심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감 안정성과 조절초점의 부합효과
Role of Regulatory Focus under Psychological Threat in Individuals with Secure Self-Esteem vs. Fragile Self-Esteem
최훈석 (성균관대학교)
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초록
본 연구는 자존감 안정성 유형을 외현적 자존감과 내현적 자존감의 차이 양상으로 규정하고, 실험연구를 통해 심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감 안정성 양상과 조절초점의 부합 효과를 알아보았다. 이를 위하여 내현적 자존감과 외현적 자존감을 각각 측정하여 내현적 자존감은 낮지만 외현적 자존감은 높은 개인(취약한 자존감)과 내현적 자존감과 외현적 자존감이 모두 높은 개인(강건한 자존감)을 선별하여 사전 조사를 실시했다. 사전 조사 결과, 두 유형에 해당되는 개인들은 공통적으로 향상초점 경향성을 보이지만, 취약한 자존감을 지닌 개인이 강건한 자존감을 지닌 개인보다 높은 자기애 경향성을 보이는 점에서 차이를 발견하였다. 이를 토대로 실험에서는 심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감의 두 유형(강건한 자존감 vs. 취약한 자존감)에 부합하는 동기적 지향성(향상초점 vs. 예방초점)이 서로 다르고, 자존감 유형과 동기적 지향성이 부합하는 조건에서 부합하지 않는 조건보다 개인의 수행이 우수하다는 가설을 검증하였다. 실험 결과, 취약한 자존감을 지닌 개인은 심리적 위협 수준이 높을 때 예방초점 조건에서 향상초점 조건보다 과제 수행이 우수했으며, 심리적 위협 수준이 낮을 때는 향상초점 조건에서 예방초점 조건보다 과제 수행이 우수했다. 반면에, 강건한 자존감을 지닌 참가자들은 위협 상황에 따른 조절 초점 조건 간 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 강건한 자존감은 심리적 위협 수준과 무관하게 향상초점과 부합하는 반면, 취약한 자존감은 심리적 위협 수준이 낮을 때는 향상초점과 부합하지만 심리적 위협 수준이 높을 때에는 예방초점과 부합함을 시사한다. 이 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 제한점 및 장래 연구 방향을 논의하였다.
- keywords
- 자존감 안정성, 외현적 자존감, 내현적 자존감, 조절초점, 조절 부합성, 과제수행 동기, self-esteem stability, implicit self-esteem, regulatory focus, regulatory fit, task motivation
Abstract
The current study was conducted to compare the underlying motivational orientations of individuals who possess secure self-esteem vs. fragile self-esteem. It was hypothesized that, under psychological threat, fragile self-esteem (i.e., high on explicit self-esteem but low on implicit self-esteem) would be associated with prevention focus, whereas secure self-esteem (i.e., high on both explicit and implicit self-esteem) would be associated with promotion focus. In contrast, under low threat we expected that both types of self-esteem would be associated with promotion focus. In Study 1, we surveyed one hundred Korean college students and found that explicit self-esteem was positively correlated with both promotion focus and narcissistic tendency. In addition, we found that fragile self-esteem was positively correlated with narcissistic tendency, whereas secure self-esteem was unrelated to narcissism. In Study 2, we tested the effects of a fit between regulatory focus and the two types of self-esteem under psychological threat using a 2 (secure vs. fragile self-esteem) × 2 (promotion vs. prevention focus) × 2 (high vs. low threat) between-participant design. Results revealed that, under psychological threat, participants with fragile self-esteem showed higher performance in the prevention focus condition than in the promotion focus condition, whereas the opposite trend emerged under low threat. In contrast, no significant effect was observed among participants with secure self-esteem. We found the same pattern of results on narcissism. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
- keywords
- 자존감 안정성, 외현적 자존감, 내현적 자존감, 조절초점, 조절 부합성, 과제수행 동기, self-esteem stability, implicit self-esteem, regulatory focus, regulatory fit, task motivation
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