ISSN : 1229-0653
본 연구에서는 다중사회정체성 맥락에서 정체성의 특출성과 평가자 집단 유형이 동남아이주민들의 자기고정관념화에 미치는 영향과 과정을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 동남아이주민 실험 참여자들에게 한국 혹은 고국에서의 생활에 대해 간략히 서술하도록 하여 정체성(한국인 대 동남아인)의 특출성을 조작한 뒤, 평가자 집단 유형(한국인 평가자 대 동족의 평가자)이 제시된 취업장면 시나리오를 읽고 암묵적·명시적 자기 유능성을 평가하도록 하였다. 그 결과, 예상대로 동남아인 정체성이 특출해진 참여자들은 면접장면에서 평가자가 동족일 때보다 한국인 평가자일 때 자기 유능성(자기 면접점수/ 자기 유능성)을 더 낮게 평가하였다. 반면 한국인 정체성이 특출해진 참여자들은 평가자 집단 유형에 따른 자기 유능성 평가에서 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 이러한 정체성의 특출성과 평가자 집단 유형에 따른 자기고정관념화는 명시적 측정에서 뿐만 아니라 암묵적으로도 나타났다. 마지막으로, 중다회귀분석 결과, 평가자가 한국인일 때 동남아인 정체성이 특출해진 참여자의 자기 면접점수 예측에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 동남아이주민의 유능성에 대한 지각된 한국인들의 고정관념이 유일한 설명변인으로 나타났다. 이는 동남아이주민들의 자기고정관념화가 동남아이주민의 유능성에 대한 지각된 한국인들의 고정관념의 영향을 받을 것이라는 예상을 일부 지지하는 결과로 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 결과들에 대한 이론적‧실제적 의미를 논의하였다.
The present study aimed to examine the effect of the salience of ethnic identity and the evaluator group on the implicit as well as the explicit self-stereotyping of the Southeast-Asian immigrants in the context of multiple social identities. Furthermore, we also examined whether the effect of the salience of ethnic identity and the evaluator group on the self-stereotyping of the Southeast Asians was mediated by the salience of Koreans'stereotypes on the competence of the Southeast-Asian immigrants'. To examine these hypotheses, we asked the Southeast-Asian migrant participants to evaluate their own competence using both the implicit and explicit measures, in a hypothetical job interview situation in which the nationality of the evaluator and the salience of national identity was varied. The results showed that as expected, participants for whom the Southeast-Asian identity was made salient evaluated their competence less favorably when they thought the evaluator was a Korean (i.e., when their social identity was salient) than when the evaluator was a Southeast-Asian (i.e., when their personal identity was salient). In contrast, the self-evaluation of competence of the participants for whom the Korean identity was made salient was not different in terms of the nationality of the evaluator. Furthermore,the results of the implicit self-stereotyping demonstrated the same pattern as the explicit measures. However, the analysis on the mediating effect of the salience of Koreans' stereotypes regarding the competence of the immigrants for the interaction effect of the identity salience and the evaluator group on self evaluation of competence, did not obtain any significant result. We discussed the theoretical and practical implications of these results.
고아라 (2005). 수도권 초등학생의 인종 편견에 관한 연구. 서울교육대학교 교육대학원 석사학위 논문
국민일보 (2010, 5, 19). 다문화가정 아이들 28% 차별 경험.
김정남 (2005). 국어형용사의 연구. 역락.
김혜숙, 고재흥, 안미영, 안상수, 최인철 (2003). 다수집단과 소수 집단에 대한 고정관념의 내용: 유능성과 따뜻함의 차원에서의 분석. 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격, 17(3), 121-143
김혜숙, 김도영, 신희천, 이주연 (2011). 다문화시대 한국인의 심리적 적응: 집단정체성, 문화적응 이데올로기와 접촉이 이주민에 대한 편견에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격, 25(2), 51-89
노경란, 방희정 (2008). 한국대학생과 국내체류 외국대학생 간에 인종에 대한 명시적 및 암묵적 태도의 차이. 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격, 22(4), 75-92
노경란, 방희정 (2009). 다문화시대 한국 초등학생의 인종에 대한 명시적 및 암묵적 태도발달과 태도변화. 한국심리학회지 사회문제, 15(1), 49-79
박주희, 정진경 (2007). 국제결혼 이주여성의 문화적응과 정체성. 한국심리학회지 여성, 12(4), 395-432
설동훈, 김윤태, 김현미, 윤홍식, 이혜경, 임경택, 정기선, 주영수, 한건수 (2005). 국제 결혼 이주여성 실태조사 및 보건·복지지원 정책 방안. 보건복지부
송미경, 지승희, 조은경, 임영선 (2007). 다문화가정 외국인 모의 경험에 관한 연구. 한국청소년상담원.
양계민 (2009). 국내 소수집단에 대한 청소년들의 태도에 영향을 미치는 요인. 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격, 23(2), 59-79
임성택 (2003). 세계시민교육 관점에서의 외국인에 대한 한국학생들의 고정관념 분석. 교육학연구, 41(3), 275-301
정진경, 양계민 (2004). 문화적응이론의 전개와 현황. 한국심리학회지 일반, 23(1), 101-136
한국일보 (2009, 11, 27). ‘외국인에 인종차별 발언’ 첫모욕죄 인정.
행정안전부 (2010). 지방자치단체 외국인주민 현황조사 결과 자료.
Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 1230-1240.
Baron, R. M., & kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychology research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Berry, J. W. (1990). Psychology of acculturation: Understanding individuals moving between culture. In R. Brislin (Ed), Applied cross-cultural psychology (pp.232-253). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-34.
Cooley, C. H. (1902). In human nature and the social order. New York: Schocken Books.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social perception: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11, 77-83.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2010). A Common Ingroup Identity: A categorization-based approach for reducing intergroup bias. In. T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice. (pp. 489-506). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
Gonzalez, R., & Brown, R. (2006). Dual identities in intergroup contact: Group status and size moderate the generalization of positive attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 753-767.
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Franham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotype, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological review, 109, 3-25.
Greenwald, A. G., Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Scoail Psychology, 85, 197-216.
Guimond, S., Chatard, A., Martinot, D., Crisp, R. J., & Redersdorff, S. (2006). Social comparison, self-stereotyping, and gender differences in self-construals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 221-242.
Hamilton, D. L., Sherman, S. J., & Ruvolo, C. M. (1990). Stereotype based expectancies: Effects on information processing and social behaviour. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 35-60.
Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002). What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Liker scales? The reference-group effect. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 327-345.
Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
Kinch, J. W. (1963). A formalized theory of the self-concept. American Journal of Sociology, 68, 481-486.
Krishnan, A., & Berry, J. W. (1992). Acculturative stress and acculturation attitudes among Indian immigrants to the United States. Psychology and Developing Societies, 4, 187-212.
Lane, K. A., Mitchell, J. P., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Me and my group: Cultural status can disrupt cognitive consistency. Social Cognition, 23, 353-386.
Lemm, K. M., Lane, K. A., Sattler, D. N., Khan, S. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2008). Assessing implicit cognitions with a paper-format implicit association test. In T.G. Morrison & M. A. Morrison (Eds). The psychology of modern prejudice. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D.,& Sinclair, S. (2001). Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 842-855.
Lun, J., Sinclair, S., & Cogburn, C. (2009). Cultural stereotypes and the self: A closer examination of implicit self-stereotyping. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 31, 117-127.
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Phinney, J. S. (1992). The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156-176.
Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., & McGhee, D. E. (2001). Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and in-group share desirable traits. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1164-1178.
Rydell, R. J., McConnell, A. R., & Beilock, S. L. (2009). Multiple social identities and stereotype threat: Imbalance, accessibility, and working memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 949-966.
Sinclair, S., Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D., & Colangelo, A. (2005a). Social tuning of automatic racial attitudes: The role of affiliative motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 583-592.
Sinclair, S., Hardin, C. D., & Lowery, B. S. (2006). Self-stereotyping in the context of multiple social identities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 529-542.
Steel, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape the intellectual identities of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp.261-302). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Steel, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp.379-440). New York: Academic Press.
Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39.
Tajfel, H., & Tuner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group. A self-categorization theory. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
Turner, J. C., & Oakes, P. J. (1989). Self-categorization theory and social influence. In P. B. Paulus(Ed.), The Psychology of Group Influence(2nd ed., pp.233-275). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Turner, J. C., & Onorato, R. S. (1999). Social identity, personality, and the self-concept: A self-categorization perspective. In T. R. Tyler, R. M. Kramer, & O. P. John (Eds.), The psychology of the social self (pp.11-46). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wojciszke, B. (2005). Affective concomitants of information on morality and competence. European Psychologist, 10, 60-70.
Worrell, F, C., Conyers, L. M., Mpofu, E., & Vandiver, B. J. (2004). Multigroup ethnic identity measure scores in a sample of adolescents from Zimbabwe. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 6, 35-59.