심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감 안정성과 조절초점의 부합효과
Role of Regulatory Focus under Psychological Threat in Individuals with Secure Self-Esteem vs. Fragile Self-Esteem
최훈석 (성균관대학교)
초록
본 연구는 자존감 안정성 유형을 외현적 자존감과 내현적 자존감의 차이 양상으로 규정하고, 실험연구를 통해 심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감 안정성 양상과 조절초점의 부합 효과를 알아보았다. 이를 위하여 내현적 자존감과 외현적 자존감을 각각 측정하여 내현적 자존감은 낮지만 외현적 자존감은 높은 개인(취약한 자존감)과 내현적 자존감과 외현적 자존감이 모두 높은 개인(강건한 자존감)을 선별하여 사전 조사를 실시했다. 사전 조사 결과, 두 유형에 해당되는 개인들은 공통적으로 향상초점 경향성을 보이지만, 취약한 자존감을 지닌 개인이 강건한 자존감을 지닌 개인보다 높은 자기애 경향성을 보이는 점에서 차이를 발견하였다. 이를 토대로 실험에서는 심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감의 두 유형(강건한 자존감 vs. 취약한 자존감)에 부합하는 동기적 지향성(향상초점 vs. 예방초점)이 서로 다르고, 자존감 유형과 동기적 지향성이 부합하는 조건에서 부합하지 않는 조건보다 개인의 수행이 우수하다는 가설을 검증하였다. 실험 결과, 취약한 자존감을 지닌 개인은 심리적 위협 수준이 높을 때 예방초점 조건에서 향상초점 조건보다 과제 수행이 우수했으며, 심리적 위협 수준이 낮을 때는 향상초점 조건에서 예방초점 조건보다 과제 수행이 우수했다. 반면에, 강건한 자존감을 지닌 참가자들은 위협 상황에 따른 조절 초점 조건 간 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 강건한 자존감은 심리적 위협 수준과 무관하게 향상초점과 부합하는 반면, 취약한 자존감은 심리적 위협 수준이 낮을 때는 향상초점과 부합하지만 심리적 위협 수준이 높을 때에는 예방초점과 부합함을 시사한다. 이 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 제한점 및 장래 연구 방향을 논의하였다.
- keywords
- 자존감 안정성, 외현적 자존감, 내현적 자존감, 조절초점, 조절 부합성, 과제수행 동기, self-esteem stability, implicit self-esteem, regulatory focus, regulatory fit, task motivation
Abstract
The current study was conducted to compare the underlying motivational orientations of individuals who possess secure self-esteem vs. fragile self-esteem. It was hypothesized that, under psychological threat, fragile self-esteem (i.e., high on explicit self-esteem but low on implicit self-esteem) would be associated with prevention focus, whereas secure self-esteem (i.e., high on both explicit and implicit self-esteem) would be associated with promotion focus. In contrast, under low threat we expected that both types of self-esteem would be associated with promotion focus. In Study 1, we surveyed one hundred Korean college students and found that explicit self-esteem was positively correlated with both promotion focus and narcissistic tendency. In addition, we found that fragile self-esteem was positively correlated with narcissistic tendency, whereas secure self-esteem was unrelated to narcissism. In Study 2, we tested the effects of a fit between regulatory focus and the two types of self-esteem under psychological threat using a 2 (secure vs. fragile self-esteem) × 2 (promotion vs. prevention focus) × 2 (high vs. low threat) between-participant design. Results revealed that, under psychological threat, participants with fragile self-esteem showed higher performance in the prevention focus condition than in the promotion focus condition, whereas the opposite trend emerged under low threat. In contrast, no significant effect was observed among participants with secure self-esteem. We found the same pattern of results on narcissism. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
- keywords
- 자존감 안정성, 외현적 자존감, 내현적 자존감, 조절초점, 조절 부합성, 과제수행 동기, self-esteem stability, implicit self-esteem, regulatory focus, regulatory fit, task motivation
참고문헌
최혜만, 최훈석 (2011). 행위자의 내/외집단 소속과 지각된 위협이 사후가정사고, 지각된 통제감 및 행동 의도에 미치는 영향. 한국 사회 및 성격심리학회 춘계학술대회 논문집(pp.25-29).
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44.
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33.
Baumeister, R. F., Tice, T. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57, 547-579.
Bosson, J. K., Brown. R. P., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Swann, W. B. (2003). Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 2, 169-187.
Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 219-229.
Cesario, J., Grant, H., & Higgins, E. T. (2004). Regulatory fit and persuasion : Transfer from "feeling right". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 388-404.
Crocker. J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108, 593-623.
Deci. E. L., & Ryan. R. M. (1995). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuit: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-269.
DeHart, T., Pelham, B. W., & Tennen, H. (2006). What lies beneath: Parenting style and implicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 1-17.
Gailliot, M. T., Schmeichel, B., & Maner, J. K. (2007). Differentiating the effects of self-control and self-esteem on reactions to mortality salience. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 894-901.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1840.
Hayes, A. M., Harris, M. S., & Carver, C. S. (2004). Predictors of self-esteem variability. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 369-385.
Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention:Regulatory focus as a motivation a principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1-46.
Higgins, E. T. (2000). Making a good decision: Value from fit. American Psychologist. 55, 1217-1230.
Higgins, E. T. (2005). Value from regulatory fit. Psychological Science, 14, 209-213.
Higgins, E. T., Idson, L. C., Freitas, A. L., Spiegel. S., & Molden, D. C. (2003). Transfer of value from fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1140-1153.
Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J.(2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 969-978.
Kellera, J. (2006). When negative stereotypic expectancies turn into challenge or threat: The moderating role of regulatory focus. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 66, 163-168.
Kernis, M. H. (1993). The roles of stability and level of self-esteem in psychological functioning. In R. Baumeister(Ed.), Self-Esteem. The puzzele of Low Self-Regard (pp. 167-182). New York: Plenum Press.
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether its high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1989). Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 1013-1023.
Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Lockwood, P., Jordan. C. H., & Kunda., Z. (2002). Motivation by positive or negative role models:Regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of personality and social psychology. 83, 854-864.
Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D., & Sinclair, S. (2001). Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 842-855.
McGregor, I., Gailliot, M. T., Vasquez, N. A., & Nash, K. A. (2007). Ideological and personal zeal reactions to threat among people with high self-esteem: Motivated Promotion Focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1587-1599.
McGregor, I., & Jordan, C. H. (2007). The mask of zeal: Low implicit self-esteem threat, and defensive extremism. Self and Identity, 6, 223-237.
McGregor, I., & Marigold, D. C. (2003). Defensive zeal and the uncertain self: What makes you so sure? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 838-852.
McGregor, I., Nail, P. R., Marigold, D. C., & So-Jin K. (2005). Defensive pride and consensus: Strength in imaginary numbers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 978-996.
Raskin, Robert., & Terry, Howard. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902.
Rhodewalt, F., Madrian, J. C., & Cheney, S. (1998). Narcissism, self-knowledge organization, and emotional reactivity: The effect of daily experiences on self-esteem and affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 75-87.
Roberts, J. E., & Kassel, J. D. (1997). Labile self-esteem, life stress, and depressive symptoms:Prospective data testing a model of vulnerability. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 569-589.
Rusbult, C. E. (1980). Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations : A test of the investment model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 172-186.
Schmeichel, B. J., Gailliot, M. T., McGregor, I., Gitter, S., & Baumeister, R. F.(2009). Terror management theory and self-esteem revisited: The roles of implicit and explicit self-esteem in mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1077-1087.
Schneider, D. J., & Turkat, D. (1975). Selfpresentation following success or failure: Defensive self-esteem models. Journal of Personality, 43, 127-135.
Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M. (1993). Self-image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 885-896.
Teachman, B., & Brownell, K. (2001). Implicit anti-fat bias among health professionals: is anyone immune? International Journal of Obesity, 25, 1525-1531.
Uskul, A. K., Keller, J., & Oyserman, D. (2008). Regulatory fit and health behavior. Psychology and Health, 23, 327-346.
Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74, 119-144.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수