ISSN : 1229-0653
Fredrickson(1998; 2001)은 긍정적 정서의 확장축적이론에서 긍정적인 정서가 주의와 사고의 폭을 확장시킴으로써 개인의 신체적, 지적, 사회적 자원 형성에 기여한다고 제안했다. 이에 본 연구는 긍정적 정서를 포함하는 행복이 창의력이라는 심리적 자원의 형성과 관련이 있는지 알아보기 위해서 두 개의 연구를 실시했다. 연구1에서는 총 262명의 대학생을 대상으로 장기적 행복(주관적 안녕감, 심리적 안녕감, 낙관주의, 스트레스)과 창의성(창의적 성향 및 일상적 창의성)의 관계를 검토했다. 연구2에서는 일시적인 행복 무드가 창의적 사고의 촉진에 기여하는지 검토했다. 그 결과 행복 성향이 높은 사람들은 창의적 성격을 갖고 있었고 독창성, 대안적 문제 해결 능력, 모험적 자유 추구와 같은 일상적 창의력이 높았다(연구1). 또한 실험을 통해 긍정적 정서(행복)가 유발된 집단은 부정적 정서(슬픔)가 유발된 집단보다 창의력 검사 점수(유창성, 독창성, 융통성)가 높았다. 이러한 결과는 행복이 창의적 성격, 행동, 사고와 관련이 있으며 창의력은 정서적 행복에 의해서 촉진될 수 있음을 시사한다.
Fredrickson(1998; 2001)'s broaden-and-build model posits that positive emotions broaden the scopes of attention and cognition, which in turn has an effect of building that individual's physical, intellectual, and social resources. The present study tests this hypothesis by exploring the relationship between happiness and creativity. Study 1 examines whether the long-term happiness associates with creative personality. The results showed that chronically happy persons had more creative traits such as alternative problem-solving and adventurousness. Study 2 examines whether transient happy mood facilitates creative thinking. Positive or negative moods were induced by means of watching a few minutes of a comedy film or a sad movie. After films were shown subjects' creativity were measured by the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking. As expected, test scores on fluency, originality, and flexibility were higher for those in the positive mood condition than those in the negative mood condition. The results of two studies indicate that both long-term happiness and short-term happy mood have favorable effect on creativity.
구재선 (2009). 행복은 심리적 자원을 형성하는가? 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격 23(1), 165-179.
구재선, 이아롱, 서은국 (2009). 행복의 사회적 기능: 행복한 사람이 인기가 있나?. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제 15(1), 29-47.
김명소, 김혜원, 차경호 (2001). 심리적 안녕감의 구성개념분석: 한국 성인 남녀를 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 15, 19-39.
김영채 (2004). 검사 요강 TORRANCE 창의력 검사TTCT(언어)-A형/ 3판. 대구: 창의력 한국 FPSP/현곡R&D.
김의철, 박영신 (1999). 한국 청소년의 심리 행동특성의형성: 가정, 학교, 친구, 사회영향을 중심으로. 한국교육심리학회지, 13(1), 99-142.
성민선(2007). 행복한 사람에 대한 고정관념의 긍정성수준과 주관적 안녕감의 문화차. 연세대학교 대학원심리학과 석사학위논문.
이은경 (2005). 신경증과 외향성이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향: 우울과 긍정적 정서의 중요성. 연세대학교 대학원 심리학과 석사학위논문.
정은이 (2002). 일상적 창의성과 개별성-관계성 및 심리∙사회적 적응의 관계. 고려대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
조선일보 (2009, 4, 4). 세계적 미래학자 3인이 보는 '메가 트렌드'.
Ambady, N., & Gray, H. M. (2002). On being sad and mistaken: Mood effects on the accuracy of thin-slice judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 947-961.
Basso, M. R., Schefft, B. K., Ris, M. D., & Dember, W. N. (1996). Mood and global-local visual processing. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 249-255.
Baumann, N., & Kuhl, J. (2005). Positive affect and flexibility: Overcoming the precedence of global over local processing of visual information. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 123-134.
Compton, W. C. (2005). An introduction to positive psychology. CA: Thomson Learning.
Dacey, J. S. (1989). Fundamentals of creative thinking. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
de Bono, E. (1971). New think. NY: Avon.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. S., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life-scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, E., Smith, H., Fujita, F. (1995). The personality structure of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 130-141.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
Diener, E., Suh, E., Smith, H., & Shao, L. (1995). National and cultural difference in reported subjective well-being: Why do they occur? Social Indicators Research, 34, 7-32.
Estrada, C., Isen, A. M., & Young, M. J. (1994). Positive affect influences creative problem solving and reported source of practice satisfaction in physicians. Motivation and Emotion, 18, 285-299.
Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M. & Young, M. J. (1997). Positive affect facilitates integration of information and decreases anchoring in reasoning among physicians. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72, 117-135.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313-332.
Gough, H. G. (1979). A creative personality scale for the adjective check list. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1398-1405.
Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of intelligence. NY: McGraw Hill Book Company.
Isen, A. M., & Daubman, K. A. (1984). The influence of affect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1206-1217.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1122-1131.
Isen, A. M., Johnson, M. M., Mertz, E., & Robinson, G. F. (1985). The influence of positive affect on the unusualness of word associations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1413-1426.
Kahn, B. E., & Isen, A. M. (1993). The influence of positive affect on variety seeking among safe, enjoyable products. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 257-270.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
MacKinnon, D. W. (1962). The nature and nurture of creative talent. American Psychologist, 17, 484-494.
Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2004). Culture and psychology. CA: Thomson Learning.
Mednick, S. A. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69, 220-232.
Pink, D. H. (2008). 새로운 미래가 온다 [A Whole New Mind]. (김명철 역). 서울: 한국경제신문사.
Richards, R. (1994). Creativity and bipolar mood swings: Why the association? In M. P. Shaw & M. A. Runco (Eds.), Creativity and affect. Stamford, CT: Ablex.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life-Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgements of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523.
Shapiro, P. J., & Weisberg, R. W. (1999). Creativity and bipolar diathesis: Common behavioural and cognitive components. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 741-762.
Staw, B. M., Sutton, R. I., & Pelled, L H. (1994). Employee positive emotion and favorable outcomes at the workplace. Organization Science, 5, 51-71.
Strahan, R., & Gerbasi, K. C. (1972). Short homogenous version of the Marlowe-Crown Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 191-193.
Suh, E., & Diener, E. (1995). Subjective well-being: Issue for cross-cultural research. 한국심리학회 편, 삶의 질의 심리학 (pp.147-165). 서울: 한국심리학회.
Tardif, T. Z., & Sternberg, R. J. (1988). The nature of creativity. NY: Cambridge University Press.