바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

ACOMS+ 및 학술지 리포지터리 설명회

  • 한국과학기술정보연구원(KISTI) 서울분원 대회의실(별관 3층)
  • 2024년 07월 03일(수) 13:30
사전등록 바로가기
 

logo

ISSN : 1229-0653

논문 상세

다음
논문 투고

Vol.33 No.3

Citation Share

다양한 경험이 외집단에 대한 태도에 미치는 영향: 인지적 유연성의 매개효과를 중심으로

The effect of diverse experiences on prejudice against outgroup: The mediating role of cognitive flexibility

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격 / Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, (P)1229-0653;
2019, v.33 no.3, pp.1-20
https://doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2019.33.3.001
김영주 (서강대학교)
나진경 (서강대학교)
김영주, & 나진경. (2019). 다양한 경험이 외집단에 대한 태도에 미치는 영향: 인지적 유연성의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 33(3), 1-20, https://doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2019.33.3.001

초록

기존 연구에 의하면 다양한 경험은 창의성을 증가시키거나 집단 간 편향을 감소시키는 것 같은 긍정적인 결과와 관련 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 이런 효과는 주로 해외 거주 경험 같이 외국과 인종 측면에 국한된 다양한 경험의 영향을 검증하였기 때문에, 외국 문화에 대한 경험이 필수 요소인지는 확실히 알 수 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 해외 문화 측면과 관련 없이도 성장하면서 겪은 다양한 경험 자체의 속성이 외집단(본 연구에서는 동남아인)에 대한 부정적 태도를 감소시키는 효과가 있을지 알아보고, 이 효과가 인지적 유연성을 통해 매개되는지를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 한국 대학생을 대상으로 두 개의 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 1의 결과, 실험을 통해 전공이 다른 학생과 상호작용 하는 상황을 점화하면 동남아인에 대한 우호적인 태도가 증가하였다. 연구 2에서는 참가자들이 성장 과정에서 경험한 다양성을 보고하도록 하였다. 이때 다양한 경험이 해외 문화 경험에 국한되지 않는다는 점을 강조하여 다양성 경험을 측정하였다. 분석 결과, 다양한 경험의 빈도는 동남아인에 대한 긍정적 태도와 정적 관계를 보였으며, 이 관계는 인지적 유연성을 통해 매개되었다. 또한 이 관계는 해외 문화 경험 및 동남아인을 접촉해본 경험을 통제했을 때도 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 기존에 확인되었던 다양한 경험의 긍정적 효과는 해외 문화 경험과 독립적일 수 있음을 시사한다. 논의에서는 연구결과가 갖는 함의와 제한점을 검토하였다.

keywords
diverse experiences, minority group, intergroup biases, stereotypes, cognitive flexibility, 다양한 경험, 소수 집단, 집단 간 편향, 고정관념, 인지적 유연성

Abstract

Previous research demonstrated that multicultural experiences can generate beneficial outcomes such as reduced intergroup biases. However, those effects of diverse experiences were largely limited to diverse experiences involving foreign cultures such as living abroad. We proposed that diverse experiences would still be associated with positive attitudes toward outgroup even when the nature of the experiences is not related to foreign cultures. We also suggested that the relation between diverse experiences and positive attitudes would be mediated by cognitive flexibility. Result of study 1 revealed that participants who were asked to think about interactions with classmates with other majors than their own showed more favorable attitudes toward a negatively stereotyped group in Korea (i.e., Southeast Asians) than those who were asked to think about interactions with classmates with the same major. In study 2, we showed that broadly defined diverse experiences were associated with positive attitudes toward Southeast Asians. Moreover, this association was mediated by cognitive flexibility. Finally, these relations persisted even when controlling for foreign-related variables, such as living abroad and experience to contact outgroup member. Taken together, the results suggest that those with diverse experiences may become cognitively flexible and overcome intergroup biases regardless of how much they have experiences relating to foreign cultures.

keywords
diverse experiences, minority group, intergroup biases, stereotypes, cognitive flexibility, 다양한 경험, 소수 집단, 집단 간 편향, 고정관념, 인지적 유연성

참고문헌

1.

곽준혁 (2007). 다문화 공존과 사회적 통합. 대한정치학회보, 15(2), 23-41.

2.

김동수, 김도환, 정태연 (2011). 외국인에 대한한국 대학생의 인식: 6개 외국인 집단을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 25(1), 1-23.

3.

김미진, 김경은 (2018). 국내 다문화 수용성에 관한 연구 동향 분석. 다문화교육연구, 11(1), 1-27.

4.

김혜숙 (2007). 우리나라 사람들이 가지는 가치가 소수 집단에 대한 편견적 태도에 미치는영향. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 21(4), 91-104.

5.

김희자 (2008). 외국인에 대한 청소년의 사회적거리감. 한국사회, 9(1), 255-282.

6.

법무부 (2018). 2017 출입국․외국인정책 통계연보. http://www.moj.go.kr/viewer/skin/doc.html?rs=/viewer/result/bbs/160&fn=1546651726581101

7.

법무부 (2018). 출입국․외국인정책 통계월보2018년 12월호. http://www.moj.go.kr/viewer/skin/doc.html?rs=/viewer/result/bbs/160&fn=temp_1548720809280100

8.

안상수, 민무숙, 김이선, 이명진, 김금미 (2012). 국민 다문화수용성 조사 연구. 서울: 한국여성정책연구원.

9.

유승무, 이태정 (2006). 한국인의 사회적 인정 척도와 외국인에 대한 이중적 태도. 담론201, 9(2), 275-311.

10.

유힘찬 (2015). 초등학생의 인지적 유연성 향상을 위한 논변활동 수업 모형 개발. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

11.

이현정, 안재웅, 이상우 (2013). 다문화 콘텐츠가다문화 수용성에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증연구. 한국언론학보, 57(3), 34-57.

12.

임성택 (2003). 세계시민교육 관점에서의 외국인에 대한 한국학생들의 고정관념분석. 교육학연구, 41(3), 275-301.

13.

정보라 (2005). 사회적 바람직성의 구인 탐색. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

14.

정현숙 (2004). 문화 간 커뮤니케이션 갈등에 관한 연구: 한국에 거주하는 외국인 노동자의 체험담을 중심으로. 커뮤니케이션학 연구, 12(3), 27-45.

15.

홍숙지 (2005). 개인 유연성 척도 개발 및 타당화 연구. 성균관대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

16.

Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge:Addison-Wesley.

17.

Benet-Martínez, V., Lee, F., & Leu, J. (2006). Biculturalism and cognitive flexibility: Expertise in cultural representations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 386-407.

18.

Berger, R., Benatov, J., Abu-Raiya, H., & Tadmor, C. T. (2016). Reducing prejudice and promoting positive intergroup attitudes among elementary-school children in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Journal of School Psychology, 57, 53-72.

19.

Berry, J. W. (2001). A psychology of immigration. Journal of Social Issue, 57(3), 625-631.

20.

Berry, J. W., & Annis, R. C. (1974). Acculturation stress: The role of ecology, culture and differentiation. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 5, 382-406.

21.

Bodenhausen, G. V. (1990). Stereotypes as judgmental heuristics: Evidence of circadian variations in discrimination. Psychological Science, 1(5), 319-322.

22.

Brigham, J. C. (1993). College students’ racial attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1933-1967.

23.

Campbell, D. T. (1971). White attitudes toward Black people. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.

24.

Chang, M. J., Astin, A. W., & Kim, D. (2004). Cross-racial interaction among undergraduates:Some consequences, causes, and patterns. Research in Higher Education, 45(5), 529-553.

25.

Chao, M. M., Kung, F. Y., & Yao, D. J. (2015). Understanding the divergent effects of multicultural exposure. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 78-88.

26.

Chieu, V. M. (2007). An operational approach for building learning environments supporting cognitive flexibility. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 10(3), 32-46.

27.

Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2011). Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity. Psychological Bulletin, 137(2), 242-266.

28.

Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 631-648.

29.

Davies, K., Tropp, L. R., Aron, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: A meta- analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 332-351.

30.

Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 241-253.

31.

Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation. In P. Z. Mark (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. Volume 23, pp. 1-74):Academic Press.

32.

Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

33.

Fu, J. H. Y.., Morris, M. W., Lee, S. l., Chao, M., Chiu, C. Y., & Hong, Y. Y. (2007). Epistemic motives and cultural conformity: Need for closure, culture, and context as determinants of conflict judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 191-207.

34.

Gaither, S. E., & Sommers, S. R. (2013). Living with an other-race roommate shapes Whites' behavior in subsequent diverse settings. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(2), 272-276.

35.

Gino, F., & Ariely, D. (2012). The dark side of creativity: Original thinkers can be more dishonest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 445-459.

36.

Gough, H. G. (1987). California psychological inventory:administrator’s guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

37.

Guyton, E. M., & Wesche, M. V. (2005). The Multicultural Efficacy Scale: Development, Item Selection, and Reliability. Multicultural Perspectives, 7(4), 21-29.

38.

Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. M. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes:The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1105-1118.

39.

Hilton, J. L., & von Hippel, W. (1996). Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 47(1), 237-271.

40.

Holtgraves, T. (2004). Social Desirability and Self-Reports: Testing Models of Socially Desirable Responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(2), 161-172.

41.

Hong, Y. Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C. Y., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds:A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), 709-720.

42.

Jacobson, M. J., & Spiro, R. J. (1995). Hypertext learning environments, cognitive flexibility, and the transfer of complex knowledge: An empirical investigation. Journal of Educational computing research, 12(4), 301-333.

43.

Langer, E. J. (1989). Minding Matters: The Consequences of Mindlessness–Mindfulness. In B. Leonard (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. (Vol. Volume 22, pp. 137-173):Academic Press.

44.

Langer, E. J., Blank, A., & Chanowitz, B. (1978). The mindlessness of ostensibly thoughtful action: The role of ‘placebic’ information in interpersonal interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(6), 635-642.

45.

Leung, A. K. Y., Maddux, W. W., Galinsky, A. D., & Chiu, C. Y. (2008). Multicultural experience enhances creativity: The when and how. American Psychologist, 63(3), 169-181.

46.

Leung, A. K. Y., & Chiu, C. Y. (2010). Multicultural Experience, Idea Receptiveness, and Creativity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(5-6), 723-741.

47.

Levin, S., Van Laar, C., & Sidanius, J. (2003). The effects of ingroup and outgroup friendships on ethnic attitudes in college: A longitudinal study. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 76-92.

48.

Lezak, M. D. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.

49.

Louis, M. R., & Sutton, R. I. (1991). Switching cognitive gears: From habits of mind to active thinking. Human Relations, 44, 55-76.

50.

Lu, J. G., Quoidbach, J., Gino, F., Chakroff, A. Maddux, W. W., & Galinsky, A. D. (2017). The dark side of going abraod: How broad foreign experiences increase immoral behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(1), 1-16.

51.

Maddux, W. W., & Galinsky, A. D. (2009). Cultural borders and mental barriers: The relationship between living abroad and creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1047-1061.

52.

Maddux, W. W., Adam, H., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010). When in Rome... Learn why the Romans do what they do: How multicultural learning experiences facilitate creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(6), 731-741.

53.

Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-626.

54.

Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 124(1), 54-74.

55.

Page-Gould, E., Mendes, W. B., & Major, B. (2010). Intergroup contact facilitates physiological recovery following stressful intergroup interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(5), 854-858.

56.

Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Manual for the Paulhus Deception Scales: BIDR Version 7. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.

57.

Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783.

58.

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717-731.

59.

Ricciardelli, L. A. (1992). Creativity and bilingualism. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 26(4), 242-254.

60.

Ritter, S. M., Damian, R. I., Simonton, D. K., van Baaren, R. B., Strick, M., Derks, J., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2012). Diversifying experiences enhance cognitive flexibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 961-964.

61.

Sui, J., Zhu, Y., & Chiu, C. Y. (2007). Bicultural mind, self-construal, and recognition memory:Cultural priming effects on self- and mother-reference effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 818-824.

62.

Tadmor, C. T., & Tetlock, P. E. (2006). Biculturalism: A model of the effects of second-culture exposure on integrative complexity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 173-190.

63.

Tadmor, C. T., Galinsky, A. D., & Maddux, W. W. (2012). Getting the most out of living abroad:Biculturalism and integrative complexity as key drivers of creative and professional success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 520-542.

64.

Tadmor, C. T., Hong, Y. Y., Chao, M. M., Wiruchnipawan, F., & Wang, W. (2012). Multicultural experiences reduce intergroup bias through epistemic unfreezing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 750-772.

65.

Tadmor, C. T., Hong, Y. Y., Chao, M. M., & Cohen, A. (2018). The tolerance benefits of multicultural experiences depend on the perception of available mental resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(3), 398-426.

66.

Van Laar, C., Levin, S., Sinclair, S., & Sidanius, J. (2005). The effect of university roommate contact on ethnic attitudes and behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(4), 329-345.

67.

Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1049-1062.

68.

Weisbuch, M., Pauker, K., & Ambady, N. (2009). The subtle transmission of race bias via televised nonverbal behavior. Science, 326(5960), 1711-1714.

69.

Zapf, M. K. (1991). Cross-cultural transitions and wellness: Dealing with culture shock. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 14(2), 105-119.

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격

논문 투고 OA 정책