This study examined the parallel mediating effects of response inhibition deficits on the relationship between ADHD symptoms and binge eating in adult. Online-based behavioral tasks and an online survey were conducted for adults aged 18 to 28 from September to November 2021, and data from 185 participants were analyzed. The response inhibition deficits were assessed with Go/No-Go task, and delay discounting was assessed with the Monetary-Choice Questionnaire (MCQ). The response inhibition deficits mediated the relationship between ADHD symptoms and binge eating in adult. In other words, more adult ADHD symptoms were associated with more significant response inhibition deficits, which were associated with high levels of binge eating. However, delayed discounting did not mediate the relationship between ADHD symptoms and binge eating in adult. More adult ADHD symptoms were associated with high delay discounting, but this was not associated with greater binge eating. Furthermore, response inhibition deficits related to ADHD trends in adult did not differ by stimulus type. The current findings suggest that generalized response inhibition deficits may be a mechanism linking adult ADHD symptoms and binge eating.
국민건강보험공단 (2019, 7, 23). 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(ADHD) 전체 환자 중 80%가 남성, 10명중 6명이 10대에서 나타나. https://www.nhis.or.kr/nhis/together/wbhaea01600m01.do?mode=view&articleN o=130962.
김민지, 김현택 (2017). 섭식 절제, 섭식 장애 위험 수준에 따른 고칼로리 음식에 대한 주의편향과 뇌 활동분석. 한국 HCI 학회 학술대회, pp.1051-1054. 2월8일. 강원: 하이원 리조트.
김은정 (2003). 한국형 성인 ADHD 척도의 타당화 연구: 대학생 표본을 중심으로. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22(4), 897-911.
배대석, 서완석, 구본훈, 박권생, 장자은 (2006). ADHD 하위유형에 따른 관리기능 결함양상. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 11(2), 275-299.
신성만, 송용수, 김정진, 오준성 (2018). 청소년의 충동성과 스마트폰 중독 간의 관계: 지연 할인 과제의활용 가능성 탐색. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 23(2), 345-363.
이수현, 현명호 (2001). 여중생의 비만도와 신체상 만족도 및 폭식행동이 우울에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 6(1), 195-207.
정진영, 장문선, 곽호완 (2008). 성인 ADHD 성향군의회귀억제와 반응억제 결함. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 27(1), 179-196.
American Psychiatric Association (2015). 정신질환의진단 및 통계편람 제5판. [Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Fifth edition]. (권준수 등 역). 서울: 학지사. (원전은2013에 출판).
Aron, A. R., Dowson, J. H., Sahakian, B. J., &Robbins, T. W. (2003). Methylphenidate improves response inhibition in adults with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 54(12), 1465-1468.
Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65-94.
Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M. (2010). The unique contribution of emotional impulsiveness to impairment in major life activities in hyperactive children as adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(5), 503-513.
Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K., & Kwasnik, D. (1996). Psychological adjustment and adaptive impairments in young adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1(1), 41-54.
Bekker, E. M., Overtoom, C. C., Kenemans, J. L., Kooij, J. J., De Noord, I., Buitelaar, J. K., &Verbaten, M. N. (2005). Stopping and changing in adults with ADHD. Psychological Medicine, 35(6), 807-816.
Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Monuteaux, M. C., Fried, R., Byrne, D., Mirto, T., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2010). Adult psychiatric outcomes of girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: 11-year follow-up in a longitudinal case-control study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(4), 409-417.
Blechert, J., Feige, B., Hajcak, G., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2010). To eat or not to eat? Availability of food modulates the electrocortical response to food pictures in restrained eaters. Appetite, 54(2), 262-268.
Brockmeyer, T., Friederich, H. C., Küppers, C., Chowdhury, S., Harms, L., Simmonds, J., Gordon, G., Potterton, R., & Schmidt, U. (2019). Approach bias modification training in Bulimia nervosa and binge‐eating disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(5), 520-529.
Carbine, K. A., Christensen, E., LeCheminant, J. D., Bailey, B. W., Tucker, L. A., & Larson, M. J. (2017). Testing food‐related inhibitory control to high‐and low‐calorie food stimuli:Electrophysiological responses to high‐calorie food stimuli predict calorie and carbohydrate intake. Psychophysiology, 54(7), 982-997.
Congdon, E., & Canli, T. (2008). A neurogenetic approach to impulsivity. Journal of Personality, 76(6), 1447-1484.
Cortese, S., Comencini, E., Vincenzi, B., Speranza, M., & Angriman, M. (2013). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and impairment in executive functions: a barrier to weight loss in individuals with obesity? BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), Article 286.
Dalen, L., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Hall, M., &Remington, B. (2004). Inhibitory deficits, delay aversion and preschool AD/HD: implications for the dual pathway model. Neural Plasticity, 11(1-2), 1-11.
Davis, C., Levitan, R. D., Smith, M., Tweed, S., &Curtis, C. (2006). Associations among overeating, overweight, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a structural equation modelling approach. Eating Behaviors, 7(3), 266-274.
Dawe, S., & Loxton, N. J. (2004). The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders. Neuroscience &Biobehavioral Reviews, 28(3), 343-351.
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168.
Earle-Boyer, E. A., Serper, M. R., Davidson, M., &Harvey, P. D. (1991). Continuous performance tests in schizophrenic patients: stimulus and medication effects on performance. Psychiatry Research, 37(1), 47-56.
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Mick, E. (2006). The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of followup studies. Psychological Medicine, 36(2), 159-165.
Ferre, F., Cambra, J., Ovejero, M., & BasurteVillamor, I. (2017). Influence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms on quality of life and functionality in adults with eating disorders. Actas Esp Psiquiatr, 45(3), 98-107.
Fuemmeler, B. F., Sheng, Y., Schechter, J. C., Do, E., Zucker, N., Majors, A., Maguire, R., Murphy, S. K., Hoyo, C., & Kollins, S. H. (2020). Associations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and eating behaviors in early childhood. Pediatric Obesity, 15(7), Article e12631.
Garrow, J. S., & Webster, J. (1985). Quetelet’s index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness. International Journal of Obesity, 9(2), 147-153.
Goldschmidt, A. B., Le Grange, D., Powers, P., Crow, S. J., Hill, L. L., Peterson, C. B., Crosby, R. D., & Mitchell, J. E. (2011). Eating disorder symptomatology in normal‐weight vs. obese individuals with binge eating disorder. Obesity, 19(7), 1515-1518.
Haedt-Matt, A. A., & Keel, P. K. (2011). Hunger and binge eating: A meta‐analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessment. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 44(7), 573-578.
Hagan, K. E., Jarmolowicz, D. P., & Forbush, K. T. (2021). Reconsidering delay discounting in bulimia nervosa. Eating Behaviors, 41, Article 101506.
Hanson, J. A., Phillips, L. N., Hughes, S. M., &Corson, K. (2020). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology, binge eating disorder symptomatology, and body mass index among college students. Journal of American College Health, 68(5), 543-549.
Hayes, A. F. (2015). PROCESS macro를 이용한 매개분석ž조절분석 및 조절된 매개분석 [Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach]. (이형권역). 경기 파주: 신영사. (원전은 2013에 출판).
Hege, M. A., Preissl, H., & Stingl, K. T. (2014). Magnetoencephalographic signatures of right prefrontal cortex involvement in response inhibition. Human Brain Mapping, 35(10), 5236-5248.
Hurst, R. M., Kepley, H. O., McCalla, M. K., &Livermore, M. K. (2011). Internal consistency and discriminant validity of a delay-discounting task with an adult self-reported ADHD sample. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15(5), 412-422.
Jackson, J. N. S., & MacKillop, J. (2016). Attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and monetary delay discounting: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Biological P sychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 1(4), 316-325.
Kaisari, P., Dourish, C. T., Rotshtein, P., & Higgs, S. (2018). Associations between core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and both binge and restrictive eating. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, Article 103.
Kaplan, B. A., Amlung, M., Reed, D. D., Jarmolowicz, D. P., McKerchar, T. L., & Lemley, S. M. (2016). Automating scoring of delay discounting for the 21-and 27-item monetary choice questionnaires. The Behavior Analyst, 39(2), 293-304.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Chiu, W. T., Deitz, A. C., Hudson, J. I., Shahly, V., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Benjet, C., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Haro, J. M., Kovess-Masfety, V., O’Neill, S., Posada-Villa, J., Sasu, C., Scott, K., Viana, M. C., & Xavier, M. (2013). The prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Biological Psychiatry, 73(9), 904-914.
Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128(1), 78-87.
Kong, F., Zhang, Y., & Chen, H. (2015). Inhibition ability of food cues between successful and unsuccessful restrained eaters: a two-choice oddball task. PLoS ONE, 10(4), Article e0120522.
Lara, C., Fayyad, J., de Graaf, R., Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Angermeyer, M., Demytteneare, K., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Jin, R., Karam, E. G., Lépine, J-P., Mora, M. E. M., Ormel, J., Posada-Villa, J., & Sampson, N. (2009). Childhood predictors of adult attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Biological Psychiatry, 65(1), 46-54.
Lawrence, N. S., O’Sullivan, J., Parslow, D., Javaid, M., Adams, R. C., Chambers, C. D., Kos, K., &Verbruggen, F. (2015). Training response inhibition to food is associated with weight loss and reduced energy intake. Appetite, 95, 17-28.
Lipszyc, J., & Schachar, R. (2010). Inhibitory control and psychopathology: a meta-analysis of studies using the stop signal task. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(6), 1064-1076.
Loeber, S., Grosshans, M., Herpertz, S., Kiefer, F., &Herpertz, S. C. (2013). Hunger modulates behavioral disinhibition and attention allocation to food-associated cues in normal-weight controls. Appetite, 71, 32-39.
Lyu, Z., Zheng, P., Chen, H., & Jackson, T. (2017). Approach and inhibition responses to external food cues among average-weight women who binge eat and weight-matched controls. Appetite, 108, 367-374.
Manasse, S. M., Goldstein, S. P., Wyckoff, E., Forman, E. M., Juarascio, A. S., Butryn, M. L., Ruocco, A. C., & Nederkoorn, C. (2016). Slowing down and taking a second look: Inhibitory deficits associated with binge eating are not food-specific. Appetite, 96, 555-559.
Marx, I., Hacker, T., Yu, X., Cortese, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2021). ADHD and the choice of small immediate over larger delayed rewards:a comparative meta-analysis of performance on simple choice-delay and temporal discounting paradigms. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(2), 171-187.
Mattos, P., Saboya, E., Ayrão, V., Segenreich, D., Duchesne, M., & Coutinho, G. (2004). Comorbid eating disorders in a Brazilian attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder adult clinical sample. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 26(4), 248-250.
Mobbs, O., Iglesias, K., Golay, A., & Van der Linden, M. (2011). Cognitive deficits in obese persons with and without binge eating disorder. Investigation using a mental flexibility task. Appetite, 57(1), 263-271.
Murphy, K., & Barkley, R. A. (1995). Preliminary normative data on DSM-IV criteria for adults. The ADHD Report, 3(3), 6-7.
Nazar, B. P., Bernardes, C., Peachey, G., Sergeant, J., Mattos, P., & Treasure, J. (2016). The risk of eating disorders comorbid with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(12), 1045-1057.
Nazar, B. P., Trindade, A. P., Leslie, M., Malloy-Diniz, L. F., Sergeant, J., Treasure, J., &Mattos, P. (2018). Eating disorders impact on vigilance and decision making of a community sample of treatment naive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder young adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, Article 531.
Odum, A. L., Baumann, A. A., & Rimington, D. D. (2006). Discounting of delayed hypothetical money and food: Effects of amount. Behavioural Processes, 73(3), 278-284.
Park, S., Cho, M. J., Chang, S. M., Jeon, H. J., Cho, S-J., Kim, B-S., Bae, J. N., Wang, H-R., Ahn, J. H., & Hong, J. P. (2011). Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidities of adult ADHD symptoms in Korea: results of the Korean epidemiologic catchment area study. Psychiatry Research, 186(2-3), 378-383.
Pearson, C. M., Wonderlich, S. A., & Smith, G. T. (2015). A risk and maintenance model for bulimia nervosa: From impulsive action to compulsive behavior. Psychological Review, 122(3), 516-535.
Preti, A., de Girolamo, G., Vilagut, G., Alonso, J., de Graaf, R., Bruffaerts, R., Demyttenaere, K., Pinto-Meza, A., Haro, J. M., Morosini, P., & The ESEMeD-WMH Investigators. (2009). The epidemiology of eating disorders in six European countries: results of the ESEMeD-WMH project. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(14), 1125-1132.
Reynolds, B., & Schiffbauer, R. (2005). Delay of gratification and delay discounting: A unifying feedback model of delay-related impulsive behavior. The Psychological Record, 55(3), 439-460.
Seitz, J., Kahraman-Lanzerath, B., Legenbauer, T., Sarrar, L., Herpertz, S., Salbach-Andrae, H., Konrad, K., & Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2013). The role of impulsivity, inattention and comorbid ADHD in patients with bulimia nervosa. PLoS ONE, 8(5), Article e63891.
Sergeant, J. A., Oosterlaan, J., & Meere, J. V. D. (1999). Information processing and energetic factors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In H. C. Quay & A. E. Hogan (Eds.). Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders (pp. 75-104). New York: Springer.
Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Johnson, J. S., Lavender, J. M., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2018). A systematic review of reviews of neurocognitive functioning in eating disorders: The state‐of‐the‐literature and future directions. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(8), 798-821.
Sobanski, E. (2006). Psychiatric comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(Suppl. 1), i26-i31.
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2003). The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neurodevelopmental characteristics. Neuroscience &Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(7), 593-604.
Steward, T., Mestre‐Bach, G., Vintró‐Alcaraz, C., Agüera, Z., Jiménez Murcia, S., Granero, R., &Fernández Aranda, F. (2017). Delay discounting of reward and impulsivity in eating disorders:from anorexia nervosa to binge eating disorder. European Eating Disorders Review, 25(6), 601-606.
Svaldi, J., Naumann, E., Trentowska, M., & Schmitz, F. (2014). General and food‐specific inhibitory deficits in binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(5), 534-542.
Svedlund, N. E., Norring, C., Ginsberg, Y., & von Hausswolff‐Juhlin, Y. (2018). Are treatment results for eating disorders affected by ADHD symptoms? A one‐year follow‐up of adult females. European Eating Disorders Review, 26(4), 337-345.
Teslovich, T., Freidl, E. K., Kostro, K., Weigel, J., Davidow, J. Y., Riddle, M. C., Helion, C., Dreyfuss, M., Rosenbaum, M., Walsh, B. T., Casey, B. J., & Mayer, L. (2014). Probing behavioral responses to food: development of a food-specific go/no-go task. Psychiatry Research, 219(1), 166-170.
Testa, G., Baenas, I., Vintró-Alcaraz, C., Granero, R., Agüera, Z., Sánchez, I., Riesco, N., JiménezMurcia, S., & Fernández-Aranda, F. (2020). Does ADHD symptomatology influence treatment outcome and dropout risk in eating disorders? A longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(7), Article 2305.
Thoma, P., Sonnenburg, S., Marcinkowski, N., Juckel, G., Edel, M-A., & Suchan, B. (2020). Social problem solving in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research, 285, Article 112721.
Timmerman, G. M. (1999). Binge eating scale: further assessment of validity and reliability 1. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 4(1), 1-12.
Toet, A., Kaneko, D., de Kruijf, I., Ushiama, S., van Schaik, M. G., Brouwer, A-M., Kallen, V., & van Erp, J. B. F. (2019). CROCUFID: a cross-cultural food image database for research on food elicited affective responses. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 58.
Van der Oord, S., Braet, C., Cortese, S., & Claes, L. (2018). Testing the dual pathway model of ADHD in obesity: a pilot study. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 23(4), 507-512.
Zhang, Z., Robinson, L., Jia, T., Quinlan, E. B., Tay, N., Chu, C., Barker, E. D., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Bokde, A. L. W., Flor, H., Grigis, A., Garavan, H., Gowland, P., Heinz, A., Ittermann, B., Martinot, J-L., Stringaris, A., Penttilä, J., van Noort, B., Grimmer, Y., Martinot, M-L. P., Isensee, C., Becker, A., Nees, F., Orfanos, D. P., Paus, T., Poustka, L., Hohmann, S., Fröhner, J. H., Smolka, M. N., Walter, H., Whelan, R., Schumann, G., Schmidt, U., & Desrivières, S. (2020). Development of disordered eating behaviors and comorbid depressive symptoms in adolescence: neural and psychopathological predictors. Biological Psychiatry, 90(12), 853-862.