바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

Differences in Task Performance, Task Satisfaction and Stability of Self-esteem between Optimist and Defensive Pessimist

Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology / Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, (P)1229-0653;
2016, v.30 no.4, pp.1-17
https://doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2016.30.4.001


Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in task performance, task satisfaction, and stability of self-esteem between optimist and defensive pessimist. Thirty optimists and thirty defensive pessimists were selected by the criterion of Norem and Cantor(1986). Optimists and defensive pessimists were asked to solve either easy or difficult English anagram task. Defensive pessimists showed better performance than optimists in easy task, but did worse in difficult task. It was founded that defensive pessimists reported lower satisfaction with their performance in easy task even if they performed better than the optimists. Also defensive pessimists rated their performance less important than the optimists in easy task. Finally, defensive pessimists showed higher unstability of self-esteem than optimists after performing the task.

keywords
defensive pessimist, optimist, task performance, task satisfaction, unstability of self-esteem, 방어적 비관주의, 낙관주의, 수행 성과, 수행 만족도, 자기존중감 안정성

Reference

1.

신현숙 (2006). 낙관주의, 비관주의, 방어적 비관주의는 입시 스트레스와 내재화 문제의 관계를 매개하는가? 청소년학연구, 13(1), 107- 136.

2.

이훈진, 원호택 (1995). 편집증적 경향, 자기개념, 자의식간의 관계에 대한 탐색적 연구. 한국심리학회 ‘95 연차대회 학술발표논문집, 277- 290.

3.

임인혜 (2010). 한국판 성인용 방어적 비관주의 척도 타당화. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

4.

장재원, 신희천 (2011). 자기존중감의 안정성 척도 개발 및 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 23(3), 635-654.

5.

홍효진 (2013). 낙관주의, 비관주의, 방어적 비관주의와 지각된 직무수행 간의 관계. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

6.

Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1992). Modeling cognitive adaptation: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of individual differences and coping on college adjustment and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 989-1003.

7.

Cantor, N., & Norem, J. K. (1989). Defensive pessimism and stress and coping. Social Cognition, 7(2), 92-112.

8.

Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. (2002). Optimism, pessimism and self-regulation. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 31-51). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

9.

Carver, C. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., Ketcham, A. S., Moffat, F. L., & Clark, K. C. (1993). How coping mediates the effects of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 375-390.

10.

Chang, E. C. (2002). Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research and Practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

11.

Danner, D., Snowdon, D., & Friesen, W. (2001). Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 804-813.

12.

Davidson, K., & Prkachin, K. (1997). Optimism and unrealistic optimism have an interacting impact on health-promoting behavior and knowledge changes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(6), 617-625.

13.

Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1995). Resources, personal strivings, and subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(5), 926-935.

14.

Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1984). Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 580-592.

15.

Fitzgerald, T. E., Tennen, H., Affleck, G., & Pransky, G. S. (1993). The relative importance of dispositional optimism and control appraisals in quality of life after coronary artery bypass surgery. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(1), 25-43.

16.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden and build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.

17.

Gasper, K., Lozinski, R. H., & LeBeau, L. S. (2009). If you plan, then you can: How reflection helps defensive pessimists pursue their goals. Motivation and Emotion, 33(2), 203-216.

18.

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4-27.

19.

Harris, A. J., & Hahn, U. (2011). Unrealistic optimism about future life events: A cautionary note. Psychological Review, 39(5), 806-820.

20.

Herzberg, P. Y., Glaesmer, H., & Hoyer, J. (2006). Separating optimism and pessimism: a robust psychometric analysis of the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Psychological Assessment, 18(4), 433-438.

21.

Maruta, T., Colligan, R. C., Malincho, M., & Offord, K. P. (2000). Optimists vs pessimists: Survival rate among medical patients over a 30-year period. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 75(2), 140-143.

22.

Merton, R. K. (1957). Priorities in scientific discovery: A chapter in the sociology of science. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 635-659.

23.

Moore, M. T., & Fresco, D. M. (2007). Depressive realism and attributional style: Implications for individuals at risk for depression. Behavior Therapy, 38(2), 144-154.

24.

Norem J. K. (2002). 소심한 사람들의 희망 만들기(The Power of Negative Thinking). (전명호 역). 서울: 들녘 출판사.

25.

Norem J. K. (2001). Defensive pessimism, optimism, and pessimism. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and Pessimism: Implications of Theory, Research and Practice(pp. 77-100). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

26.

Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986a). Anticipatory and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in “risky” situations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10(3), 347-362.

27.

Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986b). Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1208-1217.

28.

Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002). The positive psychology of negative thinking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(9), 993-1001.

29.

Norem, J. K., & Illingworth, K. S. S. (1993). Strategy-dependent effects of reflecting on self and tasks: Some implications of optimism and defensive pessimism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 822-835.

30.

Norem, J. K., & Illingworth, K. S. S. (2004). Mood and performance among defensive pessimists and strategic optimists. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(4), 351-366.

31.

Novick, L. R., & Sherman, S. J. (2003). On the nature of insight solutions: Evidence from skill differences in anagram solution. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 56(2), 351- 382.

32.

Nuttin, J. M. (1987). Affective consequences of mere ownership: The name letter effect in twelve european languages. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17(4), 381-402.

33.

Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55(1), 44-55.

34.

Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook of Classification. New York: Oxford University Press and Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

35.

Peterson, C., & Villanova, P. (1988). An expanded attributional style questionnaire. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(1), 87-89.

36.

Reivich, K., & Gillham, J. (2003). Learned optimism: The measurement of explanatory style. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive Psychological Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures (pp. 57-74). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

37.

Robinson-Whelen, S., Kim, C., MacCallum, R. C., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1997). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism in older adults: Is it more important to be optimistic or not to be pessimistic? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1345-1353.

38.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton

39.

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), 201-228.

40.

Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (2002). Optimism, pessimism, and psychological well-being. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and Pessimism: Implications of Theory, Research and Practice (pp. 189-216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

41.

Seginer, R. (2000). Defensive pessimism and optimism correlates of adolescent future orientation: A domain-specific analysis. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(3), 307-326.

42.

Seligman, M. (1998). Positive social science. APA Monitor, 29(4), 2-5.

43.

Seligman, M. (2011). Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. New York: Random House Digital.

44.

Showers, C., & Ruben, C. (1990). Distinguishing defensive pessimism from depression: Negative expectations and positive coping mechanisms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(4), 385-399.

45.

Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 806-820.

46.

Yamawaki, N., Tschanz, B., & Feick, D. (2004). Defensive pessimism, self‐esteem instability and goal strivings. Cognition and Emotion, 18(2), 233-249.

Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology