바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

The Korean Journal of Health Psychology

Article Contents

Prev Next
e-Submission

Vol.20 No.4

Citation Share

Development and Validation of Ajou Four Immeasurables Scale

The Korean Journal of Health Psychology / The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, (P)1229-070X; (E)2713-9581
2015, v.20 no.4, pp.821-838
https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2015.20.4.007


& (2015). Development and Validation of Ajou Four Immeasurables Scale. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 20(4), 821-838, https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2015.20.4.007

Abstract

Four immeasurables are loving-kindness, compassion, empathetic joy, and equanimity. In this study, we performed confirmatory factor analysis and examined the reliability and the validities of the 12 items scale derived from the results of a pilot study with new sample of a college students(N=350). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the four factors_-structure(- loving-kindness, compassion, empathetic joy, and equanimity)– was acceptable. Cronbach’s alpha values of each factor was between 0.76 and 0.90. Loving-kindness and empathetic joy showed significant correlations with social desirability, mindfulness, self-compassion, PANAS, empathy, and compassionate love. Equanimity showed significant correlation with all variables but empathy. In contrast, compassion showed significant correlation with empathy and compassionate love. Results from hierarchical regression analysis indicated that for compassionate love for close others, empathetic joy had the greatest influence among the four immeasurables. However, for compassionate love for strangers and humanity, compassion was the strongest predictor variables. These results were similar to our theoretical predictions, suggesting that Ajou Four Immeasurables Scale could be an useful tool to measure the concepts of Four Immeasurables that are regarded as the most important and immediate goals of practicing loving-kindness and compassion meditation.

keywords
four immeasurables, loving-kindness, compassion, self-compassion, mindfulness, 사무량심, 자애, 연민, 자기자비, 마음챙김

Reference

1.

김경의, 이금단, 조용래, 채숙희, 이우경 (2008). 한국판자기 자비척도의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 13(4), 1023-1044.

2.

김완석, 박도현, 신강현 (2015). 자기연민과 타인연민, 마음챙김, 그리고 삶의 질: 대인적 인과모형 비교. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 20(3), 605-621.

3.

김완석, 박도현, 이인실 (2013). 사무량심 척도 개발을위한 예비연구. 한국명상치유학회지, 4(1), 1-11.

4.

김완석, 신강현 (2014). 아주 연민사랑척도 개발:Sprecher와 Fehr의 Compassionate Love Scale의한국판 단축형. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 19(1), 407-420.

5.

김완석, 신강현, 김경일 (2014). 자비명상과 마음챙김명상의 효과비교: 공통점과 차이점. 한국심리학회지:건강, 19(2), 509-531.

6.

박중규 (1999). 아동의 방해적 문제행동에 대한 인지-행동적 부모훈련과 행동적 부모훈련의 치료효과 비교. 연세대학교 박사학위청구논문.

7.

박중규 (2009). 청소년 대상 단축형 13문항 Marlowe-Crowne 사회적 바람직성 척도의 요인 구조. 한국심리학회지: 학교, 6(3), 429-439.

8.

이현희, 김은정, 이민규 (2003). 한국판 정적 정서 및 부적 정서 척도(Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(4), 935-946.

9.

장지현, 김완석 (2014). 단기 자비명상이 자비심과 이타해동에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 20(2), 89-105.

10.

정연주, 김영란 (2008). 상담자의 자애명상 경험연구. 상담학 연구, 9(4), 1851-1862.

11.

조용래 (2009). 한국판 개정된 인지적 및 정서적 마음챙김 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 23(3), 667-693.

12.

조은영 (2012). 자애명상 기반 수용전념치료 프로그램개발과 효과: 우울경향 대학생을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 24(4), 827-846.

13.

조현주 (2014). 자비 및 자애명상의 심리치료적 함의. 인지행동치료, 14(1), 123-143.

14.

조현주, 김종우, 송승연 (2013). 화병 환자의 자애명상치료적 경험과정에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 25(3), 425-448.

15.

Baker, L., & McNulty, J. (2011). Self-compassion and relationship maintenance: The moderating roles of conscientiousness and gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 853-873.

16.

Boellinghaus, I., Jones, F. W., & Hutton, J. (2013). Cultivating self-care and compassion in psychological therapists in training: The experience of practicing loving-kindness meditation. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 7(4), 267-277.

17.

Borihamwanaket, S. (2013). 행복에 이르는 열 가지 습관 [The Perfections Leading to Enlightenment]. (정명스님 역). 서울: 비움과 소통. (원전은 2007년에 출판).

18.

Buddhaghosa (2005). 청정도론 [Visuddhimagga]. (대림스님 역). 울산: 초기불전연구원. (원전은 5세기경출판).

19.

Carson, J. W., Keefe, F. J., Lynch, T. R., Carson, K. M., Goli, V., Fras, A. M., & Thorp, S. R. (2005). Loving-kindness meditation for chronic low back pain: Results from a pilot trial. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 23, 287-304.

20.

Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 24, 349-454.

21.

Danucalov, M. A. D., Kozasa, E. H., Ribas, K. T., Galduroz, J. C. F., Garcia, M. C., Verreschi, I. T. N., Oliveira, K. C., Romani de Oliveira, L., & Leite, J. R. (2013). A yoga and compassion meditation program reduces stress in familial caregivers of alzheimer’s disease patients. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1, 1-8.

22.

Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion reguation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-190.

23.

Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045-1061.

24.

Galante, J., Galante, I., Bekkers, M., & Gallacher, J. (2014). Effect of kindness-based meditation on health and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 1101-1114.

25.

Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion: Conceptualisations, Research and Use in Psychotherapy. New York:Routledge.

26.

Gilbert. P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology &Psychotherapy, 13, 353-379.

27.

Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happiness in non-mediators: A theoretical and empirical examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 222-227.

28.

Jabbi, M., Swart, M., & Keysers, C. (2007). Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. Neuroimage, 34(4), 1744-1753.

29.

Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 589-611.

30.

Kearney, D. J., Malte, C. A., McManus, C., Martinez, M. E., Felleman, B., & Simpson, T. L. (2013). Loving-kindness meditation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 426-434.

31.

Kraus, S., & Sears, S. (2009). Measuring the immeasurables: Development and initial validation of the self-other four immeasurables (SOFI) scale based on buddhist teachings on loving kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity. Social Indicators Research, 92(1), 169-181.

32.

Mayhew, S. L., & Gilbert, P. (2008). Compassionate Mind Training with people who hear malevolent voices: A case series repot. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15, 113-138.

33.

Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.

34.

Perry, D., Hendler, T., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2012). Can we share the joy of other? Empathic neural responses to distress vs joy. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(8), 909-916.

35.

Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 119-125.

36.

Shonin, E., Gordon, W. V., Compare, A., Zangeneh, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Buddhist-derived loving-kindness and compassion meditation for the treatment of psychopathology: A systematic review. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1161-1180.

37.

Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 629-651.

38.

Terry, M., & Leary, M. (2011). Self-compassion, self-regulation, and health. Self and Identity, 10(3), 352-362.

39.

Thubten, L. (2005). 달라이 라마의 자비명상법[Becoming the Compassion Buddha]. (박윤정 역). 서울: 정신세계사. (원전은 2003에 출판)

40.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.

The Korean Journal of Health Psychology

e-Submission OA Policy