SNS 이용자의 상향비교 경험과 우울의 관계에서 열등감의 매개효과 및 자기개념 명확성의 중재효과: 페이스북을 중심으로
Mediating Effects of Inferiority Feeling and Moderating Effects of Self-esteem Stability on the Relationship between Upward Social Comparison and Depression: Focusing on Facebook Use by College Students
현명호 (중앙대학교)
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
초록
본 연구는 SNS 이용자가 SNS 공간에서 경험하는 상향비교와 우울의 관계에 열등감과 자기개념명확성이 미치는 영향을 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 페이스북을 이용하는 184명의 남녀 대학생을 대상으로 각 변인을 측정하는 질문지를 실시하였다. 분석 결과 상향비교와 열등감, 우울은정적 상관을 보였으며 상향비교와 자기개념 명확성은 부적 상관이 있었다. 전체 참가자를 대상으로 상향비교와 우울의 관계에서 열등감의 매개효과를 검증한 결과 열등감은 부분매개효과가 있는것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과는 SNS를 사용함으로서 이용자가 상향비교 장면에 노출되어 우울이 유발되는 상황에서 열등감을 다루는 것이 도움이 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한 상향비교와 우울의 관계를 자기개념 명확성이 조절하는 것으로 나타났고, 단순기울기 검증을 통해 자기개념이명확할수록 상향비교가 우울에 미치는 영향력이 감소함을 확인하였다. 이는 SNS를 이용자가 자신에 대한 이해를 높이는 것이 중요함을 시사한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 한계점 및 추후연구에 대하여 논의하였다.
- keywords
- SNS, 상향비교, 우울, 자기개념 명확성, 열등감, SNS, upward social comparison, depression, self-concept clarity, inferiority feeling
Abstract
This study explored whether inferiority feeling and self-concept clarity had any effects on the relationship between upward social comparison and depression of Facebook users who experienced on Facebook. To examine this, 184 male and female college student-participants were asked to complete questionnaires of upward social comparison, inferiority feeling, self-concept clarity and depression. As a result, upward social comparison was positively related to inferiority feeling and depression, but negatively related to self-concept clarity. Based on these correlations, we tested the mediating effects of inferiority feeling and moderating effects of self-concept clarity on the relationship between upward social comparison and depression. Our results showed that inferiority feeling had partial mediating effects on the relationship between upward social comparison and depression, suggesting that it was helpful for SNS users to deal with inferiority feeling at depression-arising situations from upward social comparison. Our results also revealed that self-concept clarity could moderate the relationship between upward social comparison and depression. Furthermore, a simple slope test suggested that the effects of upward social comparison on depression is decreased when the scores of self-concept clarity were high. These findings suggest that it is necessary for SNS users to understand himself or herself better. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed and future directions for this research were provided.
- keywords
- SNS, 상향비교, 우울, 자기개념 명확성, 열등감, SNS, upward social comparison, depression, self-concept clarity, inferiority feeling
참고문헌
금희조 (2011). 소셜 미디어 시대, 우리는 행복한가: 소셜 미디어 이용이 사회 자본과 정서적 웰빙에 미치는 영향. 한국방송학보, 25(5), 7-48.
김계희, 조맹제 (1993). 주요우울증환자 예비평가에서the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) 진단적 타당성 연구. 신경정신의학, 32(3), 381-399.
김대익(1998). 한국인의 자기개념명확성에 대한 연구, 성격, 자의식, 행동의 상관을 중심으로. 중앙대학교석사학위 청구논문.
김봉섭 (2015). 페이스북 이용에 따른 페이스북 이용자의 정서적 효과 연구：주관적 행복감을 중심으로. 사회과학연구, 41(1), 85-109.
김선정, 김태용 (2012). SNS 콘텐츠의 감성이 사용자의감정상태에 미치는 영향: 페이스북 뉴스피드를 중심으로. 사이버 커뮤니케이션 학보, 29(1), 5-47.
김아영 (1997). 학구적 실패에 대한 내성의 관련변인 연구. 교육심리연구, 11(2), 1-19.
박소영 (2012), “페이스북, 2010년 ‘좋아요’ 버튼으로 감성 충족에 결정적”, 한국일보 , 제7면. (2012. 2. 3.)
박정희 (2002). 부모의 가정교육방향 및 양육행동이 자녀의 심리사회성숙에 미치는 영향. 인하대학교 대학원 박사학위 청구논문.
양혜승, 김진희, 서미혜 (2014). 페이스북은 우리의 삶을행복하게 하는가? 韓國言論學報, 58(6), 215-244.
이경탁, 노미진, 권미옥, 이희욱 (2013). SNS사용자의외로움, 자기노출, 사회적지지 그리고 삶의 만족에관한 실증연구. 인터넷전자상거래연구, 13(2), 19-39.
이현지, 정동훈 (2013). 트위터와 페이스북의 이용중단의도에 관한 연구. 韓國言論學報, 57(4), 269-293.
임기홍 (2000). 고등학교 학생들의 열등감과 관련변인. 서울대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
장은영, 한덕웅 (2004). 사회비교의 목표, 대상 및 결과가 비교대상의 선택에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 18(2), 65-89.
전겸구, 최상진, 양병찬 (2001). 통합적 한국판 CES-D 개발. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 6(1), 59-76.
정민, 노안영 (2010). 열등감 반응 척도의 개발 및 타당화. 한국심리학회지 상담 및 심리치료, 22(2), 351-367.
조선일보 (2013. 8. 17). 페이스북 많이 할수록 불행해져. http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/08/17/2013081700160.html
차경진, 이은목 (2015). 사회비교이론 관점에서 살펴본SNS 이용중단 의도. 한국전자거래학회, 20(3), 59-77.
채려분 (2013). 사회관계형 SNS이용에 따른 부정적 감정유발에 관한 연구 : 페이스북을 중심으로. 숙명여자대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
최소영 (2015). SNS 인맥네트워크와 이용정도가 SNS 피로도와 이용중단의도에 미치는 영향 연구 : 페이스북을 중심으로. 서강대학교 언론대학원 석사학위논문.
한국경제신문 (2015. 5. 31). 페이스북코리아 대표 한국서 亞첫 부트캠프…비즈니스 선순환 구조 만든다. http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=201505296482g&intype=1.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage Publications, Inc.
Alicke, M. D., LoSchiavo, F. M., Zerbst, J., & Zhang, S. (1997). The person who out performs me is a genius: Maintaining perceived competence in upward social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 781-789.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Baumgardner, A. H. (1990). To know oneself is to like oneself : Self-certainty and self-affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1062-1072.
Buunk, B. P., Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E., VanYperen, N. W., & Dakof, G. A. (1990). The affective consequences of social comparison :Either direction has its ups and downs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1238-1249.
Buunk, B. P., Kuyper, H., & van der Zee, Y. G. (2005). Affective response to social comparison in the classroom. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(3), 229-237.
Campbell, J. D. (1990). Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 539-549.
Campbell, J. D., Chew, B., & Scatchley, L. (1991). Cognitive and emotional reactions to daily events: The effects of self-esteem and self-complexity, Journal of Personality, 59, 473-505.
Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, M., Lavellee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 141-156.
CNET (2013. 2. 5). Study: Facebook fatigue – it’s real. http://www.cnet.com/news/study-facebookfatigue-its-real/
Festinger, L. A. (1954). A theory of social comparison process. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
Fiske, S. T. (2010). Envy up, scorn down: How comparison divides us. American Psychologist, 65(8), 698-706.
Gilbert, P., Broomhead, C., Irons, C., MeEwan, K., Bellew, R., Mills, A., Gale, C., & knibb, R. (2007). Development of astriving to avoid inferiority scales. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 633-648
Goethals, G. R. (1986). Social Comparison Theory. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 12(3), 261-278.
Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. A doubleday Anchor Original.
Goodwin, R. D., & Marysic, A. (2003). Feelings of inferiority and suicide ideation and suicide attempt among youth. Croat Medical Journal, 44(5), 553-557.
Kim, H. S., & Kim, H. K. (2006). A study on the relationship between feelings of inferiority and mental health of elementary, middle, high school and university students. Theory and Practice of Education, 11(1), 37-69.
Kim, K. H. (2004). Depression and suicide in Korean adolescents. Korean Journal of Psychological and Social Issues, 10, 55-68.
Kulik, J. A., & Gump, B. B. (1997). Affective reactions to social comparison: The effects of relative performance and related attributes information about another person. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(5), 452-468.
Lee, S. Y. (2014). How do people compare themselves with others on social network sites?: The case of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 253-260.
Linville, P. W. (1985). Self-complexity and affective extremity: Don't put all of your eggs in one cognitive basket. Social Cognition, 3, 94-120.
Linville. P. W. (1987). Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 663-676.
Mai-Ly, N. S., Robert, E. W., & Linda, K. A. (2014). Seeing everyone else’s highlight reels: how facebook usage is linked to depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(8), 701-731.
Markus, H., & Nuious, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954-969.
Marsh, H. W., & Parker, J. W. (1984). Determinants of student self-concept: Is it better to be a relatively large fish in a small pond even if you don’t learn to swim as well? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(1), 213～231.
Morse, S., & Gergen, K. J. (1970). Social comparison, self-consistency, and the concept of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 148-156.
Mussweiler, T., Ruter, K., & Epstude, K. (2006). The why, who, and how of social comparison: A social-cognition perspective. In S. Guimond (Ed.), Social comparison and social psychology:Understanding cognition, intergroup relations, and culture. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale; A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1, 385-401.
Reis, T. J., & Gibbons, F. X. (1993). Social comparison and the pill: Reaction to upward and downward comparison of contraceptive behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 13-20.
Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1984). Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 780-792.
Smith, R. H. (2000). Assimilative and contrastive emotional reactions to upward and downward social comparisons. In J. Suls & L. Wheller(Eds.). Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research(pp. 173-200). Iowa: Springer.
Taylor, L. G., & Shelley, E. (1993). Effects of social comparison direction, threat, and self-esteem on affect, self-evaluation, and expected success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 708-722.
Taylor, S. E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38, 1161-1173.
Taylor, S. E., Lichtman, R. R., & Wood, J. V. (1984). Attributions, beliefs about control, and adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 489-502.
Taylor, S. E., Wayment, H. A., & Carrillo, M. (1996). Social comparison, self-regulation, and motivation. In E. T. Higgins (Ed.), Handbook of motivation and cognition, Vol. 3: The interpersonal context. Handbook of motivation and cognition(pp. 3-27). New York: Guilford Press.
Turkle, S. (2011), Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books.
Wheeler, L., Martin, R., & Suls, J. (1997). The proxy model of social comparison for self-assessment of ability. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 54-61.
White, J., Langer, E., Yariv, L., & Welch, J. I. V. (2006). Frequent social comparisons and destructive emotions and behaviors: The dark side of social comparisons. Journal of Adult Development, 13, 36-44.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수