The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on diabetes stress, self-care, quality of life and acceptance and action of adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. This study proceeded with the approval of the IRB. Participants included 11 adolescents, aged 14-19 who visited Chonbuk National University Hospital and met the inclusion criteria. Participants were assigned to the ACT group (5 participants) or to the control group(6 participants). Data was collected from the Stress on diabetes Scale, Self-Care Scale, PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales (Peds QL 4.0), and Acceptance & Action Questionnaire-16 (AAQ-16). The ACT program was administered for 8 sessions. Diabetes stress, self-care, quality of life were assessed. Acceptance and action were assessed at pre-test, post-test, and during a 3-month follow-up. The results of this study were as follows: diabetes stress was reduced in the therapy group The. therapy group also showed increased acceptance and action, but did not show increased self-care or quality of life. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study as well as, suggestions for future study are also discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of expressive writing therapy on care-burden and psychological wellbeing on individuals who had been caring for family member battling cancer. Thirty-four family caregivers were assigned to two groups; an expressive writing therapy(EWT) group and a control group with no interventions. EWT group wrote about topics related to their care-giving experiences, including thoughts and feelings four times for at least 15 minutes. Repeated measure ANOVA was conducted to analyze the treatment effect. The results showed that the EWT group had significant reduction in care-burden and improvement in psychological wellbeing after the treatment compared to the control group. This study suggests that writing about the care-giving experience, emotion and thought allowed caregivers to partly cope with the care-burden and to gain psychological wellbeing. Lastly, the limitation and the significance of this study was discussed.
The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between personal defense mechanism styles and the effect of mental fitness positive counseling and psychotherapy on college students. The 10 session group mental fitness program was administrated to 60 college students in Seoul. Each group consisted of 12∼14 participants. Self-report questionnaires were given to participants before and after the intervention in order to assess changes in subjective well-being and optimism. Nine participants were absent from 3 or more sessions were excluded from the subsequent analysis. According to the result of cluster analysis using the distribution of scores on subtypes of defense styles, which were assessed before the intervention, the remaining 51 participants were divided into 3 groups: mature, neurotic, and immature. The results showed that there were significant increases in subjective well-being and optimism after program participation regardless of group type. But interaction effects of group and assessment time were not found significant for either subjective well-being or optimism. These findings suggest that the mental fitness program can enhance subjective well-being and optimism in mature, neurotic, and immature groups. Finally, limitations of this study and suggestions for future research were discussed.
This study tried to develop brief job stress scale to assess occupational health psychology in order to prevent job stress at industrial sites, which is increasing. Busan, GyeongNam area’s laborers who are engaged in manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries, were asked to compose 20 questions on the basis of the transactional process model. Through explanatory factor analysis, a brief job stress scale composed of 10 questions was developed. The Brief Job Stress Scale includes indicators like interpersonal relations, work load, and coping. The result of test-retest reliability analysis showed significant reliability, and the analysis of criterion-related validity showed significant correlations with the Korean Occupational Stress Scale, stress response, and life satisfaction. The hierarchial regression analysis conducted with the sub factors of the Brief Job Stress Scale, the Korean Occupational Stress Scale, and stress response in order to examine the efficiency of the Brief Job Stress Scale following the transactional process model. It showed significant results and when the coping factor of the Brief Job Stress Scale was added, it showed increased ability to explain along with the Korean Occupational Stress Scale and stress response. These results showed that the Brief Job Stress Scale measured similar psychological characteristics existing job stress scales and can be confidently used more in its abbreviated form.
The purpose of this study was to develop and standardize the Korean version of the Parent Mealtime Action Scale(K-PMAS). The parents of typically developing preschool and elementary school children (N=887) ranging in age from 1 to 11 years as well as parents of children with developmental disorders (N=116) completed the PMAS. A subset of the participants were retested for reliability and also completed the Children’s Eating Behavior Inventory- Korean Version (K-CEBI), which was used for assessing validity. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the theoretically-based 8-factor structure of PMAS fit the data well. The PMAS scores suggested acceptable levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Validity was also supported by significant correlations between the K-CEBI scores and the differences in K-PMAS scores between the parents of children with developmental disorders and those of typically developing children. The results of one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in K-PMAS scores between the genders. However, there were significant differences across ages. The means and standard deviations of the PMAS scale scores are provided. Clinical and research implications as well as limitations are discussed.
This study investigated the psychometric properties of a Korean version of the Pain Medication Attitude Questionnaire (K-PMAQ) for measuring the concern and beliefs about pain medication in patients with chronic pain. The data were collected from 152 patients with chronic pain visiting the pain center of University Hospital in Seoul, Korea. Exploratory factor analysis showed a 36-item, five-factor structure consisting of concern about pain medication, mistrust in doctor, necessity for pain medication, concerns over scrutiny from others, and social support. The 5 subscale as well as the total scores of the K-PMAQ had good internal consistency ranging from .83 to .93. The K-PMAQ also showed significant correlation with depression, anxiety, physical function, and under-use and over-use of pain medication. This study suggests that the K-PMAQ shows reliability and validity for the measurement of concern and belief about pain medication in a Korea patient sample with chronic pain.
The present study was conducted to explain internet addiction through the character strengths(VIA scale) based on positive traits in positive psychology, which is the scientific study for positive psychological aspects of humans. Using the data of 568 students (male 225, female 343) from four universities in J and D cities, the relationship between internet addiction and character strengths was examined through exploratory regression analysis, and internet addiction was significantly explained by self-regulation, bravery, and love among character strengths. Based on previous studies, the causal model was set up among sensations-seeking and impulsiveness, internet addiction, and negative emotions; sensations-seeking and impulsiveness were predictors of internet addiction while internet addiction was a affecting factor on negative emotions (depression, anxiety). Impulsiveness significantly predicted internet addiction, and sensation-seeking indirectly explained internet addiction through impulsiveness. In addition, internet addiction significantly explained depression and anxiety. Multi-group analysis was conducted in order to explain how the casual model could be explained differently according to the high-low level of self-regulation. In the low level of self-regulation, impulsiveness significantly explained internet addiction, and sensation seeking indirectly explained internet addiction through impulsiveness while internet addiction indirectly explained depression through anxiety. In addition, in the high level of self-regulation, sensations seeking and impulsiveness significantly explained internet addiction, and internet addiction significantly explained depression and anxiety. Consequently, these findings suggested that, while people with low self-regulation used the internet due to the simple impulse, people with high self-regulation used internet for different reasons and the expectation of self-regulation, but the failure of self-regulation could have greater effects on the negative emotions. However, persistent internet addiction, regardless of the level of self-regulation, impacted the negative emotions. Finally, the significance and limitations of this study and the suggestions on future research were discussed.
In this study, the following two tasks were carried out. Firstly, specific differences were found out in terms of the content in the irrational beliefs, the primary anger thoughts, the secondary anger thoughts, and the anger expression of those who have paranoid and depression tendencies. Secondly, it was also found which factor of the irrational beliefs, the primary anger thoughts, and secondary anger thoughts would primarily influence the two factors(anger-out and anger-in) of the irrational anger expression. The data for this study were collected from the students attending the universities located in the Daegu region. Six scales were used for each participant; Paranoia Scale (PS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Revised General Attitude and Belief Scale (R-GABS), Primary Anger Thoughts Scale, Secondary Anger-Thoughts Scale, and Stare-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Korean version (STAXI-K). The simple correlation analysis, regression analysis and t-test were used to examine relationship among those variables. As a result of the simple correlation analysis, both paranoid and depression significantly showed positive correlation with sub-factors of the irrational beliefs, primary anger thoughts, secondary anger thoughts, and the anger expression modes. As a result of the partial correlation analysis, considering high correlation between paranoid and depression, paranoid significantly showed positive correlations with other variables even under the control of the depression scores, but depression significantly showed positive correlations with discomforts, lower patience for frustration, powerlessness, and anger-in. As a result of t-test, the paranoid group significantly showed higher hypersensitiveness for disregard and unfair treat as sub-factors of irrational beliefs, blame and revenge on others of secondary anger thoughts, and anger-out of anger expressions than the depression group. As a result of the regression analysis, blame and revenge on others significantly explained anger expressions while powerlessness significantly explained anger-in, but irrational beliefs and primary anger thoughts didn't. In conclusion, intervention programs for reducing irrational beliefs, primary anger thoughts, and secondary anger thoughts that affected anger expression modes of paranoid group and depression group could be used for changing irrational anger expression.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effects of self-consciousness and conflict over emotional expression in the relationship between perfectionism and social anxiety. Through this study, we attempted to identify the adaptive aspects and specific characteristics of perfectionism associated with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes. Five hundred ninety five female college students completed the following questionnaires: the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Self-Consciousness Scale, the Ambivalence Over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire, the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, and the Social Phobia Scale. Structural equation modeling found that socially prescribed perfectionism was positively and significantly related to social anxiety, mediated by public self-consciousness and increased conflict over emotional expression. Self-oriented perfectionism was also found to be negatively related to social anxiety, mediated by private self-consciousness and decreased conflict over emotional expression. Results also indicated that self-consciousness partially mediated the relationship between perfectionism and conflict over emotional expression. In conclusion, this study identified adaptive aspects of self-oriented perfectionism and private self-consciousness, especially with respect to social anxiety. Implications, limitations, and areas for future research are also discussed, including the need to examine the role of emotions in the relationship between perfectionism and social anxiety.
This study aims to investigate the relationships between adult ADHD, interpersonal problems and internet addiction of college students, as well as examin the mediating effects of interpersonal problems between adult ADHD and internet addiction. The participants were 359 male and female college students, whose average of age was 21.55. The psychological tests used in this research included the following: Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale, Inventory of Interpersonal Problem, and KS-A for internet addiction. The results indicated that there were no gender differences in adult ADHD, interpersonal problems, and internet addiction. Adult ADHD was positively correlated with interpersonal problems of college students. And, adult ADHD and interpersonal problems were closely positively correlated with internet addiction. Stepwise regression analysis showed that impulsiveness/emotional unstableness, among the factor of adult ADHD, accounted for the most variance of internet addiction, and the additional accountability of attention deficit/memory problems was significant. Having trouble with affection and sympathy, among the interpersonal problems accounted for the most variance in internet addiction, and the additional accountabilities of egocentrism was significant. Hierarchical regression analysis and the Sobel test revealed that interpersonal problems partially mediated adult ADHD and internet addiction. The negative effects of adult ADHD and interpersonal problems were discussed with previous studies, and the direction for further studies and the clinical meaning of this study were recommended.
Paranoid Features Scale, Self-report Attachment Style and the Parenting Behavior Inventory were administered to 580 college students, and the paranoid and non-paranoid students were selected according to the scores of the Paranoid Features Scale. The study compared the perceived parenting behaviors and the attachment styles between paranoid personality tendency group and non-paranoid personality tendency group. In perceived parenting behaviors, paranoid personality tendency showed close relation to lack of affection, abuse, overinterference, inconsistency or negligence of the perceived parenting behaviors in childhood. Paranoid Personality group showed more fearful-dismissing attachment style and preoccupied attachment style, less secure attachment style than the non-paranoid students. And the study investigated the mediating effect of attachment on the above relationship It was found that fearful-dismissing attachment style and preoccupied attachment style mediated the relationship between parenting behaviors and paranoid personality tendency. The suggestions and the limitations of this study, and the directions for the future study were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is correlation between stress and the gambling problem and also explore whether leisure activity and happiness experience regulate the process. To attain the goal, the researcher designs a model in which leisure activity and happiness experience regulate stress (interpersonal relationship, work) and the gambling problem (behavior frequency, addiction) separately and verifies it by using data about 485 adults residing in Gangwon Province. According to the result of hierarchical regression analysis, in some of the measured values, leisure level and happiness experience have been found be regulate correlation between interpersonal relationship stress, gambling behavior, and the gambling problem. When their leisure level is higher, the effect of interpersonal relationship stress increasing gambling behavior frequency becomes lower, and when their happiness level is higher, the effect of interpersonal relationship stress increasing the gambling problem becomes lower. This result implies that leisure activity and happiness experience work as factors to protect adults from the gambling problem. The findings gained by this research have been discussed from the perspective of utility in the area of health psychology.