Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
- Log In/Sign Up
- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
The structure and measurement of Koreans’ emotion
Abstract
It is important to examine how a variety of emotion is connected and distinguished each other for academic and practical purposes, such as developing emotion-intervention programs. In the present study, 32 negative and 20 positive words, which Koreans were familiar with and frequently used in their daily life, were used to find the structure of Koreans’ emotion and to develop a new self-reported measurement of emotional experiences. In Study 1, 250 Korean college students and office workers (65.2% office workers; 45.6% male) reported their daily experiences of emotion by completing a emotion-word list. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that positive emotion consisted of five factors, such as “affection”, “achievement”, “amusement”, “relaxedness”, and “gratitude”, whereas negative emotion consisted of seven factors, such as “sadness”, “anger”, “anxiety”, “jealousy”, “guilty”, “boredom”, and “unclassified distress.” In Study 2, we carried out a confirmatory analysis with data obtained from 360 college students and office workers (66.7% office workers; 46.9% male). The results indicated that the 5-factor model for positive emotion and the 7-factor model for negative emotion fitted the data well. Furthermore, we examined the correlations between groups of positive and negative emotion, the frequencies of the experiences of the emotion groups, and age-and gender differences in the emotion groups. Finally, the implication for the usefulness of self-reported measurements in emotion research and the importances of secondary and derivative emotion in daily experiences of emotion are discussed.
- keywords
- emotion, emotion measurement, positive emotion, negative emotion, discrete emotion, basic emotion, emotion index, 정서, 정서 측정, 긍정정서, 부정정서, 개별정서, 기본정서, 파생정서, 정서경험 일람표
Reference
김경미, 김정희 (2011). 감사 경험에 관한 질적 연구-근거이론을 적용하여. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 23(3), 739-759.
김경미, 조진형, 김동원, 김정희 (2009). 성인 여성의 감사 대상, 이유 및 효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 21(1), 191-208.
노지혜, 이민규 (2012). 한국판 감사 척도의 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 31(1), 329-354.
박인조, 민경환 (2005). 한국어 감정단어의 목록 작성과 차원 탐색. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 19(1), 109-129.
이현희, 김은정, 이민규 (2003). 한국판 정적 정서 빛 부적 정서 척도의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(4), 935-946.
최해연 (2012). 한국의 대학생과 직장인이 경험하는 긍정정서의 구조. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 26(4), 73-88.
Armon-Jones, C. (1986). The social functions of emotion. In R. Harré (Ed.), The social construction of emotions (pp. 57-82). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Arnold, M. B. (1960). Emotion and personality (Vols. 1-2). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Bers, S. A., & Rodin, J. (1984). Social-comparison jealousy: A developmental and motivational study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 766-779.
Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory, American Psychologist, 36, 129-148.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of personality and social psychology, 63, 452.
Caldwell, L. L., Darling, N., Payne, L. L., & Dowdy, B. (1999). “Why are you bored?”: An examination of psychological and social control causes of boredom among adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 31, 103-121.
Carstensen, L.L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 79, 644-655.
Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1872)
Davidson, R. J., Pizzagalli, D., Nitschke, J. B., & Putnam, K. (2002). Depression: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annual review of psychology, 53, 545-574.
Ekman, P. (1969). Ekman-Hager facial action exemplars. San Francisco, CA: Human Interaction Laboratory, University of California.
Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. Handbook of cognition and emotion, 98, 45-60.
Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions revealed. New York. NY: Times Books.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1982). Emotion in the human face. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V., O’Sullivan, M., Chan, A., Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis, I., Heider, K., Krause, R., LeCompte, W.A., Pitcairn, T., Ricci-Bitti, P.E., Scherer, K., Tomita, M., & Tzavaras, A. (1987). Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 712-717.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: Experimental studies of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.
Epstein, S. (1972). The nature of anxiety with emphasis upon its relationship to expectancy. Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research, 2, 291-337.
Fornel, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural evaluations model with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-59.
Fosha, D. (2000). The transforming power of affect: A model for accelerated change. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positive: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. New York, NY: Crown Publishers.
Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gray, J. A. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Greenberg, L. S., & Korman, L. (1993). Assimilating emotion into psychotherapy integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 3, 249.
Greenberg, L. S., & Paivio, S. C. (2008). 심리치료에서 정서를 어떻게 다룰 것인가 [Working with emotions in psychotherapy]. (이흥표 역). 서울: 학지사. (원전은 1997년에 출판).
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1998). Mappingthe the domain of expressivity: Multimethod evidence for a hierarchical model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 170-191.
Guilford, J. P. (1956). The structure of intellect. Psychological Bulletin, 53, 267-293.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Horwitz, A. V. (2007). Distinguishing distress from disorder as psychological outcomes of stressful social arrangements. Health, 11, 273-289.
Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion (Vol. 23). New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Izard, C. E. (1977). Anger, disgust, and contempt and their relationship to hostility and aggression. In C. E. Izard (Ed.). Human emotions (pp. 329-354). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York, NY: Plenum.
Izard, C. E. (1997). Emotions and Facial Expression: A Perspective from Differential Emotions Theory. In J. A. Russel & J. M. Fernandez- Dols. (Eds.). The Psychology of facial expression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Jacoby, M. (1991). Shame and the origins of self-esteem. London, UK: Routledge.
James, W. (1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 9, 188-205.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151.
Kellerman, H., & Plutchik, R. (1968). Emotion-trait interrelations and the measurement of personality. Psychological Reports, 23, 1107-1114.
Keltner, D., & Buswell B. N. (1996). Evidence for the distinctness of embarrassment, shame, and guilt: A study of recalled antecedents and facial expressions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 155-171.
Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and emotion, 14, 93-124.
Kitayama, S., Mesquita, B., & Karasawa, M. (2006). Cultural affordances and emotional experience: Socially engaging and disengaging emotions in Japan and the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 890-903.
Lambie, J. A. (2000). The world and the self in emotion experience: An emotion diary investigation. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S. (1994). Psychological stress in the workplace. In R. Crandall & P. L. Perrewe (Eds.), The nature of emotion (pp. 79-85). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Guilt and shame in neurosis. New York, NY: International.
Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford.
Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-53.
Martin, M., Sadlo, G., & Stew, G. (2006). The phenomenon of boredom. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 193-211.
Mauro, R., Sato, K., & Tucker, J. (1992). The role of appraisal in human emotions: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 301-317.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1995). Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings. Applied and preventive psychology, 4, 197-208.
McCullough, M. E., Tsang, J., & Emmons, R. A. (2004). Gratitude in “intermediate affective terrain”: Grateful moods and their links to personality and daily life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 295-309.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological methods, 7, 64-82.
Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Culture variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 179-204.
Michelle N. Shiota, James W. Kalat (2015). 정서심리학 2판 [Emotion (2th)]. (민경환, 이옥경, 이주일, 김민희, 장승민, 김명철 역). 서울: Cengage Learning.
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric methods. New York, NY: McGraw.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987) Toward a cognitive theory of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 29-50.
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Pankespp, J. (1982). Toward a general psychobioligical theory of emotions. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 407-467.
Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford, UK: Oxford university press.
Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Plutchik, R. (2000). A psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik (Ed.), Emotions in the practice of psychotherapy: Clinical implications of affect theories (pp. 59-79). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Reber, A. S. (1985). The penguin dictionary of psychology (2nd ed.). London, UK: Penguin Books.
Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002). Belief and feeling: evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychological bulletin, 128, 934.
Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 574-586.
Scherer, K. R. (1997). The role of culture in emotion- antecedent appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 902-922.
Sommers, J., & Vodanovich, S. J. (2000). Boredom proneness: Its relationship to psychological and physical health symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 149-155.
Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G., Russell, S., & Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The state-trait scale. Advances in Personality Assessment, 2, 161-189.
Takahashi, H., Yahata, N., Koeda, M., Matsuda, T., Asai, K., & Okubo, Y. (2004). Brain activation associated with evaluative processes of guilt and embarrassment: an fMRI study. Neuroimage, 23, 967-974.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Hill-Barlow, D., Marschall, D. E., & Gramzow, R. (1996). Relation of shame and guilt to constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of personality and social psychology, 70, 797-809.
Tomkins, S. (1984). Affect theory. In K. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 353-400). Hillsdale, NJ.: Erlbaum.
Van Maanen, J., & Kunda, G. (1989). Real feelings-emotional expression and organizational culture. Research in Organizational Behavior, 11, 43-103.
Watson, D. (2009). Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders: A quadripartite model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 221-247.
Watson, D., & Clark LA. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form. Unpublished manuscript. University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward the structure of affect. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1984). Cross-cultural convergence in the structure of mood: A Japanese replication and a comparison with U. S. findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 127-144.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Webb, E., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., & Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive Measures: Non-Reactive Research in the Social. Sciences, Chicago, IL: Rand-McNally.
Wheaton, B. (2007). The twain meet: distress, disorder and the continuing conundrum of categories (comment on Horwitz). Health, 11, 303-319
Zeelenberg, M., Nelissen, R. M., Breugelmans, S. M., & Pieters, R. (2008). On emotion specificity in decision making: Why feeling is for doing. Judgment and Decision making, 3, 18-27.
Zelenski, J. M., & Larsen, R. J. (2000). The distribution of emotions in everyday life: A state and trait perspective from experience sampling data. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 178–197.
Zuckerman, M., & Lubin, B. (1965). The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. San Diego, CA: Eudcational and Industrial Testing Service.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations