The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
The Effect of Self-Compassion Writing on Rumination, and Emotional Regulation Among University Students with Depressive Tendency
Abstract
This study was to examine the effect of self-compassion writing on self-compassion level in depressive tendency group. Furthermore, we investigated the effect on subtypes of rumination and emotional regulation after self-compassion writing treatment. The K-SCS and the BDI were used for screening of 654 university students, and based on the results, they were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: self-compassion treatment group(n=13), distraction treatment group(n=11), and untreated control group(n=13). Treatment included 6 sessions during two weeks. The result showed that participants in the self-compassion treatment group compared with distraction treatment group and untreated control group showed significant increases in self-compassion levels at post-test than pre-test. Although rumination, brooding, reflection level showed no significant effect, depressive rumination, emotion regulation, psychological symptoms and depression level were significantly decreased after self-compassion writing. Particularly, decreased emotion regulation and depression level were relatively constant during the 4-weeks follow-up periods. These results implied usability of self-compassion writing as a self-instructional method and therapeutic mechanism. Finally, implications and limitations of the current study were discussed along with suggestions for future research.
- keywords
- 자기자비, 우울, 반추, 정서조절, 심리적 증상, self-compassion, depression, rumination, emotional regulation, psychological symptom
Reference
권석만 (1996). 자기인지의 구조와 정보처리과정에 있어서 우울집단의 특성. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 15(1), 17-31.
권석만 (2000). 우울증. 서울: 학지사.
김경의, 이금단, 조용래, 채숙희, 이우경 (2008). 한국판자기-자비 척도의타당화 연구: 대학생을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 13(4), 1023-1044.
김광일, 김재환, 원호택 (1984). 간이정신진단검사 실시요강. 서울: 중앙적성출판사.
김설환, 손정락 (2010). 한국형 마음챙김 스트레스 감소(K-MBSR) 에 기반을 둔 인지치료 프로그램이 대학생의 우울, 자살생각 및 충동성에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 29(1), 189-204.
김소정, 권정혜, 양은주, 김지혜, 유범희, 이동수 (2013). 한국판 반추적 반응 척도 (K-RRS)의 확인적 요인분석: 우울장애 환자를 대상으로. 인지행동치료, 13(1), 133-147.
김소정, 김지혜, 윤세창 (2010). 한국판 반추적 반응 척도(K-RRS)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지; 임상, 29(1), 1-19.
노상선, 조용래 (2013). 경계선 성격장애 성향자를 위한자기자비 함양 프로그램의 개발과 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 32(1), 97-121.
노상선, 조용래, 최미경 (2014). 대학생의 자기 자비와생활 스트레스가 자살생각에 미치는 영향: 반추와우울의 매개 역할. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 33(4), 735-757.
문은주, 최해연 (2015). 경험논문: 정서처리과정에서 자기자비의 역할: 정서인식명료성의 효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 20(1), 1-19.
박대명, 이상룡, 정인철 (2012). 우울, 불안, 불면 환자에대한 심리척도의 유용성과 상관성에 대한 임상연구. 동의신경정신과학회지, 23(3), 63-75.
박세란, 이훈진 (2013). 자존감, 자기자비와 심리적 부적응 및 안녕감의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 32(1), 123-139.
박일 (2014). 영화를 통한 자기자비 처치가 상태자기자비, 상태불안 및 정서반응에 미치는 효과: 발표불안이 있는 대학생을 대상으로. 가톨릭대학교 대학원석사학위 논문.
백정미, 이민규 (2010). 스트레스 예방 훈련적 글쓰기를통한 자기노출이 외상 경험에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 29(1), 125-145.
손희정, 신희천 (2013). 주관적 외상 사건에 대한 구조화된 글쓰기의 효과. 상담학연구, 14(6), 3237-3259.
이상현, 성승연 (2011). 분노사고와 분노표현에 있어서의 자기-자비의 완충효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 23(1), 93-112.
이석호, 이영호 (2014). 우울한 사람들의 공감정확도와스스로 보고한 공감능력: 대학생을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 33(1), 17-33.
이슬아, 권석만 (2014). 정서강도와 인지적 회피가 걱정에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 33(1), 191-219.
이영호, 송종용 (1991). BDI, SDS, MMPI-D 척도의 신로도 및 타당도에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 10(1), 98-113.
이지영, 권석만 (2006). 정서조절과 정신병리의 관계: 연구현황 및 과제. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 18(3), 461-493.
진현정, 이기학 (2009). Self-Compassion Scale 한국 번역판의 타당화 연구. 청소년상담연구, 17(2), 1-20.
조용래 (2007). 정서조절곤란의 평가. 한국심리학회지:임상, 26(4), 1015-1038.
조용래, 노상선 (2011). 자기 자비 대 주의분산 처치와특질 자기자비가 불쾌한 자기관련 사건에 대한 정서반응에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 30(3), 707-726.
조현주 (2014). 자비 및 자애명상의 심리치료적 함의. 인지행동치료, 14(1), 123-143.
조현주, 전태연, 채정호, 우영섭, 최정은, 기백석, 임현우 (2007). 우울장애의 불안, 신체화, 분노 증상과 정서조절방략과의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 26(3), 663-679.
조현주, 현명호 (2011). 자기비판과 우울관계에서 지각된 스트레스와 자기자비 효과. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 16(1), 49-62.
하승수, 권석만 (2011). 표현적 글쓰기가 특정 공포증상에 미치는 영향: 한국과 미국의 대학생 집단을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 30(2), 359-380.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2011). Selfcompassion:Conceptualizations, correlates, &interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15, 289-303.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. K. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571.
Bennett-Goleman, T. (2002). Emotional alchemy: How the mind can heal the heart. New York: Three rivers press.
Breines, J. G., & Chen, S. (2012). Self-compassion increases self-improvement motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(9), 1133-1143.
Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Visser, C., Nightingale, H., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). The effects of analytical and experiential rumination on autobiographical memory specificity in individuals with a history of major depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 3077-3087.
Derogatis, L. R. (1992). SCL-90-R administration, scoring, and procedures manual-Ⅱ. Towson, MD: Clinical Psycholmetric Research.
Fitzpatrick, K. K., Witte, T. K., & Schmidt, N. B. (2005). Randomized controlled trial of a brief problem-orientation intervention for suicidal ideation. Behavior Therapy, 36(4), 323-333.
Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Eds.), Compassion: Conceptualization, research and use in psychotherapy (pp.9-74). London: Brunner-Routledge.
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical psychology and psychotherapy. 13(6), 353-379.
Gilbert, P., & Tirch, D. (2009). Emotional memory, mindfulness and compassion. Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 99-110). Springer New York.
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54.
Greenberg, M. A., & Stone, A. A. (1992). Emotional disclosure about traumas and its relation to health: effects of previous disclosure and trauma severity. Journal of personality and social psychology, 63(1), 75.
Greenberg, M. A., Wortman, C. B., & Stone, A. A. (1996). Emotional expression and physical health:Revising traumatic memories or fostering self-regulation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 558-602.
Johnson, E. A., & O'Brien, K. A. (2013). Self-Compassion Soothes the Savage EGO-Threat System: Effects on Negative Affect, Shame, Rumination, and Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(9), 939-963.
Kring, A. M., & Werner, K. H. (2004). Emotion regulation and psychopathology. The regulation of emotion, 359-385.
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887-904.
Lee, D. A. (2005). The perfect nurturer: A model to develop a compassionate mind withing the context of cognitive therapy. Compassion:Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 326-351).
Levenson, H. (2012). Time-limited dynamic psychotherapy. The art and science of brief psychotherapies: An illustrated guide (pp. 195-237).
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. American Psychological Association, 69(1), 176-190.
Mineka, S., & Sutton, S. K. (1992). Cognitive biases and the emotional disorders. Psychological Science, 3(1), 65-69.
Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D. (1997). Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet, 349(9064), 1498-1504.
Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
Neff, K. D. (2012). The science of self-compassion. Compassion and wisdom in psychotherapy, 79-92.
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 28-44.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of research in personality, 41(1), 139-154.
Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 23-50.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of abnormal psychology, 100(4), 569.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on psychological science, 3(5), 400-424.
Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 757-761.
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.
Teasdale, J. D. (1988). Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression. Cognition & Emotion, 2(3), 247-274.
Thomsen, D. K. (2006). The association between rumination and negative affect : A review. Cognition and Emotion, 20(8), 1216-1235.
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284-304.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247-259.
Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. D. (2001). Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: Effects of self-focus and analytic thinking. Journal of Abnormal psychology, 110(2), 353-357.
Zettle, R. D. (2007). ACT for depression: A clinician's guide to using acceptance &commitment therapy in treating depression. New Harbinger Publications.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations