The verb "relax" comes from a Latin word relaxare, meaning "to loosen". Today, the word "relaxed" is used to refer either to lex muscles or to peaceful thought. Many people practiced relaxation procedures from ancient to modern era. Thus, a number of relaxation techniques and theories were derived. In this review article, five major relaxation techniques (Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training, Autogenic Training, Breathing Exercise, Meditation, and Behavioral Relaxation Training), relaxation theories, and relaxation states were explored. These are to stimulate further research and to aid in the development of more effective relaxation techniques. Finally, the summary and future directions of the article were discussed.
김태홍, 김기화, 최동렬 (1998). 점진적 근육 이완 운동이 Bowling 경기의 득점향상에 미치는 영향.한국체육과학회지, 7(1), 385-394.
박범영 (2004). 심리기술 훈련이 대학골프선수들의 불안과 심박수에 미치는 영향. 한국체육과학회지,13(2), 369-378.
방석찬 (2002). Relaxation training effect on depression for the Korean elderlyimmigrants. 한국심리학 회지: 건강, 7(2), 257-273.
서경현 (2004). 스트레스와 이완훈련. 2004 한국건강심리학회 제4차 학술대회 및 워크샵 자료집,103-114.
손정락 (2001). 행동이완 훈련과 평가. 2001 한국건강심리학회 하계 학술발표대회 및 Workshop 자료집, 1-39.
손정락 (2011). 행동이완훈련과 평가. 한국심리학회지:일반, 30(4), 973-993.
손정락, 강혜자, 한인순 (1990). 바이오피드백과 스포츠과학. 서울: 성원사.
이현종 (1999). 스트레스 대처훈련이 조정선수의 경쟁불안 감소에 미치는 효과. 한국체육과학회지,8(1), 185-192.
주동엽 (2002). 심리기술훈련방법이 경쟁 상태 불안 해소에 미치는 영향. 한국체육과학회지,11(1),137-147.
허정일, 손정락 (2004). 행동이완훈련. 2004 한국건강심리학회 제4차 학술대회 및 워크샵 자료집,103-114.
Alberti, R. & Emmons, M. (1982). Your perfect right: A guide to assertive living(4th ed.).Impact, San Louis Obispo, California.
Anderson, N. D., Lau, M. A., Segal, Z. V., & Bishop, S. R. (2007). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and attentional control. Clinica Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 449-463.
Bear, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facts of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45
Beck, A. T. (1984). Cognitive approaches to stress management. In P. M. Lehrer, R.L. Woolfolk, W. E. Sime (3rd ed.). Principles and practice of stress management. New York: Guilford Press.
Benson, H. (1975). The relaxation response. New York: William Morrow.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J. et al., (2004). Mindfulness : A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-241.
Blackburn, I. M. & Twaddle, V. (1996). Cognitive therapy in action. London: Souvenir Press.
Brokovec, T. D., & Costello, E. (1993). Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 611-619.
Butler, A. C., Chapmen, J. E., Forman, E. M., et al.(2006). The empirical status of cognitivebehaviouraltherapy: A review ofmeta-analyses. Clin. Psychol. Rev., Ch, 26,17-31.
Davidson, K. (2008). Cognitive-behavioural therapy: Origins and developments. In M. Donaghy, M. Nicol, & K. Davidson (eds.), Cognitive-behavioural interventions in physiotherapy and occupational therapy. Butterworth-Heinemann, Edinburgh, pp.3-18.
Davidson, R. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1976). The psychobiology of relaxation and related states: A multiprocess theory. In D. I. Mostofsky (ed.), Behavior control and modification of psychological activity(pp. 399-442). New York: Prentice-Hall.
Davis, M., Eshelman, E. R., & Mckay, M. (2006). 긴장이완과 스트레스 감소워크북[The relaxation &stress reduction workbook(5th ed.)](손정락 역).서울: 하나의학사. (원전은 2000에 출판)
Donaghy, M. E., (2008 a). Cognitive-behavioural approaches in the treatment of alchol addiction. In M. Donaghy, M. & Nicol, K. Davidson(Eds.), Cognitive-behavioural interventions in physiotherapy and occupational Therapy (pp.105-120). Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier, Edinburgh.
Elkin, I., Shea, M. T., & Watkins, J. T. (1989). General effectiveness of treatments. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 46, 971-982.
Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stuart.
Feist, G. J. & Rosenberg, E. L. (2011). 커넥션의 심리학 [Psychology: Making connections](손정락, 강혜자, 김교헌, 박순권, 박창호, 이민규, 최영은역). 서울:교보문고. (원전은 2010에 출판)
Ghoncheh, S. & Smith, J. C. (2004). Progressive muscle realxation, yoga stretching, and ABC relaxation theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 839-846.
Gill, J. S. (2008). Biomedical links between cognitions and behaviour. In M. Donaghy, M. Nicol, & K. Davidson (Eds.), Cognitive behavioral interventions. Heinemann Elsevier, Edinburgh.
Gloaguen, V., Cottraux, J., Cucherat, M., et al., 1998. A meta-analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy in depressed patients. J. Affect. Disord. 49, 59-72.
Harvey, J. R. (1998). Total relaxation. New York: Kodansha America.
Hobbs, C. N. (2010). The effects of behavioral relaxation training on relaxation states and mindfulness. Master Dissertaition. Centtal Missouri University, USA.
Hollon, S. D., de Rubeis, R. J., Shelton, R. C., et al.(2005). Pervention of relapse followingcognitive therapy vs medications in moderateto severe depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry,62, 417-422.
Homme, L. E., (1965). Perspectives in psychology: The operants of the mind. Psychol. Rec. 15, 501-511.
Jacobson, E. (1929). Progressive relaxation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jacobson, E. (1938). Progressive relaxation(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jefferies, W. M. (1991). Cortisol and immunity. Med. Hypotheses, 34, 198-208.
Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive Affective and Behavioural Neuroscience, 7, 109-119.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.
Kabat-Zinn, J., Wheeler, E., Light, T., et al. (1998). The influence of a mindfulness intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Psychosom. Med. 60(5), 625-632.
Khasky, A. D., & Smith, J. C. (1999). Stress, relaxation states, and creativity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 409-416.
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Co.
Lehrer, P. M., Carr, R., Sargunaraj, D., & Woolfolk, R. L. (1994). Stress management techniques: Are they are all equivalent or do they have specific effects? Biofeedback and Self- Regulation, 19, 353-401.
Lichstein, K. (1988). Clinical relaxation strategies. New York: Wiley.
Lundervold, D. A., Vick, L. B., Santoyo, J. C., Walsh, M., & Stern, E. R. (2010). Validating a skills training procedure for Behavioral Relaxation Training: Acquisition and generalization. Poster presentation. Association for Psychological Science, Boston, MA.
Matsumoto, M. & Smith, J. C. (2001). Progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, and ABC relaxation theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(12), 1551-1557.
McGuigan, F. J. (1993). Progressive relaxation: Origins, principles, and clinical applications. In P. M. Lehrer, R. L. Woolfolk, & W. E. Sime (ed), Principles and practice of stress management. New York: Guilford.
Neimeyer, R. A. (1985). Personal constructs in clinical practice. In P. C. Kendall (ed.), Advances in Cognitive behavioral research and Therapy. Academic press, Orlando, FL.
Payne, R. & Donaghy, M. (2010). Payne’s handbook of relaxation techniques: A practical guide for the health care professional. London: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier.
Poppen, R. & Maurer, J. (1982). Electromyographic analysis of relaxed postures. Biofeedback Self Regul. 7, 491-498.
Poppen, R. (1988). Behavioral relaxation training and assessment. New York: Pergamon.
Poppen, R. (1989). Some clinical implications of rule-governed behavior: Cognitions, contingencies, and instructional control. New York: Plenum.
Pressman, S. D. & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 925–971.
Schilling, D. J. & Poppen, R. (1983). Behavioral relaxation training and assessment. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 14, 99-107.
Schultz, J. H. (1932). Das Autogene Training- Konzentrative Selbstentpannug. Leipzig: Theime.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness. Freeman, San Francisco.
Seligman, M. E. P., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). Positive psychology: An introduction. Am. Psychol. 55(1), 5-14.
Skinner, B. F., (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
Smith, J. C. (1985). Relaxation dynamics: Nine world approaches to self-relaxation. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Smith, J. C. (1986). Meditation: A sensible guide to a timeless discipline. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Smith, J. C. (1989). Relaxation dynamics: A cognitive-behavioral approach to relaxation. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Smith, J. C. (1999). ABC relaxation theory. An evidence based approach. New York: Springer.
Smith, J. C. (2001). Advances in ABC relaxation: Applications and inventories. New York: Springer.
Smith, J. C. & Karmin, A. D. (2001). Idiosyncractic reality claims: ABC relaxation theory and relaxation dispositions. Chicago: Roosevelt University.
Smith, J. C. (2005). Relaxation, Meditation, and Mindfulness. New York: Springer.
Smith, J. C. (2007). The psychology of relaxation. Principles and practice of stress management(3rd ed., pp.38-52). New York: Guilford.
Smith, J. C., & Jackson, L. (2001). Breathing exercise and relaxation states. In J. C. Smith(Ed.), Advances in ABC relaxation: Applications and Inventories. (pp. 202-204). New York: Springer.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., Williams, M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relaps/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623.
Waugh, A., Grant, A., (2006). Ross & Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness(10th ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.