively consistent improvement on the quality of life and emotional distress by the 6 months follow-up, but the effect decreased at 3-year follow-up. In contrast, in control group, there are fluctuations on the results and consistent pattern is not found. Second, at the 3-year follow-up comparison between intervention and control group, there are not significant differences on the quality of life, cancer coping, and emotional variables. However, some beneficial effects revealed in the intervention group, in areas such as breast cancer-related functioning and symptoms, hostility, and coping. In addition, as we analyzed to identify the significant variables to influence on the quality of life and eomtional state at 3-year follow-up, avoidant coping is very important to improve cancer-related functions and reduce cancer-related symptoms. And more interpersonal coping, more spouse support, and less avoidant coping is associated with the decrease of emotional distress. Lastly, we could identify that social support such as spouse support is the most important for breast cancer survivors' mood and emotional well-being, and avoidant coping is the best predictor for the cancer and breast cancer related functions.
Though an increasing interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has naturally led to an increase in research, there is no guideline for CAM and also it is hard to find the research which is focus to the patients' psychosocial characteristics. This study was designed to investigate the affinity for CAM, and to figure out what could be the main factor to choose CAM in the view of psychosocial analysis. During the three months periods, we surveyed total of 146 patients who visited department of Family Medicine in the university hospital in Seoul and Chung Ju. Excluding 16 patients with inadequate answers to survey, total subjects were made to 130. The questionnaire was consist of three aspects; 1) affinity for CAM and the type of therapy managed, 2) Multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) by Wallston etc.(1978), 3) Coping scale by Holahan and Moos(1991). By this questionnaire, we analyzed the general information of utilizing alternative medicine and the factors affecting the satisfaction of treatment, which are demographic characteristics, medical history, satisfaction of conventional medicine or CAM, and association of psychosocial characteristics with CAM use. All subjects were classified by the preference for CAM. According to the results of this experiment, higher educated people (postgraduate school) preferred CAM (p<0.05), but higher familial income favored orthodox medicine (p<0.05). Seventy six percent of participants had experienced alternative medicine at least once. The participants with high level of internal health locus of control (IHLC) or chance health locus of control (CHLC), or emotional-oriented coping preferred pharmacological and physiological alternative medicine. The participants with high level of powerful others externality (PHLC), or task-oriented coping or avoidance-oriented coping mostly preferred manual therapy. By contrast with orthodox medicine, psychosocial factors play an important role in use of CAM, because most patients make choices of CAM without any guidance from medical doctors or conventional care providers. Therefore, understanding of patients' psychosocial factors may help both researchers and health care providers understanding patients' needs more effectively and to achieve better adherence to treatment recommendations.