바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

ACOMS+ 및 학술지 리포지터리 설명회

  • 한국과학기술정보연구원(KISTI) 서울분원 대회의실(별관 3층)
  • 2024년 07월 03일(수) 13:30
 

logo

  • P-ISSN1229-0653
  • KCI

사회계층의 심리: 문화적 사고성향(분석적 - 종합적 사고)과 사회비교성향

Psychology of Social Class: Analytic - Holistic Thinking & Social Comparison Orientation

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격 / Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, (P)1229-0653;
2016, v.30 no.4, pp.19-36
https://doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2016.30.4.002
김범준 (경기대학교)

초록

본 연구는 사회계층에 따라 문화적 성향의 하나인 분석적-종합적 사고성향과 사회비교성향에 차이가 있는가를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 전국 대학생 1,000명을 대상으로 사회계층, 분석적-종합적 사고, 그리고 사회비교성향을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 사회계층에 따라 분석적-종합적 사고성향에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 상위 사회계층의 사람들이 중/하위 계층 사람들에 비해 종합적 사고성향이 약한 것으로 확인되었다. 추가적으로 분석적-종합적 사고의 하위 요인들과 사회계층 간의 관계를 분석한 결과, ‘모순에 대한 태도’와 ‘변화에 대한 지각’ 요인에서는 사회계층에 따른 유의미한 차이가 발견되었지만 ‘인과성’과 ‘주의 소재’ 요인에서는 사회계층에 따른 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그리고 사회비교성향의 경우, 하위 사회계층의 사람들이 중/상위 계층의 사람들에 비해 사회비교적 성향이 강한 것으로 확인 되었다. 이 같은 경향은 사회비교성향의 하위 요인인 ‘능력’과 ‘견해(opinion)’에서 일관성 있게 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점이 논의되었다.

keywords
사회계층, 문화, 분석적-종합적 사고성향, 사회비교성향, Social class, Culture, Analytic-holistic thinking style, Social comparison

Abstract

This study aims to investigate differences in holistic thinking and social comparison orientation depending on social class. 1,000 college students were asked to respond to Analysis-Holism Scale(AHS), Social Comparison Orientation Scale(the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure: INCOM), social class, and sex. The results show that analytic-holistic thinking differs depending on one’s perceived social class. The high class people are less holistic than the middle and low class people. The same tendency appears on ‘tolerance of contradiction’ and ‘perception of change’, while not on ‘causal perception’ and ‘locus of attention’, which are the 4 sub-factors of the AHS scale. In case of social comparison orientation, the low class people are more likely to be socially comparative than the middle and high class people. The same pattern was observed in the domains of ability and opinion, both of which are sub-factors of INCOM. The limitations of the study and the suggestions for further research are discussed.

keywords
사회계층, 문화, 분석적-종합적 사고성향, 사회비교성향, Social class, Culture, Analytic-holistic thinking style, Social comparison

참고문헌

1.

박지은, 권순만 (2015). 객관적 소득계층과 주관적 소득계층의 불일치와 건강 간의 연관성. 보건과 사회과학, 38, 95-121.

2.

박혜경 (2015). 도덕적 판단과 처벌 판단에서 사회경제적 지위의 역할에 대한 개관. 한국심리학회지: 법정, 6(1), 53-69.

3.

이하영 (2016). 사회계층이 정부신뢰에 미치는 영향: 희망의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국사회학회 사회학대회 논문집, 6, 457-483.

4.

조아라, 이장한 (2013). 성차에 따른 신체비교와 신체 불만족 간의 관계 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 18(1), 105-120.

5.

한덕웅, 장은영 편저 (2007). 한국인이 사회비교 심리. 서울: 박영사.

6.

한 민, 최인철, 김범준, 이훈진 (2012). 한국인의 마음지도 I–한국 대학생의 정서, 사고방식, 가치관. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 21(2), 435- 464.

7.

Adler, M. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychology, 19, 586-592.

8.

Aspinwall, L. G. (1997). Future-oriented aspects of social comparisons. In B. P. Buunk & F. X. Gibbons (Eds.), Health, coping, and well-being: Perspectives from social comparison theory (pp. 125- 166). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

9.

Bourdieu, P. (1985). The social space and the genesis of groups. Theory and Society, 14, 723-744.

10.

Buunk, B. P. (1994). Social comparison processes under stress: Towards an integration of classic and recent perspectives. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 211-241). Chichester, England: Wiley.

11.

Choi, E., Gobel, M., & Uchida, Y. (2016). Social hierarchies in cultural contexts: Japan and US. Paper presented at the meeting of t International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, Nagoya, Japan.

12.

Choi, I., Koo, M., & Choi, J. A. (2007). Individual differences in analytic versus holistic thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletien, 33, 691-705.

13.

Cohen, S., Alper, C. M., Doyle, W. J., Adler, N., Treanor, J. J., & Turner, R. B. (2008). Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychology, 27, 268-274.

14.

Côté, S., Markus, H. R., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2007). Choice as an act of meaning: The case of social class. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 814-830.

15.

Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1997). Measuring quality of life: Economic, social, and subjective indicators. Social Indicators Research, 40, 189-216.

16.

Dubois, D., Rucker, D. D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2015). Social class, power, and selfishness: When and why upper and lower class individuals behavior unethically. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 436-449.

17.

Durkheim, E. (1933). The division of labor in society. New York, NY: The Free Press. (Original work published 1893).

18.

Elias, N. (1978). The civilizing process: The history of manners. New York, NY: Urizen Books.

19.

Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., & Heier, H. (1996). Individual differences in intuitive- experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 390-405.

20.

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.

21.

Fiske, S. T. (2010). Interpersonal stratification: Status, power, and subordination. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 941-982). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

22.

Fiske, S. T., & Markus, S. R. (2012). Facing social class: How societal rank influences interaction. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

23.

Gallo, L. C., & Matthews, K. A. (2003). Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: Do negative emotions play a role? Psychological Bulletin, 129, 10-51.

24.

Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 129-142.

25.

Grossman, I., & Varnum, M. E. W. (2011). Social culture, and cognition. Social Psychology and Personalty Science, 2, 81-89.

26.

Guimond, S., Chatard, A., Martinot, D., Crisp, R. J., & Redersdorff, S. (2006). Social comparison, self-stereotyping, and gender differences in self-construals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 221-242.

27.

Heine, S. J. (2008). Cultural psychology. New York, NY: Norton.

28.

Horberg, E. J., Oveis, C., Keltner, D., & Cohen, A. B. (2009). Disgust and the moralization of purity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 963-976.

29.

Ji, L. J., Nisbett, R. E., & Su, Y. (2001). Culture, change, and prediction. Psychological Science, 12, 450-456.

30.

Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B., Lochner, K., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1491-1498.

31.

Kemmelmeier, M., & Oyserman, D. (2001). The ups and downs of thinking about a successful other: Self construals and the consequences of social comparisons. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 311-320.

32.

Kitayama, S., & Cohen, D. (2007). Handbook of cultural psychology. New York: Gulford Press.

33.

Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., & Keltner, D. (2010). Social class, contextualism, and empathic accuracy. Psychological Science, 21, 1716-1723.

34.

Kraus, M. W, & Keltner, D. (2009). Signs of socioeconomic status: A thin-slicing approach. Psychological Science, 20, 99-106.

35.

Kraus, M. W, Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D. (2009). Social class the sense of control, and social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 992-1004.

36.

Kraus, M. W, Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D. (2011). Social class as culture: The convergence of resources and rank in the social realm. Psychological Science, 20, 246-250.

37.

Kraus, M. W, Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor. Psychological Review, 119, 546-672.

38.

Kusserow, A. S. (2004). American individualism: Child rearing and social class in three neighborhoods. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

39.

Kühnen, U., Hannover, B., & Schubert, B. (2001). The semantic-procedural interface model of the self: The role of self-knowledge for context- dependent versus context-independent modes of thinking. Journal of personality and social psychology, 80, 397-409.

40.

Kühnen, U., & Oyserman, D. (2002). Thinking about the self influences thinking in general: Cognitive consequences of salient self-concept. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 492-499.

41.

Lareau, A. (2002). Invisible inequality: Social class and child rearing in black families and white families. American Sociological Review, 67, 747-776.

42.

Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

43.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayma, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implication for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.

44.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2003). Culture, self, and the reality of the social. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 277-283.

45.

Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1973). Manifesto of the Communist Party. In Karl Marx, The revolutions of 1848: Political writings (Vol. 1, pp. 62-98). Harmondsworth, United Kingdom: Penguin. (Original work published 1848)

46.

Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R. E. (2006). Culture and change blindness. Cognitive Science, 30, 381-399.

47.

Molleman, E., Pruyn, J., & van Knippenberg, A. (1986). Social comparison processes among cancer patients. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 1-13.

48.

Na, J., & Chan, M. Y. (2016). Subjective perception of lower social-class enhances response inhibition. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 242-246.

49.

Na, J., & McDonough, I. M., Chan, M. Y., Park, D. C. (2016). Social-class differences in consumer choices: Working-class individuals are more sensitive to choices of others than middle-class individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 430-443.

50.

Nisbett, R. E. (2003). The geography of thought. New York: Free Press. 최인철 역 (2003). 생각의 지도. 파주: 김영사.

51.

Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310.

52.

Oakes, J. M., & Rossi, R. H. (2003). The measurement of SES in health research: Current practices and steps toward a new approach. Social Science and Medicine, 56, 769-784.

53.

Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. W. (2008). Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 311-342.

54.

Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., Cheng, B. H., & Keltner, D. (2010). Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 771-784.

55.

Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

56.

Snibbe, A. C., & Markus, H. R. (2005). You can’t always get what you want: Educational attainment, agency, and choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 703-720.

57.

Steil, J. M, & Hay, J. L. (1997). Social comparison in the workplace: A study of 60 dual-career couples. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 427-438.

58.

Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., & Markus, H. R. (2011). When choice does not equal freedom: A sociocultural analysis of agency in working class American contexts. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 33-41.

59.

Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Fryberg, S. A. (2012). Social class disparities in health and education: Reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior. Psychological Review, 119, 723-744.

60.

Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Townsend, S. S. (2007). Choice as an act of meaning: The case of social class. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 814-830.

61.

White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2005). Culture and social comparison seeking: The role of self-motives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 232-242.

62.

White, K., Lehman, D. R., & Cohen, D. (2006). Culture, self-construal, and affective reactions to successful and unsuccessful others. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 582-592.

63.

Wilkinson, R. G. (1999). Health, hierarchy, and social anxiety. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 48-63.

64.

Wills, T. A. (1991). Similarity and self-esteem in downward comparison. In J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 51-78). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격