바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

ACOMS+ 및 학술지 리포지터리 설명회

  • 한국과학기술정보연구원(KISTI) 서울분원 대회의실(별관 3층)
  • 2024년 07월 03일(수) 13:30
 

logo

정서전염과 자비의 관계에서 마음챙김과 자기몰입의 매개효과

The Mediating Effect of Mindfulness and Self-absorption on Emotional Contagion and Compassion

한국심리학회지: 건강 / The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, (P)1229-070X; (E)2713-9581
2019, v.24 no.4, pp.829-852
https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2019.24.4.003
하현주 (서울대학교 심리학과)
권석만 (서울대학교)

초록

본 연구는 타인의 기쁨과 고통에 관심을 지니고 공감하며 지지를 제공하는 자비(慈悲, compassion)의 심리적 기제를 탐색하기 위하여 자비와 정서전염의 관계에 마음챙김과 자기몰입이 미치는 영향을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 300명의 남녀 성인에게서 정서전염, 자기몰입, 자비, 마음챙김 수준을 측정하였으며, 상관관계 분석과 매개효과 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 변인들 간의 상관관계 분석 결과, 정서전염과 자비, 마음챙김 간에는 유의미한 정적 상관이, 자기몰입과 다른 변인들 간에는 부적 상관이 나타났다. 한편, 자기몰입은 부정 정서전염과 정적 상관을, 자비, 마음챙김과는 부적 상관을 나타냈다. 둘째, 매개효과 검증 결과, 마음챙김이 정서전염과 자비의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자기몰입은 정서전염과 자비의 관계를 매개하여 정서전염에서 자비로 가는 경로를 억제하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 정서전염을 긍정 정서전염과 부정 정서전염으로 나누어 살펴본 결과, 긍정 정서전염과 자비의 관계를 마음챙김이 매개하며, 부정 정서전염과 자비의 관계를 자기몰입이 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 정서전염이라는 현상 속에서 자기몰입이 자비를 저해하는 요인이 된다는 것을 밝혔다는 데 의의가 있다. 또한 부정적 정서전염 상태에서는 마음챙김과 자비로 이어지기가 쉽지 않으므로 자기몰입에 대한 개입이 선행될 필요가 있다는 것을 제안하였다. 이를 근거로 향후 자비와 마음챙김을 활용한 치료적 개입에 있어 자기몰입을 줄이기 위한 체험적 탈자기참조적 과정에 대해 논의하였고, 본 연구의 시사점과 제한점을 기술하였다.

keywords
자비, 정서전염, 자기몰입, 마음챙김, compassion, emotional contagion, self-absorption, mindfulness

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mindfulness and self-absorption through emotional contagion on compassion, to explore the psychological mechanisms of compassion that cares, empathizes, and provides support for other’s joy and distress. The level of emotional contagion, self-absorption, compassion, and mindfulness was measured in 300 adults, and correlation and mediating effect analyses were conducted. The main findings are as follows. First, the results showed that there were significant positive correlations among emotional contagion, mindfulness, and compassion. There were negative correlations between self-absorption and the others. Conversely, there were significant positive correlations between self-absorption and negative emotional contagion, and negative correlations between compassion and mindfulness. Second, mindfulness was found to mediate partially the relationship between emotional contagion and compassion. Additionally, self-absorption suppressed the relationship between emotional contagion and compassion. The results of dividing emotional contagion into positive and negative emotional contagion showed that the relationship between positive emotional contagion and compassion was mediated by mindfulness, and the relationship between negative emotional contagion and compassion was mediated by self-absorption. This study is meaningful in that self-absorption is a factor that suppresses compassion amid the phenomenon of emotional contagion. It also revealed that intervention in self-absorption needs to precede to facilitate compassion, otherwise it is not easy to lead to mindfulness and compassion in a state of negative emotional contagion. Based on this, implications for clinical intervention reducing self-absorption through the experiential selfless process are discussed and future research is suggested.

keywords
자비, 정서전염, 자기몰입, 마음챙김, compassion, emotional contagion, self-absorption, mindfulness

참고문헌

1.

강준 (2012). 정서 점화 효과에 기반한 공감의 개인차연구. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.

2.

권석만 (2008). 긍정심리학: 행복의 과학적 탐구. 서울:학지사.

3.

김미애, 이지연 (2013). 상담과정에서의 정서전염에 대한이해와 임상적 활용. 상담학연구, 14(2), 1067-1092.

4.

김미애, 이지연 (2015). 한국판 정서전염 척도 개발 및타당화. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 27(2), 305-323.

5.

김완석, 신강현, 김경일 (2014). 자비 명상과 마음챙김명상의 효과 비교: 공통점과 차이점. 한국심리학회지:건강, 19(2), 509-531.

6.

김정식, 김완석 (2007). 이타행동의 유발요인으로서 정서전염: 문화변인의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담및 심리치료, 13(2), 55-76.

7.

박성현, 성승연, 미산 (2016). 자애명상의 심리적 과정및 효과에 관한 혼합연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 28(2), 395-424.

8.

박세란, 이훈진 (2015). 자기자비 증진 프로그램 개발및 효과 검증. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 27(3), 583-611.

9.

왕인순, 조옥경 (2011). 자애명상이 자기자비, 마음챙김, 자아존중감, 정서 및 스트레스에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 16(4), 675-690.

10.

이정은 (2016). 상담자의 정서전염에 대한 민감성이 공감피로에 미치는 영향 : 자기자비의 매개효과를 중심으로. 가톨릭대학교 대학원 석사학위 청구논문.

11.

이지영, 권석만 (2005). 자기초점적 주의 성향 척도의개발. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 24(2), 451-464.

12.

조용래 (2009). 한국판 개정된 인지적 및 정서적 마음챙김 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 28(3), 667-693.

13.

조용래, 노상선 (2011). 자기자비 대 주의분산 처치와특질 자기자비가 불쾌한 자기관련 사건에 대한 정서반응에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 30(3), 707-726.

14.

조현주 (2012). 자애명상 기반 수용전념치료 프로그램개발과 효과: 우울 경향 대학생을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 24(4), 827-846.

15.

조화진, 서영석 (2010). 부모애착, 분리-개별화, 성인애착, 대학생활적응, 심리적 디스트레스의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 22(2), 385-411.

16.

하현주, 권석만 (2010). 마음챙김 명상의 심리치료적 적용을 위한 제언. 불교학보, 56, 241-271.

17.

Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163-175.

18.

Barsade, S. G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 644-675.

19.

Batson, C. D. (2009). These things called empathy:Eight related but distinct phenomena. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), Social neuroscience: The social neuroscience of empathy. Cambridge, MA, US:MIT Press.

20.

Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Narcissism as addiction to esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 206-210.

21.

Beddoe, A. E., & Murphy, S. O. (2004). Does mindfulness decrease stress and foster empathy among nursing students? Journal of Nursing Education, 43(7), 305–312.

22.

Beitel, M., Ferrer, E., & Cecero, J. J. (2004). Psychological mindedness and awareness of self and others. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 739-750.

23.

Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Stress & Health, 26(5), 359-371.

24.

Buffone, A. E., Poulin, M., DeLury, S., Ministero, L., Morrisson, C., & Scalco, M. (2017). Don't walk in her shoes! Different forms of perspective taking affect stress physiology. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 161-168.

25.

Cho, H., Noh, S., Park, S., Ryu, S., Misan, V., & Lee, J. S. (2018). The development and validation of the Lovingkindness-Compassion Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 141-144.

26.

Chi, N. W., Chung, Y. Y., & Tsai, W. C. (2011). How do happy leaders enhance team success? The mediating roles of transformational leadership, group affective tone, and team processes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(6), 1421-1454.

27.

Coan, J. A., Schaefer, H. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2006). Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural response to threat. Psychological science, 17(12), 1032-1039.

28.

Davidson R. J., Kabat-Zinn J., Schumacher J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., & Sheridan, J. F. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 564-570.

29.

Decety, J. (2007). A social cognitive neuroscience model of human empathy. In: Harmon-Jones E., &Winkelman P. (Eds.), Social neuroscience:Integrating biological and psychological explanations of social behavior. New York:Guilford Press.

30.

Doherty, R., M. (1997). Emotional Contagion Scale: A measure of individual differences. Journal of Nonverbal Psychology. 21(2), 131-154.

31.

Dostoevsky, P. M. (2009). 백치(상). 서울: 열린책들(원전은 1869년에 출판).

32.

Eienberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller M., Carlo, G., & Miller, P. A. (1991). The relations of parental characteristics and practices to children’s vicarious emotional responding. Child Development, 62(6), 1393-1408.

33.

Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 177-190.

34.

Figley, C. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York: Brummer/Mazel.

35.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broadenand-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.

36.

Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives:Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045-1062.

37.

Galantino, M. , Baime, M. , Maguire, M. , Szapary, P., & Farrar, A. (2005). Short communication:Association of psychological and physiological measures of stress in healthcare professionals during an 8-week mindfulness meditation program:Mindfulness in practice. Stress and Health, 21(4), 255-261.

38.

Germer, K. C., & Neff, K. D. (2013). Self-compassion in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 856-867.

39.

Gilbert, P. (Ed) (2005). Compassion: Conceptualisations, Research and Use in Psychotherapy. London & New York: Routledge.

40.

Gilbert, P. (2014). 자비중심치료[Compassion focused therapy: Distinctive features]. (조현주, 박성현 공역). 서울: 학지사 (원전은 2010년에 출판).

41.

Gilbet, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassion mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism; overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psycholigy and Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353-379.

42.

Goetz, J. L. (2008). Compassion as a Discrete Emotion: Its form and function, Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Berkely.

43.

Hadash, Y., Plonsker, R., Vago D., & Bernstein, A. (2016). Experiential self-referential and selfless processing in mindfulness and mental health:Conceptual model and implicit measurement methodology. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 856-869.

44.

Hare, T. A., Camerer, C. F., Knoepfle, D. T., O’Doherty, J. P., & Rangel, A. (2010). Value computations in ventralmedial prefrontal cortex during charitable decision making in corporate input from regions involved in social cognition. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(2), 583–590.

45.

Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J., & Rapson, R. (1992). Primitive emotional contagion. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

46.

Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J., & Rapson, R. (1994). Emotional contagion. New York: Cambridge University Press.

47.

Hayes, A. F. (2013). Process macro를 이용한 매개분석, 조절분석 및 조절된 매개분석[Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A regresson-based approach](이형권 역), 파주: 신영사.

48.

Heimberg, R. G., Vermilyea, J. A., Dodge, C. S., Becker, R. E., & Barlow, D. H. (1987). Attributional style, depression, and anxiety: An evaluation of the specificity of depressive attributions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11(5), 537-550.

49.

Hess, U., & Blairy, S. (2001). Facial mimicry and emotional contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40(2), 129-141.

50.

Ibanez, A., Hurtado, E., Lobos, A., Escobar, J., Trujillo, N., Baez, S., & Decety, J. (2011). Subliminal presentation of other faces (but not own face) primes behavioral and evoked cortical processing of empathy for pain. Brain research, 1398, 72-85.

51.

Ingram, R. E. (1990). Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 156-176.

52.

Ivtzan I., Lomas, T., Hefferon, K., & Worth, P. (2015). Second wave of postive psychology:Embracing the dark side of life. New York:Routledge.

53.

Jahavi, D. (2019). 자기와 타자: 주관성, 공감, 수치심연구[Self & Other : Exploring subjectivity, empathy, and shame](강병화 역). 파주: 글항아리(원전은 2014년에 출판).

54.

Jinpa, T., Rosenberg, E., McGonigal, K., Cullen, M., Goldin, P., & Ramel, W. (2009). Compassion cultivation training (CCT): An eight-week course on cultivating compassionate heart and mind. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford, CA:Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education, Stanford University,

55.

Joiner, T. (2017). Mindlessness: The corruption of mindfulness in a culture of narcissism. New York:Oxford University Press.

56.

Klein, D. C., Fencil-Morse, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1976). Learned helplessness, depression, and attribution of failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(5), 508-516.

57.

Lawrence, E. J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Patel, M., Sierra-Siegert, M., Medford N., & David, A. S. (2007). Empathy and enduring depersonalization:The role of self-related processes. Social Neuroscience, 2(3-4), 292-306

58.

Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in cognitive sciences, 12(4), 163-169.

59.

Mackinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173-181.

60.

Martin, G. B., & Clark, R. D. (1982). Distress crying in neonates: Species and peer specificity. Developmental Psychology, 18(1), 3.

61.

Mayhew, S. L., & Gilbert, P. (2008). Compassionate mind training with people who hear malevolent voices: A case series report. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 15(2), 113-138.

62.

Monfries, M. M., & Kafer, N. F. (1993). Private self-consciousness and fear of negative evaluation. Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 447–454.

63.

Moore, K. A., & Cooper, C. L. (1996). Stress in mental health professional: A theoretical overview. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 42(2), 82-89.

64.

Neff K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion. An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101.

65.

Neff K. D., (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250.

66.

Neff, K. D., & Lamb, L. (2009). Self-compassion. In S. Lopez (Ed.), The encyclopedia of positive psychology (pp. 864-867). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.

67.

Negi, L. T. (2013). Emory Compassion Meditation Protocol: Cognitively-Based Compassion Training Manual. Atlanta. GA: Emory University.

68.

Nyima, C., & Shlim, D. R. (2004). Medicine and compassion: A Tibetan Lama's Guidance for Caregivers. Boston: Wisdom Publications.

69.

Olendzki, A. (2018). 붓다 마인드 [Unlimiting mind:The radically experiential psychology of Buddhism] (박재용, 강병화 공역). 과천: 올리브그린. (원전은 2010년에 출판).

70.

Omdahl, B. L,., & O'Donnell, C. (1999). Emotional contagion, empathic concern and communicative responsiveness as variables affecting nurses’ stress and occupational commitment. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(6), 1351–1359.

71.

Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford, UK and New York: Oxford University Press.

72.

Preston, S. D., & De Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1-20.

73.

Rhee, S. Y. (2006). Shared emotions and group effectiveness: The role ofbroadening-and-building interactions. In K. M. Weaver (Ed.), Proceedings of the 65th annual meeting of the Academy of Management (CD). Atlanta, GA: Academy of Management.

74.

Scheier, M. E., & Carver, C. S. (1985). The Self-Consciousness Scale: A revised version for use with general populations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(8), 687-699.

75.

Schreiter, S., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., & Aan Het Rot, M. (2013). Empathy in adults with clinical or subclinical depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(1), 1-16.

76.

Shapiro, S. L., Astin, J. A., Bishop, S. R., & Cordova, M. (2005). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for health care professionals: Results from a randomized trial. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(2), 164-176.

77.

Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological methods, 7(4), 422.

78.

Siebert, D. C., Siebert, C. F., & Taylor-McLaughlin, A. (2007). Susceptibility to emotional contagion: Its measurement and importance to social work. Journal of Social Service Research, 33(3), 47-56.

79.

Weibel. D. T. (2007). A loving-kindness intervention:Boosting compassion for self and others. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, Ohio, USA.

80.

Wilkerson, K. (2009). An examination of burnout among school counselors guided by stressstrain-coping theory. Journal of Counseling and Development, 87(4), 428-437.

81.

Wood, J. V., Salzberg, J. A., & Goldsamt, L. A. (1990). Does affect induce self-focused attention? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 899-908.

82.

Woody, S. R., Chambless, D. L., & Glass, C. R. (1997). Self-focused attention in the treatment of social phobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 117-129

83.

Wright, S. L., Langenecker, S. A., Deldin, P. J., Rapport, L. J., Nielson, K. A., Kade, A. M., Own, L. S., Akil, H., Young, E. A., & Zubieta, J. K. (2009). Gender-specific disruptions in emotion processing in younger adults with depression. Depression and Anxiety 26(2), 182-189.

한국심리학회지: 건강