바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

The Effects of a Brief MBSR on Mindfulness, Stress, Depression, Anxiety and Life Satisfaction in Older Adults

The Korean Journal of Health Psychology / The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, (P)1229-070X; (E)2713-9581
2017, v.22 no.3, pp.489-510
https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2017.22.3.002


  • Downloaded
  • Viewed

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effects of a brief MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) program for older adults. Participants at a senior welfare center were assigned either to a treatment group (n = 14) or to a waitlist control group (n = 10). The treatment consisted of four weekly sessions. Participants completed self-report questionnaires of mindfulness, stress, depression, anxiety and life satisfaction at pre-, post-, and 4-weeks-after the treatment. Mindfulness was measured by the level of observant awareness and interoceptive awareness. Results showed that there was a significant increase of mindfulness in the treatment group as compared to the control group, and this effect was maintained at the follow-up period. There were also a significant trend of increase in life satisfaction, and a partial decrease in depression and anxiety. However, there was no significant difference in the level of stress in the treatment group. These results suggest that a brief intervention of MBSR is effective for improving mindfulness and life satisfaction, and partly effective for reducing depression and anxiety in older adults. Based on these findings, implications and limitations of this study are discussed.

keywords
노인, MBSR, 마음챙김, 알아차림, 신체자각, 스트레스, 우울, 불안, 삶의 만족도, older adults, MBSR, mindfulness, observing, interoceptive awareness, stress, depression, anxiety, life satisfaction

Reference

1.

강연욱, 나덕렬 (2003). SNSB: 서울신경심리 검사. 인천:휴브알엔씨.

2.

건강보험심사평가원․국민건강보험공단 (2014). 2014년건강보험통계연보. 건강보험심사평가원 국민건강보험공단. http://www.nhis.or.kr/bbs7/boards/B0075/15288.에서 2017년 2월 3일 인출.

3.

김경남, 손혜경, 박현주 (2014). 마음챙김명상 프로그램이 시설 여성노인의 수면, 우울 및 삶의 질에 미치는 효과. 보건의료산업학회지, 8(3), 157-168.

4.

김보민 (2008). 마음챙김 명상 프로그램이 노인의 스트레스와 정서반응에 미치는 영향. 영남대학교 석사학위 청구논문.

5.

김완석 (2010). KMBSR과 MBSR의 이론적 토대와 프로그램 비교 KMBSR의 확립을 위한 개관연구. 한국명상치유학회지, 1(1), 17-42.

6.

김완석, 심교린, 조옥경 (2016). 한국판 다차원 신체자각척도(K-MAIA). 스트레스연구, 24(3), 177-192.

7.

김정호 (2007). 삶의 만족 및 삶의 기대와 스트레스 및웰빙의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 12(2), 325-345.

8.

김혜경, 서경현 (2014). 노인의 신체건강과 주관적 행복에 대한 스트레스와 자기노출의 역할. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 19(1), 353-370.

9.

문동규 (2012). 노인의 자살생각과 관련된 유발변인의메타회귀분석. 노인복지연구, 55, 133-158.

10.

박상규 (2006). 노인의 정신건강과 삶의 질간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 11(4), 785-796.

11.

배재홍, 장현갑 (2006). 한국형 마음챙김 명상에 기반한스트레스 감소 프로그램이 대학생의 정서반응에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 11(4), 673-688.

12.

배재홍 (2010). 수행기간에 따라 K-MBSR 프로그램이대학생의 정서반응성에 미치는 영향. 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 10(11), 198-208.

13.

백영묘 (2010). 지각된 스트레스: 척도 표준화 및 기억기능에 대한 영향 탐색. 서울대학교 석사학위 청구논문.

14.

보건복지부 (2014). 보건복지부 정책보고서 2014-61, 2014년도 노인실태조사. 보건복지부 한국보건사회연구원. http://www.kdi.re.kr/policy/ep_view.jsp?idx=141271.에서 2017. 2. 3 인출.

15.

서경현 (2007). 노년기 한국인의 스트레스. 스트레스연구, 15(4), 271-278.

16.

신성일, 김영희 (2013). 노인의 삶의 질에 관련된 변인들의 메타분석. 상담학연구, 14(6), 3673-3690.

17.

엄수현, 김병석 (2016). 마음챙김 훈련이 노인의 스트레스와 생활만족도에 미치는 영향. 한국명상학회지, 6(1), 29-44.

18.

원두리, 김교헌 (2006). 한국판 5요인 마음챙김 척도의타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 11(4), 871-886.

19.

유선희 (2012). 마음챙김에 기반한 스트레스 감소 프로그램이 시설노인의 스트레스, 우울, 수면양상 및 인지기능에 미치는 효과. 전북대학교 박사학위 청구논문.

20.

이인정 (2014). 초고령 노인의 스트레스 요인과 대응방식이 우울에 미치는 영향. 보건사회연구, 34(4), 264-294.

21.

이혜진, 박형인 (2015). 마음챙김 기반 치료의 효과: 메타분석 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 34(4), 991-1038.

22.

이훈진 (2009). 수용이 심리적 증상, 자존감 및 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향. 인지행동치료, 9(1), 1-23.

23.

임주영, 전귀연 (2012). 노인의 스트레스와 불안과의 관계: 위협적 상황 인지와 삶의 의미의 매개효과를중심으로. 한국노년학, 32(1), 257-272.

24.

임주영 (2014). 한국 노인의 불안 척도 개발에 관한 연구. 한국가족관계학회지, 19(2), 187-203.

25.

장승호, 나안숙, 이상열 (2013). 일 중소도시 노인의 불안 및 삶의 질에 대한 연구. 노인정신의학, 17(2), 74-78.

26.

장현갑, 김정모, 배재홍 (2007). 한국형 마음챙김 명상에기반한 스트레스 감소 프로그램의 개발과 SCL-90-R로 본 효과성 검증. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 12(4), 833-850.

27.

정애자 (2015). MBSR 마음챙김에 기반한 스트레스 감소 프로그램 매뉴얼. 전주: 전북대학교출판문화원.

28.

정인과, 곽동일, 조숙행, 이현수 (1997). 한국형 노인우울검사(KGDS) 표준화 연구. 노인정신의학, 1(1), 61-72.

29.

정인순 (2012). 명상프로그램(MBSR)이 노인의 정신건강에 미치는 효과성 검증. 법정리뷰, 29(2), 41-68.

30.

정희영 (2013). 마음챙김명상과 걷기운동이 농촌지역 제2형 당뇨병 노인환자의 스트레스 감소와 혈관염증반응에 미치는 효과. 한국농촌간호학회 학술대회지, 1, 1-29.

31.

조성자, 김병석 (2014). 노년기의 스트레스와 삶의 만족도간의 관계: 우울, 자기효능감, 마인풀니스(mindfulness)의 매개효과. 한국노년학, 34(1), 49-71.

32.

조옥경, 왕인순 (2016). 심신중재법으로서 요가의 치료적 적용. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 21(1), 1-18.

33.

조용래, 노상선, 조기현, 홍세희 (2014). 우울과 불안증상에 대한 마음챙김에 기반을 둔 개입의 효과: 메타분석. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 33(4), 903-928.

34.

최미선, 송병주 (2016). 노인대상프로그램의 심리적 효과와 관련된 변인에 대한 메타분석. 한국임상보건과학회지, 4(1), 504-509.

35.

통계청 (2016). 장래인구추계: 2015〜2065년. 통계청 사회통계국 인구동향과. http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1010#quick_05.에서 2016년 7월 21일 인출.

36.

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45.

37.

Baer, R. A., Carmody, J., & Hunsinger, M. (2012). Weekly change in mindfulness and perceived stress in a mindfulness‐based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(7), 755-765.

38.

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., . . . Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230-241.

39.

Bornemann, B., Herbert, B. M., Mehling, W. E., & Singer, T. (2015). Differential changes in self-reported aspects of interoceptive awareness through 3 months of contemplative training. Frontiers in Psychology, 5:1504. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01504.

40.

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.

41.

Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 23-33.

42.

Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1988). Perceived Stress in a Probability Sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan, & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Health (pp. 31-67). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

43.

Creswell, J. D., Irwin, M. R., Burklund, L. J., Lieberman, M. D., Arevalo, J. M., Ma, J., . . . Cole, S. W. (2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction training reduces loneliness and pro-inflammatory gene expression in older adults:a small randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(7), 1095-1101.

44.

De Jong, M., Lazar, S. W., Hug, K., Mehling, W. E., Hölzel, B. K., Sack, A. T., . . . Gard, T. (2016). Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on body awareness in patients with chronic pain and comorbid depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 967. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00967.

45.

De Vibe, M., Bjørndal, A., Tipton, E., Hammerstrøm, K. T., & Kowalski, K. (2012). Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) for improving health, quality of life, and social functioning in adults. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 8(3), 1-127.

46.

Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.

47.

Ernst, S., Welke, J., Heintze, C., Zollner, A., Kiehne, S., Schwantes, U., & Esch, T. (2008). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on quality of life in nursing home residents: a feasibility study. Forschende Komplementärmedizin, 15(2), 74-81.

48.

Fiocco, A. J., & Mallya, S. (2015). The importance of cultivating mindfulness for cognitive and emotional well-being in late life. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 20(1), 35-40.

49.

Fisher, B. J. (1995). Successful aging, life satisfaction, and generativity in later life. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 41(3), 239-250.

50.

Fustos, J., Gramann, K., Herbert, B. M., & Pollatos, O. (2012). On the embodiment of emotion regulation: Interoceptive awareness facilitates reappraisal. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(8), 911-917.

51.

Gallegos, A. M., Hoerger, M., Talbot, N. L., Moynihan, J. A., & Duberstein, P. R. (2013). Emotional benefits of mindfulness-based stress reduction in older adults: The moderating roles of age and depressive symptom severity. Aging &Mental Health, 17(7), 823-829.

52.

Geiger, P. J., Boggero, I. A., Brake, C. A., Caldera, C. A., Combs, H. L., Peters, J. R., & Baer, R. A. (2016). Mindfulness-based interventions for older adults: a review of the effects on physical and emotional well-being. Mindfulness, 7(2), 296-307.

53.

Goldberg, S. B., Wielgosz, J., Dahl, C., Schuyler, B., MacCoon, D. S., Rosenkranz, M., . . . Davidson, R. J. (2016). Does the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire measure what we think it does? Construct validity evidence from an active controlled randomized clinical trial. Psychological Assessment, 28(8), 1009-1014.

54.

Gotink, R. A., Chu, P., Busschbach, J. J., Benson, H., Fricchione, G. L., & Hunink, M. M. (2015). Standardised mindfulness-based interventions in healthcare: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs. PLoS One, 10(4), e0124344.

55.

Hayney, M. S., Coe, C. L., Muller, D., Obasi, C. N., Backonja, U., Ewers, T., & Barrett, B. (2014). Age and psychological influences on immune responses to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection (MEPARI)trial. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 10(1), 83-91.

56.

Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169-183.

57.

Holzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537-559.

58.

Impett, E. A., Daubenmier, J. J., & Hirschman, A. L. (2006). Minding the body: Yoga, embodiment, and well-being. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 3(4), 39-48.

59.

Ingraham, N., Eliason, M. J., Garbers, S., Harbatkin, D., Minnis, A. M., McElroy, J. A., & Haynes, S. G. (2016). Effects of mindfulness interventions on health outcomes in older lesbian/bisexual women. Women's Health Issues, 26(1), S53-62.

60.

Jansen, P., Dahmen-Zimmer, K., Kudielka, B. M., & Schulz, A. (2016). Effects of karate training versus mindfulness training on emotional wellbeing and cognitive performance in later life. Research on Aging. doi: 10.1177/0164027516669987.

61.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: The program of the stress reduction clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. New York: Delta.

62.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there are you, Mindfulness meditation in every life. New York: Hyperion.

63.

Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041-1056.

64.

Kumar, S., Adiga, K. R., & George, A. (2014a). Effectiveness of mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) on stress and anxiety among elderly residing in residential homes. International Journal of Nursing Care, 2(2), 81-85.

65.

Kumar, S., Adiga, K. R., & George, A. (2014b). Impact of mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) on depression among elderly residing in residential homes. The Nursing Journal of India, 105(6), 248-251.

66.

Lenze, E. J., Hickman, S., Hershey, T., Wendleton, L., Ly, K., Dixon, D., . . . Wetherell, J. L. (2014). Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for older adults with worry symptoms and co occurring cognitive dysfunction. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(10), 991-1000.

67.

Martins, C. (2014). Quantitative Results. In Martins, C. (Ed.), Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Older Adults (pp. 81-108). Philadelphia, PA:Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

68.

McBee, L. (2014). I am Sure to Grow Old:Mindfulness-Based Elder Care. In Baer, R. A. (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches:Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications (pp. 239-265). San Diego, CA:Academic Press.

69.

Mehling, W. E., Price, C., Daubenmier, J. J., Acree, M., Bartmess, E., & Stewart, A. (2012). The multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA). PLoS One, 7(11), e48230.

70.

Meize-Grochowski, R., Shuster, G., Boursaw, B., DuVal, M., Murray-Krezan, C., Schrader, R., . . . Prasad, A. (2015). Mindfulness meditation in older adults with postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled pilot study. Geriatric Nursing, 36(2), 154-160.

71.

Morone, N. E., Greco, C. M., & Weiner, D. K. (2008). Mindfulness meditation for the treatment of chronic low back pain in older adults: a randomized controlled pilot study. Pain, 134(3), 310-319.

72.

Morone, N. E., Lynch, C. S., Greco, C. M., Tindle, H. A., & Weiner, D. K. (2008). “I felt like a new person.” The effects of mindfulness meditation on older adults with chronic pain: qualitative narrative analysis of diary entries. The Journal of Pain, 9(9), 841-848.

73.

Morone, N. E., Rollman, B. L., Moore, C. G., Li, Q., & Weiner, D. K. (2009). A mind–body program for older adults with chronic low back pain:results of a pilot study. Pain Medicine, 10(8), 1395-1407.

74.

Morone, N. E., & Greco, C. M. (2014). Adapting mindfulness meditation for the older adult. Mindfulness, 5(5), 610-612.

75.

Moss, A. S., Reibel, D. K., Greeson, J. M., Thapar, A., Bubb, R., Salmon, J., & Newberg, A. B. (2015). An adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction program for elders in a continuing care retirement community quantitative and qualitative results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 34(4), 518-538.

76.

Moynihan, J. A., Chapman, B. P., Klorman, R., Krasner, M. S., Duberstein, P. R., Brown, K. W., & Talbot, N. L. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for older adults: effects on executive function, frontal alpha asymmetry and immune function. Neuropsychobiology, 68(1), 34-43.

77.

Mularski, R. A., Munjas, B. A., Lorenz, K. A., Sun, S., Robertson, S. J., Schmelzer, W., . . . Shekelle, P. G. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based therapy for dyspnea in chronic obstructive lung disease. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(10), 1083-1090.

78.

Perez-Blasco, J., Sales, A., Melendez, J. C., & Mayordomo, T. (2016). The effects of mindfulness and self-compassion on improving the capacity to adapt to stress situations in elderly people living in the community. Clinical Gerontologist, 39(2), 90-103.

79.

Raes, A. K., Bruyneel, L., Loeys, T., Moerkerke, B., & De Raedt, R. (2015). Mindful attention and awareness mediate the association between age and negative affect. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(2), 179-188.

80.

Rejeski, W. J. (2008). Mindfulness: Reconnecting the body and mind in geriatric medicine and gerontology. The Gerontologist, 48(2), 135-141.

81.

Sze, J. A., Gyurak, A., Yuan, J. W., & Levenson, R. W. (2010). Coherence between emotional experience and physiology: does body awareness training have an impact? Emotion, 10(6), 803-814.

82.

Wahbeh, H., Goodrich, E., & Oken, B. S. (2016). Internet mindfulness meditation for cognition and mood in older adults: a pilot study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 22(2), 44-53.

83.

Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49.

84.

Young, L. A., & Baime, M. J. (2010). Mindfulness-based stress reduction: Effect on emotional distress in older adults. Complementary Health Practice Review, 15(2), 59-64.

85.

Zhang, J. X., Liu, X. H., Xie, X. H., Zhao, D., Shan, M. S., Zhang, X. L., . . . Cui, H. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for chronic insomnia in adults older than 75 years: A randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing, 11(3), 180-185.

The Korean Journal of Health Psychology