웰빙 차원에서 역기능적 종교성 척도의 개발과 타당화
Development and Validation of Dysfunctional Religiosity Scale for Well-being
초록
종교성이 인간의 웰빙에 대부분 긍정적으로 작용하지만, 역기능적인 종교성도 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 역기능적 종교성 척도를 개발하여 그 타당성을 검증하고자 하였다. 그 이전에 종교를 가진 사람들에게 그들이 웰빙에 역기능적이라고 생각하는 것들에 관해 면접하였다. 그리고 면접한 내용 및 선행연구와 전문가 자문을 근거로 역기능적 종교성 문항을 개발하였다. 먼저 문항분석과 검사-재검사 신뢰도 검증을 위해 종교를 가진 남녀 대학생 170여명에게 개발된 역기능적 종교성 문항들로 설문하였다. 그리고 신앙인 349명에게 문항분석을 마친 역기능적 종교성 52문항의 설문을 하며, 준거타당도를 검증을 위해 삶의 만족과 긍정/부정 정서를 포함한 주관적 웰빙과 심리적 웰빙, 행복감, 정신병리 요인(분노, 불안, 좌절 및 우울)을 측정하였다. 결과적으로 52문항의 역기능적 종교성 척도와 17문항의 단축형 척도를 개발하였다. 52문항 척도는 7개의 하위요인으로 구성되고, 17문항 단축형 척도는 4개의 요인으로 구성되었다. 52문항 척도 및 단축형 척도 하위요인들은 대부분의 주관적 웰빙, 행복감 및 심리적 웰빙 변인과는 부적 상관을, 정신병리 변인과는 정적 상관을 보였다. 역기능적 종교성 착도는 종교를 가진 사람들의 정신적 문제를 평가하고 상담하는데 유용하게 사용할 수 있을 것이다.
- keywords
- scale development, dysfunction, religiosity, well-being, 척도 개발, 역기능, 종교성, 웰빙
Abstract
Although religiosity has many positive functions for human’s well-being, there is also dysfunctional religiosity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop the dysfunctional religiosity scale and examine its validity in this study. Previously, researcher interviewed religious people about which they believed to be dysfunctional in terms of well-being. And, items of dysfunctional religiosity scale based on the result of the interviews, previous studies, and the expert’s consultation were developed. First, developed items of dysfunctional religiosity were provided to 170 male and female religious college students for item analysis and examining test-retest reliability. And, 349 religious people were surveyed to measure the 52-item dysfunctional religiosity scale obtained after item analysis. Subjective well-being including life satisfaction and positive/negative affects, psychological well-being, feeling of happiness, and psycho-pathological factors such as anger, anxiety, frustration, and depression, and religious coping strategy for examining criterion validity were administrated. With this procedure, the 52-item dysfunctional religiosity scale and the 17-item short form scale were finally developed. The 52-item scale consisted of seven factors, and the 17-item short-form scale consisted of four factors. Factors of the Dysfunctional Religiosity Scale negatively correlated with subjective well-being, feeling of happiness, and psychological well-being, while they were positively correlated with psycho-pathological factors. The Dysfunctional Religiosity Scale could be practical for diagnosing mental problems and counseling religious people.
- keywords
- scale development, dysfunction, religiosity, well-being, 척도 개발, 역기능, 종교성, 웰빙
참고문헌
고경봉, 박중규, 김찬형 (2000). 스트레스반응척도의 개발. 신경정신의학, 39, 707-719.
고경석 (2019, 3, 26). 한국인 무슬림 “테러 일삼는 나쁜종교? 그저 평범한 종교. 한국일보. https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201903251021740677?did=NA&dtype=&dtypecode=&prnewsid=에서 2019, 6, 24 자료 얻음.
김정호 (2007). 삶의 만족 및 삶의 기대와 스트레스 및웰빙의 관계: 동기상태이론의 적용. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 12, 325-345.
김주환, 김민규, 홍세희 (2009). 구조방정식모형으로 논문 쓰기. 서울: 커뮤니케이션북스.
박미하 (2014). 기독교인의 종교성향이 우울에 미치는영향 연구 자존감의 매개효과. 신앙과 학문, 19(1), 77-96.
서경현 (2018). 웰빙 차원에서 역기능적 종교성에 관한질적 탐구. 한국심리학회지: 문화및사회문제, 24(2), 193-220.
서경현, 전겸구 (2004). 영적 안녕, 생활 스트레스 및 대처. 한국심리학회지: 건강. 9, 333-350.
손솔, 서경현 (2014). 대학생의 감사 성향과 심리적 웰빙 간의 관계: 대인관계 유능성의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 19, 619-635.
신재은, 현명호 (2010). 종교성향, 종교적 대처와 상황적용서의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 15, 699-710.
유승무 (2013). 동양사회 내재적 종교성과 베버의 동양사회론. 동아시아불교문화, 13, 264-290.
윤혜영, 김근향 (2015). 다차원적 종교성/영성척도 단축형 한국어판의 타당화. 한국융합학회논문지, 6(5), 257-274.
이헌주, 이신형 (2018). 기독(목회)상담에서 영성평가의필요성과 적용. 한국기독교상담학회지, 29(3), 191-217.
전겸구, 정봉도, 김영환 (2000). 생활스트레스, 영적 안녕 및 우울간의 관계. 난청과 언어장애연구, 23, 311-325.
전은식, 서경현 (2012). 신앙인들의 종교지향, 종교적 원리주의, 영적 웰빙 및 주관적 웰빙. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 17, 1067-1086.
정성진, Ji, 김신섭, 서경현 (2010). 종교지향과 주관적웰빙의 관계에 대한 종교적 원리주의의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 11, 19-41.
정지나 (2019, 6, 23). 강남 원룸서 집단자살.. 원인이‘사이비 종교’? 벌이라는 명목으로 구타, ‘오대양 사건’ 떠올라. 아시아뉴스통신. http://www.anewsa.com/detail.php?number=1832335&thread=09r02에서2019, 6, 24 자료 얻음.
조명한, 차경호 (1998). 삶의 질에 대한 국가간 비교. 서울: 집문당.
최현종 (2011). 한국인의 종교적 욕구 분석. 신학과 실천, 28, 833-856.
한내창 (2001). 우리문화에서 I/E 및 기타 종교성 척도. 한국사회학, 35(6), 193-215.
한덕웅, 이장호, 전겸구 (1996). Spielberger의 상태-특성불안 검사 Y형의 개발. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 1, 1-14.
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-443.
Altmeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 113-133.
Andreasen, N. J. C. (1972). The role of religion in depression. Journal of Religion and Health, 11, 153-166.
Ashkanani, H. R. (2009). The relationship between religiosity and subjective well-being: A case of Kuwaiti car accident victims. Traumatology: An International Journal, 15(1), 23-28.
Bergin, A. E. (1983). Religiosity and mental health: A critical reevaluation and meta-analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 14, 170-184.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136-192). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Chamberlain, K., & Zika, S. (1989). Religiosity, life memory, and well-being: Some relationships in a sample of women. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 411-420.
Chatters, L. M., Bullard, K. M., Taylor, R. J., Wodward, A. T., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2008). Religious Participation and DSM-IV Disorders Among Older African Americans:Fingings from the national survey of American life. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 957-965.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, E., Tay, L., & Myers, D. G. (2011). The religion paradox: If religion makes people happy, why are so many dropping out? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(6), 1278-1290.
Ellis, A. (1980). Psychotherapy and atheistic values:A response to A. E. Bergin's Psychotherapy and religious valuesJournal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 635-639.
Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being:Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330-340. Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working
Group (1999). Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research (pp. 1-10), Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer Institute.
Genia, V., & Shaw, D. G. (1991). Religion, intrinsic–extrinsic orientation, and depression. Review of Religious Research, 32, 274–283.
Giorgi, A. (2009). The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
Gorsuch, R. L., & McPherson, S. E. (1989). Intrinsic/Extrinsic Measurement: I/E-Revised and Single-Item Scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 348-354.
Hackney, C. H., & Sanders, G. S. (2003). Religiosity and mental health: A meta-analysis of recent studies. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(1), 43-55.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W.C. (1995). Multivariate Data Analysis (4th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall Inc.
Hunsberger, B., Alisat, S., Pancer, S. M., & Pratt, M. (1996). Religious fundamentalism and religious doubts: Content, consciousness and complexity of thinking. International Journal of the Psychology of Religion, 6, 39-49.
Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1997). A longitudinal study of changes in religious belief and behavior as a function of individual differences in adult attachment style. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 207-217.
Koenig, H. G., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Religion and mental health: Evidence for an association. International Review of Psychiatry, 13, 67-78.
Larson, D. B., Sherrill, K. A., Lyons, J. S., Craigie, F. C., Thielman, Jr., S. B., Greenwold, M. A., & Larson. S. S. (1992). Associations between dimensions of religious commitment and mental health reported in the American Journal of Psychiatry and Archives of General Psychiatry: 1978–1989. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 557-559.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137-155.
Maltby, J. (2005). Protecting the Scared and expressions of rituality: Examining the relationship between extrinsic dimensions of religiosity and unhealthy guilt. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 78, 77-93.
Orbach, E., & Hadas, Z. (1982). The elimination of learned helplessness deficits as a function of induced self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 16(4), 511-523.
Pargament‚ K. I.‚ Smith‚ B. W.‚ Koenig‚ H. G.‚ & Perez‚ L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion‚ 37(4)‚ 710-724.
Paul, G. S. (2005). Cross-National Correlations of Quantifiable Societal Health with Popular Religiosity and Secularism in the Prosperous Democracies. Journal of Religion & Society, 7, 1-17.
Provonsha, M. (2006). Religious Belief and Societal Health. Skeptic, 12(3), 26-29.
Rosenstiel, A. K., & Keefe, F. J. (1983). The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: Relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain, 17, 33–44.
Ryff. C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Seybold, K. S., & Hill, P. C. (2001). The role of religion and spirituality in mental and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 21-24.
Tangney, J. P. (1993). Shame and guilt. In C. G. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of depression (pp. 161-180). New York: Wiley.
Veenhoven, R. (1994). Correlates of Happiness (3Vols.). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: RISBO, Center for Socio-Cultural Transformation.
Wilber, K. (1997). The eye of spirit. Boston:Shambhala Publication.
Witter, R. A., Stock, W. A., Okum, W. A., & Haring, M. J. (1985). Education and subjective wellbeing:a meta-analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. 6, 165-173.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수